Your brain hallucinates your conscious reality | Anil Seth | TED

Summary

In this thought-provoking talk, the speaker delves into the nature of consciousness, exploring its relationship with our living bodies and the brain's predictive capabilities. They liken our conscious experiences to controlled hallucinations, shaped by evolutionary processes to ensure survival. The speaker challenges the notion of transferring consciousness to AI, emphasizing our biological roots and the uniqueness of human self-awareness. The discussion also hints at new avenues in understanding mental health conditions and the vast potential range of consciousness beyond human experience.

Takeaways

• 💉 The speaker describes their experience with anesthesia, which leads to a discussion of consciousness and its nature.
• 🧠 Consciousness is described as a product of the brain's activity, involving billions of neurons working together to create our conscious experiences.
• 🤔 The question of how consciousness arises is central to both science and philosophy, and it's deeply personal as it defines our sense of self and existence.
• 🐙 The speaker suggests that consciousness is more related to being a living organism than to raw intelligence, implying that AI consciousness is unlikely without life-like qualities.
• 🧐 Consciousness and intelligence are differentiated, with the assertion that life, not necessarily intelligence, is a prerequisite for consciousness.
• 🌐 The speaker's research posits that our conscious experiences are 'controlled hallucinations' shaped by our bodies and brains.
• 🧬 The last 25 years have seen significant scientific progress in understanding consciousness, with interdisciplinary collaboration key to these advances.
• 🎯 The brain is likened to a 'prediction engine,' where perception is an informed guess based on sensory input and prior expectations.
• 👀 Visual illusions are used to illustrate how the brain's expectations can alter our perception, affecting what we 'see' even when the physical stimulus remains the same.
• 🎥 The concept of perception as an active process is demonstrated through a virtual reality example, showing how strong perceptual predictions can lead to hallucination-like experiences.
• 🤲 The 'rubber hand illusion' experiment is highlighted to explain how the brain integrates sensory information to form the experience of having a body.
• 💓 The internal perception of the body, or interoception, is identified as crucial for survival, underlining that our conscious experiences are deeply tied to our biological mechanisms.

Q & A

What is the experience of waking up from anesthesia like, according to the speaker?

The experience of waking up from anesthesia is described as very different from waking from a deep sleep. Unlike the latter, where there's a basic sense of time having passed, waking from anesthesia feels like coming back from total oblivion, where one might have been under for any length of time without any conscious awareness.

What does the speaker suggest about the relationship between consciousness and intelligence?

The speaker suggests that consciousness and intelligence are very different things. Consciousness is more related to our nature as living organisms rather than pure intelligence. One doesn't need to be smart to suffer, but they probably need to be alive to be conscious.

What is the speaker's view on the possibility of a conscious AI?

The speaker believes that the prospects for a conscious AI are pretty remote. This is because consciousness, according to the speaker's research, has less to do with pure intelligence and more to do with our nature as living and breathing organisms.

How does the speaker describe the process of perception in the brain?

The speaker describes the process of perception as the brain being a prediction engine. The brain combines sensory signals with its prior expectations or beliefs about the world to form its best guess of what caused those signals. Perception is not just about receiving signals from the outside world but also about generating predictions and actively creating the experience of the world.

What is the 'rubber hand illusion' and what does it demonstrate about our perception of self?

The 'rubber hand illusion' is an experiment where a person's real hand is hidden, and a fake rubber hand is placed in front of them. When both the real and fake hands are simultaneously stroked, and the person focuses on the fake hand, they often start to feel as if the fake hand is part of their body. This illusion demonstrates that our perception of what is part of our body is a kind of best guessing by the brain, based on congruence between visual and tactile inputs.

How does the speaker explain the experience of being a self?

The speaker explains the experience of being a self as a controlled hallucination generated by the brain. It involves various aspects such as having a body, perceiving the world from a first-person perspective, intending to do things, and being a continuous and distinctive person over time. These experiences can be fragile and come apart, indicating that the unified self is a construction of the brain that requires explanation.

What is the significance of interoception in our conscious experiences?

