Determining Concentration Using Density
Summary
TLDRIn this DIY chemistry video, the host sets up a makeshift lab in his room to experiment with hydrogen peroxide concentration. He aims to increase the concentration of a 30% hydrogen peroxide solution by heating it, hoping to boil off some of the water content. The host measures the initial density of the solution and then heats it on a hotplate, carefully monitoring the temperature to avoid decomposition. After 20-30 minutes, the volume has significantly reduced, and the density is remeasured. The experiment concludes with a slight increase in density, suggesting a minor concentration boost, although the host acknowledges the complexity of the process and the potential for decomposition.
Takeaways
- 🧪 The video is set in a makeshift lab in the creator's room with a card table, emphasizing the casual and improvised nature of the experiment.
- 🔬 The creator is wearing casual protective gear, highlighting the DIY aspect of the experiment and reminding viewers to prioritize safety.
- 🌡️ The experiment involves concentrated hydrogen peroxide, which the creator has previously concentrated and compared with store-bought versions.
- 📈 The creator references a graph showing the relationship between the density (specific gravity) and the concentration of hydrogen peroxide solutions, indicating that higher concentrations are denser.
- 📝 The method used to determine the concentration of hydrogen peroxide is based on its specific gravity, which is less precise but more accessible than titration.
- 🧴 Safety precautions are emphasized, including wearing safety equipment, storing hydrogen peroxide in amber bottles to prevent decomposition, and relieving pressure regularly.
- ♨️ The experiment involves heating the hydrogen peroxide to increase its concentration by evaporating water, with the hypothesis that the concentration will rise post-heating.
- 🌡️ Monitoring the temperature during the heating process is crucial to avoid decomposition of hydrogen peroxide, which boils at a higher temperature than water.
- 🔍 The creator measures the initial density of the hydrogen peroxide solution before heating, aiming to compare it with the density after the process.
- 🔄 After heating, the volume of the solution is significantly reduced, suggesting some concentration of the hydrogen peroxide may have occurred.
- 📊 The final density measurement shows a slight increase, indicating a minimal concentration change, though the creator acknowledges the complexity of the results due to potential decomposition.
Q & A
What is the purpose of the experiment in the video?
-The purpose of the experiment is to increase the concentration of hydrogen peroxide by heating it and measuring the change in its specific gravity (density).
What is the initial setup of the lab in the video?
-The lab is set up temporarily in the presenter's room with a card table, and the presenter is wearing casual protective gear, indicating a non-professional but safe environment.
What is the significance of measuring specific gravity in determining the concentration of hydrogen peroxide?
-Specific gravity is a measure of the density of a substance relative to water. In the case of hydrogen peroxide, a higher concentration corresponds to a higher density, making it a practical method for estimating concentration without precise titration equipment.
What safety precautions are mentioned in the video?
-The presenter mentions wearing safety equipment, storing hydrogen peroxide in a dark area to prevent decomposition, and relieving pressure from the bottle regularly to avoid buildup and potential explosion.
Why is it important to monitor the temperature during the heating process in the experiment?
-Monitoring the temperature is crucial to prevent the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide and to ensure that only water is being boiled off, which helps in increasing the concentration of the hydrogen peroxide solution.
What is the boiling point of water and how does it compare to that of hydrogen peroxide?
-Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius, whereas hydrogen peroxide boils at around 150 degrees Celsius. This difference allows for the heating of the solution to boil off water without boiling the hydrogen peroxide.
What is the initial hypothesis of the experiment?
-The initial hypothesis is that heating the hydrogen peroxide solution will increase its concentration by boiling off some of the water, thus increasing the density of the solution.
How does the presenter adjust the hypothesis during the experiment?
-The presenter adjusts the hypothesis during the experiment, suspecting that the concentration might not increase significantly due to the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide at higher temperatures.
What is the final observation regarding the change in density after heating the hydrogen peroxide solution?
