Sejarah bioteknologi - biologi sma kelas 12 bab. bioteknologi #ipa #lolosutbk

Summary

This video provides a comprehensive overview of the history and development of biotechnology. It traces the field from its early, traditional applications, such as fermentation in ancient civilizations, through to the scientific discoveries of figures like Louis Pasteur and Gregor Mendel. The video highlights the pivotal moments in biotechnology, including the discovery of penicillin, the mapping of the human genome, and the advent of genetic engineering techniques. It concludes by emphasizing how biotechnology continues to evolve, with modern advances like recombinant DNA technology shaping the future of science and industry.

Takeaways

• 😀 Biotechnology has been applied for thousands of years, with ancient civilizations using fermentation techniques for food and drink.
• 😀 Louis Pasteur is considered one of the key figures in the development of biotechnology, particularly for proving microorganisms can ferment substances.
• 😀 The history of biotechnology can be divided into three main periods: traditional biotechnology, scientific biotechnology, and modern biotechnology.
• 😀 Traditional biotechnology, which predates scientific knowledge, included the use of microorganisms in brewing beer, bread making, and preserving food.
• 😀 Ancient civilizations such as the Babylonians, Egyptians, Japanese, Chinese, and Indonesians all applied principles of biotechnology in their daily lives.
• 😀 Scientific biotechnology began in the 19th century, with groundbreaking discoveries like Gregor Mendel’s laws of inheritance and Louis Pasteur’s work on microbes in food.
• 😀 The term 'biotechnology' was first used in 1919 by Karl Ereky, marking the official recognition of the field.
• 😀 Major milestones in scientific biotechnology include the discovery of penicillin in 1928 by Alexander Fleming and the structure of DNA in 1953 by Watson and Crick.
• 😀 Modern biotechnology emerged after World War II and focused on genetic engineering, including the development of recombinant DNA technology and the production of insulin using genetic modification.
• 😀 The Human Genome Project, initiated between 1990 and 2003, successfully mapped the entire human genome, a milestone in genomic research.
• 😀 Biotechnology continues to evolve, driving innovations in medicine, agriculture, and environmental science.

Q & A

Who is Louis Pasteur and why is he significant in biotechnology?

Louis Pasteur is considered one of the key figures in biotechnology because he demonstrated that microorganisms are responsible for fermentation, which is a fundamental principle of biotechnology. His work laid the foundation for microbiology and biotechnological practices in food and beverage production.

What are the three main periods in the history of biotechnology?

The three main periods in the history of biotechnology are: 1) Traditional Biotechnology, which predates the 1800s and focused on using microorganisms for food preservation and fermentation; 2) Scientific Biotechnology, which started in the 1800s and saw key developments like Mendel’s genetics work and Pasteur’s discoveries in microbiology; and 3) Modern Biotechnology, which began in the mid-20th century and is characterized by genetic engineering, molecular biology, and the development of recombinant DNA techniques.

What is the role of microorganisms in traditional biotechnology?

In traditional biotechnology, microorganisms were used for the production and preservation of food and beverages. For example, they were involved in the making of beer, bread, and fermented foods like tempeh, tapai, and oncom.

What was the impact of Gregor Mendel’s work on biotechnology?

Gregor Mendel’s work on the inheritance of traits in plants, conducted between 1856 and 1865, formed the foundation for the field of genetics. His discoveries on how traits are passed from parent to offspring laid the groundwork for later advances in genetic engineering and biotechnology.

How did the discovery of penicillin by Alexander Fleming influence biotechnology?

The discovery of penicillin in 1928 by Alexander Fleming marked a major breakthrough in biotechnology as it led to the development of antibiotics. This discovery transformed medicine and opened up new possibilities for biotechnological applications in healthcare.

What is recombinant DNA technology, and how did it develop?

Recombinant DNA technology is a method of inserting foreign DNA into an organism’s genome to alter its genetic makeup. It was made possible by the discovery of restriction enzymes in 1970, which allowed scientists to cut and manipulate DNA. This technique revolutionized genetic engineering, leading to advances such as the production of human insulin.

What was the significance of the Human Genome Project in biotechnology?

The Human Genome Project, which started in 1990 and completed in 2003, mapped the entire human genome. This monumental achievement has had far-reaching implications in biotechnology, especially in areas like personalized medicine, genetic disorders, and gene therapy.

How did biotechnology evolve during the modern period (1970s onwards)?

The modern period of biotechnology saw rapid advancements in genetic engineering, including the development of recombinant DNA techniques, monoclonal antibodies, and the mass production of hormones like insulin. The period also witnessed the emergence of new technologies like PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) and the Human Genome Project, which dramatically expanded the scope of biotechnological applications.

Why was the discovery of restriction enzymes in 1970 so important?

The discovery of restriction enzymes in 1970 was crucial because it provided the tools necessary for scientists to cut and manipulate DNA in specific ways. This breakthrough made recombinant DNA technology possible, which is a cornerstone of modern biotechnology, allowing for genetic modification of organisms.

What is the significance of biotechnology in food production and preservation?

Biotechnology plays a vital role in food production and preservation, particularly through the use of microorganisms in processes like fermentation. Traditional applications include the creation of fermented foods like beer, bread, and tempeh, while modern biotechnology enables the production of genetically modified crops and food additives that improve yield, quality, and shelf-life.