Interoception, the perception of the internal state of the body, is critically important for our conscious experiences. It involves sensory signals from within the body that continually inform the brain about the state of internal organs. This perception is more about control and regulation, ensuring that physiological variables stay within bounds compatible with survival, and is deeply grounded in the biological mechanisms that keep us alive.

How does the speaker relate our conscious experiences to the biological mechanisms that keep us alive?

The speaker relates our conscious experiences to the biological mechanisms that keep us alive by suggesting that all our conscious experiences stem from the same mechanisms of predictive perception. These experiences have been shaped over millions of years of evolution to help us stay alive in worlds full of danger and opportunity. Essentially, we predict ourselves into existence through these mechanisms.

What are the implications the speaker discusses regarding our understanding of consciousness?

The speaker discusses three main implications: 1) We can misperceive ourselves when the mechanisms of prediction go wrong, opening opportunities in psychiatry and neurology to address mechanisms rather than just symptoms. 2) Our conscious experiences cannot be reduced to or uploaded to a software program, as they are shaped by biological mechanisms that keep us alive. 3) Our individual consciousness is just one possible way of being conscious, and it's grounded in shared biological mechanisms with other living creatures.

What is the speaker's final message about the end of consciousness?

The speaker's final message is that when the end of consciousness comes, there's nothing to be afraid of. This perspective comes from a greater understanding and acceptance of our place in nature and the biological underpinnings of consciousness.

Outlines

00:00

💉 The Mystery of Consciousness and Anesthesia

The speaker recounts their experience with anesthesia, highlighting the profound disconnection from consciousness it induces. They emphasize the mystery of how consciousness arises from the brain's activity and the philosophical implications of this phenomenon. The speaker suggests that consciousness is deeply tied to our biological nature rather than pure intelligence, hinting at the complexity of the issue and the importance of understanding it for grasping the essence of self and existence. The paragraph sets the stage for a discussion on the nature of consciousness, its relationship with the physical world, and the potential for artificial intelligence to achieve consciousness.

05:01

🧠 Perception as an Active, Predictive Process

This paragraph delves into the concept of the brain as a prediction engine, detailing how our perception of the world is not a passive reception of sensory input but an active process of informed guesswork. The speaker uses visual illusions and auditory examples to illustrate how our brains make predictions based on prior expectations, which can alter our conscious experiences. They argue that our perception is a constructive process, with the world we experience being generated both from internal predictions and external sensory data. This challenges the traditional view of perception and suggests that our conscious experiences are more akin to 'controlled hallucinations' shaped by our brain's predictions.

10:03

🤲 The Illusion of Self and the Rubber Hand Experiment

The speaker explores the concept of the self, particularly the bodily self, and how it is generated by the brain. They discuss the rubber hand illusion as a powerful example of how our sense of body ownership can be manipulated through congruent visual and tactile stimuli. This illusion demonstrates that our perception of our body is not a direct reflection of reality but rather a 'best guess' made by the brain. The paragraph also touches on interoception, the internal perception of the body's state, and how it contributes to our sense of self. The speaker suggests that our experiences of self are fragile constructions that can be influenced and altered, indicating the complex nature of self-awareness.

15:04

🌐 The Broader Implications of Consciousness Research

In the final paragraph, the speaker discusses the broader implications of understanding consciousness. They suggest that as we uncover the mechanisms behind consciousness, we can address mental health conditions more effectively by targeting the root causes rather than just the symptoms. The speaker also argues against the idea that consciousness can be reduced to or transferred to a software program, emphasizing that our conscious experiences are intrinsically linked to our biological nature. Lastly, they propose that human consciousness is just one form within a vast spectrum of possible consciousnesses, suggesting a humility in our understanding of the mind and its place in the natural world.

Keywords

💡Anesthesia

Anesthesia is a medically induced state of unconsciousness used during surgeries. It is central to the video's theme as it exemplifies the concept of consciousness being 'turned off' and then 'turned on' again. The speaker describes their personal experience with anesthesia to illustrate the absence of consciousness and the mystery of its return.

💡Consciousness

Consciousness is the state of being aware of and able to think and perceive one's surroundings, thoughts, and emotions. The video revolves around this concept, exploring its nature, how it arises, and its relationship with the brain and body. The script discusses consciousness as a product of billions of neurons working together, emphasizing its importance to our sense of self and existence.

