Tendencias musicales del s.XX (2ªparte)

Summary

This video script delves into the musical trends of the 20th century, highlighting two major currents: popular urban music including pop, jazz, and rock, and academic or cultured music. The script focuses on the characteristics of avant-garde music, which rejects established norms and tonality in favor of creating a new sonic language using new timbres, instruments, and technological manipulation. It discusses various movements such as atonality, dodecaphony, integral serialism, futurism, musique concrète, electronic and electroacoustic music, aleatory music, and minimalism. Key composers like Schoenberg, Berber, Stockhausen, and Glass are mentioned, with examples of their works provided to illustrate the evolution and diversity of 20th-century music.

Takeaways

• 🎵 The 20th century saw two major musical currents: popular urban music (pop, jazz, rock) and academic or cultured music.
• 🎼 Within academic music, there are two main trends: traditional tonal music that follows tonality as its language, and avant-garde music that rejects established rules and seeks to create a new sonic language.
• 🔍 Avant-garde music of the 20th century aimed to break away from tonality, rhythm, melody, and harmony, and to incorporate new sounds and timbres, including those previously considered noises.
• 🎶 Atonalism and dodecaphony were key movements within avant-garde music, with atonalism characterized by the absence of a stable tonal framework and dodecaphony by the equal importance of all 12 notes of the chromatic scale.
• 👤 Arnold Schoenberg, Anton Webern, and Alban Berg were central figures in the development of atonalism and dodecaphony, known as the Second Viennese School.
• 🎹 Integral serialism extended the principles of dodecaphony to all musical parameters, focusing on controlling every aspect of musical material to construct a new musical language, with composers like Pierre Boulez, Karlheinz Stockhausen, and Luigi Nono leading this movement.
• 🚂 Futurism, originating in the early 20th century, celebrated the industrial society and the speed associated with it, incorporating sounds of the environment and innovative instrument limitations, with Russolo and Honegger being notable figures.
• 📼 Concrete music utilized real, concrete sounds that were modified and treated technologically to create an abstract sonic world, with composers like Ligeti and Persie being prominent in this genre.
• 🔊 Electronic and electroacoustic music emerged, with electronic music using sounds produced by electronic devices and electroacoustic combining concrete and electronic sounds to create new musical works.
• 🎲 Aleatory music opposed the rigidity of integral serialism by creating open works that allowed for multiple interpretations by performers, with John Cage being a notable composer in this style.
• 📊 Stochastic music used mathematical functions to create music with computers, focusing on the construction of the musical work itself, with Iannis Xenakis being a key figure.
• 🔁 Minimalism utilized constant and varied repetition of a small musical motif to create a distinct sonic sensation, often employing a tonality closer to traditional music, with Philip Glass being a prominent minimalist composer.

Q & A

What are the two main musical currents in the 20th century as mentioned in the script?

The two main musical currents in the 20th century are popular urban music, which includes pop, jazz, and rock, and academic or cultured music, which is further divided into traditional tonal music and avant-garde music.

What is the common characteristic of all avant-garde music currents in the 20th century?

The common characteristic of all avant-garde music currents is the rejection of established rules, tonality, rhythm, melody, and harmony, in pursuit of creating a new sound material and language through the use of new timbres, technologically manipulated instruments, and incorporating unconventional sounds.

What does Atonality mean in the context of 20th-century music?

Atonality refers to the absence of a stable tonal framework, breaking the traditional relationships within tonality, and avoiding any reference to a key or scale.

What is Dodecaphony and how does it differ from traditional music scales?

Dodecaphony is the use of all twelve notes of the chromatic scale without a hierarchical order, giving equal importance to each note. It differs from traditional scales by not relying on a tonal center and by using the twelve notes in a non-sequential, ordered series to form the central motif of a piece.

Who are the central composers of Atonality and Dodecaphony mentioned in the script?

The central composers of Atonality and Dodecaphony mentioned are Arnold Schoenberg, Anton Webern, and Alban Berg, who are known as the Second Viennese School.

What is Integral Serialism and how does it relate to Dodecaphony?

Integral Serialism is a musical technique that extends the principles of Dodecaphony to all musical parameters, including pitch, duration, dynamics, and timbre. It focuses on controlling all aspects of musical material to construct a new musical language.

Which composers are highlighted as key figures in Integral Serialism?

Key composers in Integral Serialism highlighted in the script are Pierre Boulez, Karlheinz Stockhausen, and Luigi Nono.

What is Futurism in music and what does it emphasize?

Futurism in music is an artistic movement originating in the early 20th century that emphasizes the defense of the new industrial society and the incorporation of noise and speed. It often involves the use of unconventional instruments and sounds to represent the modern environment.

Can you name a work that exemplifies Futurism in music?

One work that exemplifies Futurism in music is 'Pacific 231' by Russolo and Honegger, which evokes the sounds of a train.

What is Concrete Music and how does it manipulate sounds?

Concrete Music is characterized by the use of real, concrete sounds that are modified and technologically treated to create an abstract sonic world. The focus is on the sound itself rather than the musical material.

What is Electronic Music and how does it differ from Acousmatic Music?

Electronic Music is characterized by the use of sounds produced by electronic devices or synthesized instruments. Acousmatic Music, on the other hand, combines both concrete and electronic sounds, focusing on the creation of a new sonic atmosphere and language.

What is Stochastic Music and how does it differ from other forms of music discussed in the script?

Stochastic Music is a form of music that uses mathematical functions and computers to create music. It differs from other forms by focusing on the construction of the musical work itself, rather than the traditional composition process.

Who is a notable composer associated with Stochastic Music?

Iannis Xenakis is a notable composer associated with Stochastic Music.

What is Minimalism in music and how does it create a distinct sonic experience?

Minimalism in music involves the constant and varied repetition of a small musical motif. Through continuous repetition and gradual variation, it creates a distinct and concrete sonic experience.

Can you name a composer who is a prominent figure in Minimalism?

Philip Glass is a prominent composer in the Minimalism movement, known for creating many important soundtracks in this style.