The CIVIL RIGHTS Movement EXPANDS [APUSH Review Unit 8 Topic 11] Period 8: 1945-1980

Summary

In this video, the expansion of civil rights from 1960 to 1980 is explored through the lens of various liberation movements, including women’s rights, Latino rights, Native American rights, and LGBTQ rights. Key figures like Betty Friedan, Gloria Steinem, Cesar Chavez, and Phyllis Schlafly are highlighted, as well as landmark events like the publication of *The Feminine Mystique*, the Stonewall Riots, and the occupation of Alcatraz. The video shows how these movements, influenced by the civil rights struggle, led to significant social and legislative changes, shaping the fight for equality in America.

Takeaways

• 😀 The Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s inspired other movements challenging inequality, including those for women, Latinos, American Indians, and LGBTQ+ individuals.
• 😀 The women's rights movement, spurred by Betty Friedan's book *The Feminine Mystique* (1963), highlighted the dissatisfaction of housewives and their desire for personal fulfillment beyond traditional gender roles.
• 😀 The National Organization for Women (NOW) was founded in 1966 by Betty Friedan to advocate for women's rights, using tactics similar to those of the Civil Rights Movement, such as fighting for equal pay and opportunities in professional careers.
• 😀 Title IX of the Educational Amendments of 1972 banned gender discrimination in education, leading to increased funding for women's sports at the high school and college levels.
• 😀 The Equal Rights Amendment (ERA), aimed at ensuring constitutional protection against gender discrimination, failed to gain enough votes for ratification, largely due to opposition from Phyllis Schlafly and her STOP ERA campaign.
• 😀 The sexual revolution of the 1960s, part of the broader counterculture movement, led to more liberal views on sexuality, birth control, and women’s autonomy over their bodies, culminating in the *Roe v. Wade* decision of 1973 legalizing abortion in the U.S.
• 😀 The Latino rights movement was significantly influenced by activist leaders like Cesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta, who founded the United Farm Workers in 1962 to advocate for better working conditions and pay for migrant farmworkers.
• 😀 The American Indian Movement (AIM), founded in 1968, focused on reclaiming indigenous heritage, self-determination, and addressing systemic poverty. Key events included the occupation of Alcatraz Island, which symbolized Native American activism.
• 😀 The American Indian Self-Determination Act of 1975 granted American Indians greater control over their lands, education, and law enforcement, reflecting the success of their activism.
• 😀 The Gay Liberation Movement gained momentum after the 1969 Stonewall Riots in New York, a turning point that led to increased advocacy for gay rights and the eventual declassification of homosexuality as a mental illness in the 1970s.

Q & A

What key event in the 1960s helped launch the modern women's rights movement?

The key event that helped launch the modern women's rights movement was the publication of Betty Friedan's book 'The Feminine Mystique' in 1963. It revealed the dissatisfaction and limitations many suburban housewives felt in their traditional roles.

What was the National Organization for Women (NOW), and how did it contribute to the women's rights movement?

The National Organization for Women (NOW) was founded in 1966 by Betty Friedan and others to advocate for women's rights. It employed tactics similar to those used by the Civil Rights Movement and sought to secure equal opportunity, equal pay, and improved professional career options for women.

What was Title IX of the Educational Amendments of 1972, and what impact did it have?

Title IX of the Educational Amendments of 1972 banned discrimination based on gender in education, including sports. It significantly increased funding and opportunities for women's sports at both the high school and college levels.

What was the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA), and why did it fail to be ratified?

The Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) aimed to guarantee equal rights for women under the Constitution. Despite support from the women's movement, it failed to be ratified due to opposition led by conservative activist Phyllis Schlafly, who argued that it would eliminate certain privileges for women, such as exemption from the military draft.

How did the sexual revolution of the 1960s impact the women's rights movement?

The sexual revolution of the 1960s contributed to changing societal views on sexuality and gender roles. It led to the widespread use of birth control, which allowed women more control over their reproductive rights, including the landmark Roe v. Wade Supreme Court decision in 1973, which legalized abortion.

What was the significance of the Roe v. Wade decision in 1973?

Roe v. Wade was a landmark Supreme Court decision that declared states could not prohibit women from having abortions during the first two trimesters of pregnancy. It was based on a woman's right to privacy, as implied by the 14th Amendment.

How did the Mexican-American farm worker movement in the 1960s address labor rights issues?

The Mexican-American farm worker movement, led by Cesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta, sought to address the exploitation of migrant workers by organizing the United Farm Workers (UFW) in 1962. They led a nationwide boycott of grapes, which resulted in better pay and conditions for agricultural workers.

What was the purpose of the American Indian Movement (AIM), and what is a key event associated with it?

The American Indian Movement (AIM), founded in 1968, aimed to reclaim Native American heritage, promote self-determination, and address systemic poverty. A key event in this movement was the occupation of Alcatraz Island in 1969, which lasted 19 months and symbolized Native American resistance.

What impact did the American Indian Movement's occupation of Alcatraz Island have?

The occupation of Alcatraz Island by AIM activists helped bring national attention to Native American issues and was a symbolic act of resistance. It led to increased awareness and eventual legislative changes, including the Indian Self-Determination Act of 1975.

How did the Stonewall Riots in 1969 contribute to the gay liberation movement?

The Stonewall Riots of 1969 were a pivotal moment in the gay liberation movement. After a police raid at the Stonewall Inn, a popular gay bar in New York, the LGBTQ+ community resisted and organized protests, leading to a broader movement for gay rights and the eventual declassification of homosexuality as a mental illness.