💡Oblivion

Oblivion refers to a state of complete unconsciousness or forgetfulness. In the context of the video, it is used to describe the experience of being under anesthesia, where there is no sense of time or continuity, highlighting the profound mystery of consciousness.

💡Neurons

Neurons are the nerve cells of the brain that transmit information through electrical and chemical signals. The script mentions neurons to explain the biological basis of consciousness, suggesting that the complex interplay of these cells generates our conscious experiences.

💡Prediction Engine

The brain as a 'prediction engine' is a concept introduced in the video to describe how the brain uses prior knowledge and expectations to interpret sensory input. This idea is central to the video's exploration of perception, suggesting that what we perceive is not just a passive reception of sensory data but an active process of prediction and inference.

💡Perception

Perception is the process by which the brain interprets sensory information from the environment to create a representation of the world. The video discusses perception as an active, constructive process rather than a passive reception of sensory data, using illusions and experiments to illustrate how our brains generate our conscious experiences of the world.

💡Hallucination

A hallucination is a sensory experience that occurs without an external stimulus and can be vivid and convincing. The video uses the concept of hallucination to explain the nature of perception, suggesting that our everyday experiences are a form of controlled hallucination, where the brain's predictions are checked against sensory input.

💡Rubber Hand Illusion

The Rubber Hand Illusion is a psychological experiment mentioned in the video that demonstrates how the brain can be 'tricked' into feeling as if a fake hand is part of one's body. This illusion is used to illustrate the brain's process of making predictions about what is part of the body and what is not.

💡Interoception

Interoception is the sense of the internal state of the body, which includes awareness of things like hunger, thirst, and pain. The video discusses interoception to highlight the importance of internal bodily signals in shaping our conscious experiences and the brain's role in regulating these internal states to ensure survival.

💡Control and Regulation

Control and regulation refer to the brain's processes of managing and maintaining the body's internal state within a range that supports life. The video suggests that our conscious experiences, including our sense of self, are deeply tied to these regulatory mechanisms, emphasizing the biological underpinnings of consciousness.

💡Conscious AI

Conscious AI refers to the hypothetical development of artificial intelligence that possesses consciousness. The speaker in the video expresses skepticism about the likelihood of achieving conscious AI, arguing that consciousness is more closely tied to the biological nature of living organisms than to raw intelligence or computational power.

Highlights

Anesthesia induces a state of non-existence and total oblivion, differing from natural sleep.

Consciousness is a product of the brain's activity and a significant mystery in science and philosophy.

Consciousness is integral to our sense of self and existence, and its absence equates to nothingness.

The experience of joy and suffering is a conscious one, raising questions about animal consciousness and AI potential.

Consciousness is more related to being a living organism than to raw intelligence.

Our conscious experiences are described as controlled hallucinations influenced by our bodies.

The last 25 years have seen significant scientific advancements in understanding consciousness.

The brain operates as a prediction engine, using sensory signals and prior beliefs to form perceptions.

Visual illusions demonstrate how the brain's expectations can alter our perception of reality.

The brain's predictions can quickly change our conscious experiences, as shown by audio illusions.

Perception is an active process where the brain generates the world from internal predictions.

Virtual reality can simulate the effects of strong perceptual predictions, leading to hallucinations.

The experience of self is a construct that can be influenced and altered by various factors.

The rubber hand illusion demonstrates how the brain can be deceived about the body's boundaries.

Interoception, the perception of internal bodily states, is crucial for survival and regulation.

Our conscious experiences are shaped by our biological drive to stay alive and adapt.

Misperceptions in consciousness can lead to psychiatric and neurological conditions.

Consciousness cannot be reduced to or transferred to a software program on a robot.

Human consciousness is a unique but not isolated phenomenon within the vast space of possible consciousnesses.

Understanding consciousness can lead to a greater sense of wonder and connection with nature.

Transcripts

Just over a year ago,

for the third time in my life, I ceased to exist.

I was having a small operation, and my brain was filling with anesthetic.

I remember a sense of detachment and falling apart

and a coldness.

And then I was back, drowsy and disoriented,

but definitely there.