-After heating, the density of the hydrogen peroxide solution slightly increased from 1.015 to 1.0469 g/mL, indicating a minimal increase in concentration.
What is the conclusion of the experiment?
-The conclusion is that heating the hydrogen peroxide solution did result in a slight increase in concentration, as evidenced by the change in density, but the effect was minimal and the process also caused some decomposition of the hydrogen peroxide.
Outlines
🧪 Experimenting with Hydrogen Peroxide Concentration
The video begins with the host setting up a makeshift laboratory in his room, using a card table and wearing casual protective gear. The main focus of the experiment is to increase the concentration of hydrogen peroxide beyond the 30% store-bought variety by using a homemade concentrated solution. The host references a previous video and provides links to related playlists. The method for determining the concentration involves measuring the specific gravity or density of the hydrogen peroxide, which correlates with its concentration. The host emphasizes safety precautions, such as wearing proper safety gear and storing hydrogen peroxide in amber bottles to prevent decomposition due to light exposure. The experiment's hypothesis is that heating the hydrogen peroxide will increase its concentration, and the host plans to measure the density before and after heating to test this.
🔍 Measuring Hydrogen Peroxide Density and Heating Experiment
The host proceeds with the experiment by carefully measuring the hydrogen peroxide's volume and mass to calculate its initial density. He observes bubbling when adding the peroxide to the graduated cylinder, indicating some level of reaction. After determining an initial density of 1.0151 grams per milliliter, the host transfers the solution to a beaker and places it on a hotplate to heat. The goal is to boil off some of the water, thereby increasing the concentration of hydrogen peroxide. The host monitors the temperature and notes the difference in boiling points between water and hydrogen peroxide, which is crucial for the experiment's success. After some time, the host observes vapor and notes that the solution is boiling, but he suspects that some hydrogen peroxide may also be decomposing, which could affect the experiment's accuracy.
📉 Analyzing the Effects of Heating on Hydrogen Peroxide
After heating the hydrogen peroxide solution for approximately 20 to 30 minutes, the host notes a significant reduction in the solution's volume. He then allows the solution to cool before re-measuring its mass and volume to calculate the new density. Despite the initial hypothesis that heating would increase the concentration, the host's calculations reveal a decrease in density from 1.0151 to 1.0469 grams per milliliter, suggesting that the concentration has not increased as expected. The host acknowledges that the results are not as clear-cut as anticipated, possibly due to the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide during the heating process. The video concludes with the host summarizing the experiment's findings and thanking the viewers for watching.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Hydrogen Peroxide
💡Concentration
💡Specific Gravity
💡Density
💡Safety Equipment
💡Decomposition
💡Boiling Point
💡Titration
💡Opaque Bottles
💡Pressure Relief
💡Experiment
Highlights
Introduction to a new experiment in a temporary lab setup with a homemade concentrated hydrogen peroxide.
Discussion on the importance of safety and the use of protective gear during chemical experiments.
Explanation of the concept of specific gravity and its relation to the concentration of hydrogen peroxide.
The plan to determine hydrogen peroxide concentration based on its specific gravity.
Mention of the limitations of using specific gravity for precise concentration measurements compared to titration.
Instructions on safely storing hydrogen peroxide to prevent decomposition and pressure build-up.
Demonstration of measuring the volume and weight of hydrogen peroxide to calculate its density.
Observation of bubbling during the measurement process indicating hydrogen peroxide's reactivity.
Calculation of the initial density of the hydrogen peroxide solution.
Hypothesis that heating the hydrogen peroxide will increase its concentration by removing water.
Monitoring the temperature during the heating process to prevent decomposition of hydrogen peroxide.
Observation of vapor rising and the solution boiling, indicating the progress of the experiment.
Adjustment of the hypothesis due to the potential loss of hydrogen peroxide through decomposition during heating.
Decision to stop the experiment after a significant reduction in the solution's volume.
Recalculation of the density after heating to determine if the concentration has increased.