Now, when you wake from a deep sleep,

you might feel confused about the time or anxious about oversleeping,

but there's always a basic sense of time having passed,

of a continuity between then and now.

Coming round from anesthesia is very different.

I could have been under for five minutes, five hours,

five years or even 50 years.

I simply wasn't there.

It was total oblivion.

Anesthesia -- it's a modern kind of magic.

It turns people into objects,

and then, we hope, back again into people.

And in this process

is one of the greatest remaining mysteries in science and philosophy.

How does consciousness happen?

Somehow, within each of our brains,

the combined activity of many billions of neurons,

each one a tiny biological machine,

is generating a conscious experience.

And not just any conscious experience --

your conscious experience right here and right now.

How does this happen?

Answering this question is so important

because consciousness for each of us is all there is.

Without it there's no world,

there's no self,

there's nothing at all.

And when we suffer, we suffer consciously

whether it's through mental illness or pain.

And if we can experience joy and suffering,

what about other animals?

Might they be conscious, too?

Do they also have a sense of self?

And as computers get faster and smarter,

maybe there will come a point, maybe not too far away,

when my iPhone develops a sense of its own existence.

I actually think the prospects for a conscious AI are pretty remote.

And I think this because my research is telling me

that consciousness has less to do with pure intelligence

and more to do with our nature as living and breathing organisms.

Consciousness and intelligence are very different things.

You don't have to be smart to suffer, but you probably do have to be alive.

In the story I'm going to tell you,

our conscious experiences of the world around us,

and of ourselves within it,

are kinds of controlled hallucinations

that happen with, through and because of our living bodies.

Now, you might have heard that we know nothing

about how the brain and body give rise to consciousness.

Some people even say it's beyond the reach of science altogether.

But in fact,

the last 25 years have seen an explosion of scientific work in this area.

If you come to my lab at the University of Sussex,

you'll find scientists from all different disciplines

and sometimes even philosophers.

All of us together trying to understand how consciousness happens

and what happens when it goes wrong.

And the strategy is very simple.

I'd like you to think about consciousness

in the way that we've come to think about life.

At one time, people thought the property of being alive

could not be explained by physics and chemistry --

that life had to be more than just mechanism.

But people no longer think that.

As biologists got on with the job

of explaining the properties of living systems

in terms of physics and chemistry --

things like metabolism, reproduction, homeostasis --

the basic mystery of what life is started to fade away,

and people didn't propose any more magical solutions,

like a force of life or an élan vital.

So as with life, so with consciousness.

Once we start explaining its properties

in terms of things happening inside brains and bodies,

the apparently insoluble mystery of what consciousness is

should start to fade away.

At least that's the plan.

So let's get started.

What are the properties of consciousness?

What should a science of consciousness try to explain?

Well, for today I'd just like to think of consciousness in two different ways.

There are experiences of the world around us,

full of sights, sounds and smells,

there's multisensory, panoramic, 3D, fully immersive inner movie.

And then there's conscious self.

The specific experience of being you or being me.

The lead character in this inner movie,

and probably the aspect of consciousness we all cling to most tightly.

Let's start with experiences of the world around us,

and with the important idea of the brain as a prediction engine.

Imagine being a brain.

You're locked inside a bony skull,

trying to figure what's out there in the world.

There's no lights inside the skull. There's no sound either.

All you've got to go on is streams of electrical impulses

which are only indirectly related to things in the world,

whatever they may be.

So perception -- figuring out what's there --

has to be a process of informed guesswork

in which the brain combines these sensory signals

with its prior expectations or beliefs about the way the world is

to form its best guess of what caused those signals.

The brain doesn't hear sound or see light.

What we perceive is its best guess of what's out there in the world.

Let me give you a couple of examples of all this.

You might have seen this illusion before,

but I'd like you to think about it in a new way.

If you look at those two patches, A and B,

they should look to you to be very different shades of gray, right?

But they are in fact exactly the same shade.

And I can illustrate this.

If I put up a second version of the image here

and join the two patches with a gray-colored bar,

you can see there's no difference.

It's exactly the same shade of gray.

And if you still don't believe me,

I'll bring the bar across and join them up.