Conclusion that the density has slightly increased, suggesting a minimal increase in concentration.
Final thoughts on the experiment's outcome and the practicality of the method used for concentration determination.
Transcripts
hey how's it going everybody welcome
back to a brand new video today in the
temporary lab set up in my room actually
this is that this is a card table yeah
very professional laboratory setup as
always also I am wearing very protective
gear shorts and stuff very very good
idea anyway today we're gonna be messing
with this stuff which is this is a
hydrogen peroxide which I concentrated
myself and the store-bought stuff on a
previous video link will be up there and
probably in the description also the
Josh the nerd
Josh's lab playlist will be up there as
well if you want to check out more
videos anyway back to what we're doing
today I was searching through my
Chemical Mike my Chemical stores up
there and I remembered this but I didn't
actually see how far I can get the
concentration so we're gonna be seeing
if we can up the concentration today if
we can great if not then we'll know that
about 30 percent is the max now over on
my computer I have that which is the
density slash specific gravity specific
gravity is basically just density of
hydrogen peroxide solutions as you can
see on the graph it gives you the
density in grams Leela ya grams per
milliliter
with that the concentration of h2o - so
yeah so the higher the concentration as
a percentage the the denser is which
makes sense because hydrogen peroxide is
more dense than water right so that
makes sense now what we're gonna be
doing today is we're gonna be taking
this hydrogen peroxide and we're gonna
be determining the concentration based
off its specific gravity which actually
is a very good way of doing it because
you lose a lot of sig figs and it's not
very accurate but it's better than
nothing
if you if you are doing this yourself
and you have and you really want to
figure out the exact concentration with
very high precision then a titration
would be way better but I don't have the
equipment for that right now so we're
gonna be going with this method so what
we're gonna do is we're gonna constant
gloves here because safety is number two
priority on adjusting our
youtube-channel few warnings before we
start make sure you're wearing safety
equipment you have basic I could I could
do way better by actually wearing actual
equipment but Yolo am i right when
storing this stuff put it in a bottle
that absorbs a decent amount of light
like an Amber bottle reason why it's
stored in opaque bottles like if you
went to a Dollar General your hydrogen
peroxides gonna be in an opaque bottle
so it absorbs the light and the light
doesn't actually go into the peroxide
because hydrogen peroxide decomposes
quite a bit pressure will build up
inside these bottles and so you're
storing hydrogen peroxide make sure to
put in a dark area also make sure to
relieve the pressure
I recommend every week - every few weeks
at least that's how I've been doing it
it's not gonna do it now because I did
it like ten minutes ago
but open up the bottle right there let
out a lot of pressure so if you've
enough pressure build-up in these then
you're gonna have a bomb be careful
that's not what we're about right so
yeah
so there's that this was concentrated
let's see a few months ago so hopefully
it'll work for what we're doing we're
gonna do is we're gonna we're gonna
measure the density aka the specific
gravity of this then we're gonna heat it
for some time then we're gonna measure
the specific gravity of that and if it
if the concentration is higher here's
here's your here's hypothesis all right
the concentration of this should be
higher after heating it so that's the
that's the idea
if it works or not we're going to see so
the first thing we're going to do is
we're going to measure the
the volume and the weight of this so we
can calculate density all right probably
won't need goggles for this but whatever
good practice to have it on anyway all
right so we're gonna do is we're gonna
take C this is about ten number comedy
don't worry use the fifty milliliter
graduated cylinder history just in case
whose dew point nine grams we're gonna
tear that and the right head down
actually on the chalkboard no I'm gonna
tear that we ran add the peroxide very
carefully over that its tenth season
actually let me observe this for a
second huh okay so there's a lot of
bubbling going on so we've agitated it
and we're at 40 point one grams
I'd say thirty nine point five
milliliters we're gonna go over the
calculations ignore the mess on the on
the table here all right so we have
fifty two point nine grams which is our
edge weighted cylinder so that's really
matter so now we can do the math so it's
fine density density equals mass divided
by volume that's pretty common knowledge
so our mass our mass is forty 0.1 grams
and our volume is thirty nine point four
five milliliters a lot of strikes in the
spit area which is our density I'll just
write over here actually density will
equal one point zero one five one so
that is our
current density so if that changes that
number changes there we should have a
different concentration okay so let's
just keep that in mind now we're back
over at the station and I'm going to
pour this right into here just like so
make sure you get as much in there as
possible I would watch this but it's
gonna mess with the calculation so we're
just gonna have to deal a little bit of
percent error in our math just fine
gonna we're gonna crank up the heat a
hotplate and get her heat it up so the
idea with this is that what we're gonna
do is we are going to we're going to
heat this up right I want to boil off
some of the water and hopefully that'll
increase the concentration I could run a
distillation for this I love that's
necessary
one thing they have to be careful of
though is that if we keep this too much
it's going to decompose the hydrogen
peroxide through that it's gonna add
even more error to the math but where
this works tend to live in that
so I'm actually curious myself to see if
the density does change so I'll be
interesting to look at it's been a few
minutes and I've been monitoring the
temperature which is really important Oh
[Music]
see a little bit of vapor rising now
it's getting hot I'll make sure if
you're doing this to monitor the
temperature because it's very important
because water as you know boils at 100
degrees centigrade
but a hydrogen peroxide boil that one
around 150 degree centigrade so the only
reason why we're able to do this in the
first place is because they haven't
they're they differ in boiling points
currently at about 60 degrees centigrade
okay the solution is boiling quite
vigorously but I think that's only two
things I think it's just a the water
boiling and V and B the hydrogen
peroxide decomposing because there's no
way that it's that's hydrogen peroxide
is boiling right now we're really
sitting at about ninety degrees
centigrade we could take it off now but
it's only been like 15 minutes tops
ah you know what that's a boiling quite
a bit but again I'm just guessing it's
decomposition of the hydrogen peroxide
you know what words gonna leave it for a
while and see what happens I'll put the
turn the heat back up
actually I'm now going to change my
hypothesis because I don't think that
this is gonna get very much more
concentrated cuz we're gonna lose a lot
more
hydrogen peroxide doing this so our
results are not going to be as black or
white as you mix as you may think we're
probably going to get a mixture of both
sides because yes we are reducing the
water content or also reducing the
hydrogen peroxide content from
decomposition so I guess we'll just see
what happens I'm curious man okay so
it's been about 20 to 30 minutes since
we first started the experiment and the
volume of the solution has been reduced
to quite significant amount so I think
that's actually where we're gonna stop
and we're going to whoop sorry about
that my my camera just decided to not
work for a second there or whatever so
there is our beaker it's cooled off for
quite some time it's cool enough that I
can hold it quite well and there is our
solution so now we can redo the
calculations and see the density has
changed at all
I didn't bother drying it out because
the little amount of hydrogen peroxide
here really shouldn't mess up our math
at all I just want to see if the numbers
change at all not really here to do a
full-scale calculation but we can do
that later so I'm going to tear that
we're gonna add this very carefully
probably wear gloves while doing this by
the way so we're sitting at 15.6 volume
at about let's see so that would be 15
so I would say about fourteen point nine
mils we do the math I'll bring the
camera over so those are our new numbers
right there what we're gonna do there
any density equal mass divided by volume
mass of two point six grams its volume
of fourteen point nine
milliliters so our new density fifteen
point six divided by fourteen point nine
oh would you look at that our new
density is one point zero four six nine
three significant figures and so we went
from move those test tubes or our
initial density was one point zero two
and our new density is one point zero
five so that means we have a difference
of 0.03 grams per milliliter of density
and so there you go more we heat up more
concentrated against again that's that's
a very very small amount and I also had
a very low amount of peroxide here and
yeah that's basically all I have for
today so thanks for watching this video
and and uh look forward to some more in
the future have a good one
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