It's a single colored block of gray, there's no difference at all.

This isn't any kind of magic trick.

It's the same shade of gray,

but take it away again, and it looks different.

So what's happening here

is that the brain is using its prior expectations

built deeply into the circuits of the visual cortex

that a cast shadow dims the appearance of a surface,

so that we see B as lighter than it really is.

Here's one more example,

which shows just how quickly the brain can use new predictions

to change what we consciously experience.

Have a listen to this.

(Distorted voice)

Sounded strange, right?

Have a listen again and see if you can get anything.

(Distorted voice)

Still strange.

Now listen to this.

(Recording) Anil Seth: I think Brexit is a really terrible idea.

(Laughter)

Which I do.

So you heard some words there, right?

Now listen to the first sound again. I'm just going to replay it.

(Distorted voice)

Yeah? So you can now hear words there.

Once more for luck.

(Distorted voice)

OK, so what's going on here?

The remarkable thing is the sensory information coming into the brain

hasn't changed at all.

All that's changed is your brain's best guess

of the causes of that sensory information.

And that changes what you consciously hear.

All this puts the brain basis of perception

in a bit of a different light.

Instead of perception depending largely on signals coming into the brain

from the outside world,

it depends as much, if not more,

on perceptual predictions flowing in the opposite direction.

We don't just passively perceive the world,

we actively generate it.

The world we experience comes as much, if not more,

from the inside out

as from the outside in.

Let me give you one more example of perception

as this active, constructive process.

Here we've combined immersive virtual reality with image processing

to simulate the effects of overly strong perceptual predictions

on experience.

In this panoramic video, we've transformed the world --

which is in this case Sussex campus --

into a psychedelic playground.

We've processed the footage using an algorithm based on Google's Deep Dream

to simulate the effects of overly strong perceptual predictions.

In this case, to see dogs.

And you can see this is a very strange thing.

When perceptual predictions are too strong,

as they are here,

the result looks very much like the kinds of hallucinations

people might report in altered states,

or perhaps even in psychosis.

Now, think about this for a minute.

If hallucination is a kind of uncontrolled perception,

then perception right here and right now is also a kind of hallucination,

but a controlled hallucination

in which the brain's predictions are being reined in

by sensory information from the world.

In fact, we're all hallucinating all the time,

including right now.

It's just that when we agree about our hallucinations,

we call that reality.

(Laughter)

Now I'm going to tell you that your experience of being a self,

the specific experience of being you,

is also a controlled hallucination generated by the brain.

This seems a very strange idea, right?

Yes, visual illusions might deceive my eyes,

but how could I be deceived about what it means to be me?

For most of us,

the experience of being a person

is so familiar, so unified and so continuous

that it's difficult not to take it for granted.

But we shouldn't take it for granted.

There are in fact many different ways we experience being a self.

There's the experience of having a body

and of being a body.

There are experiences of perceiving the world

from a first person point of view.

There are experiences of intending to do things

and of being the cause of things that happen in the world.

And there are experiences

of being a continuous and distinctive person over time,

built from a rich set of memories and social interactions.

Many experiments show,

and psychiatrists and neurologists know very well,

that these different ways in which we experience being a self

can all come apart.

What this means is the basic background experience

of being a unified self is a rather fragile construction of the brain.

Another experience, which just like all others,

requires explanation.

So let's return to the bodily self.

How does the brain generate the experience of being a body

and of having a body?

Well, just the same principles apply.

The brain makes its best guess

about what is and what is not part of its body.

And there's a beautiful experiment in neuroscience to illustrate this.

And unlike most neuroscience experiments,

this is one you can do at home.

All you need is one of these.

(Laughter)

And a couple of paintbrushes.

In the rubber hand illusion,

a person's real hand is hidden from view,

and that fake rubber hand is placed in front of them.

Then both hands are simultaneously stroked with a paintbrush

while the person stares at the fake hand.

Now, for most people, after a while,

this leads to the very uncanny sensation

that the fake hand is in fact part of their body.

And the idea is that the congruence between seeing touch and feeling touch

on an object that looks like hand and is roughly where a hand should be,

is enough evidence for the brain to make its best guess

that the fake hand is in fact part of the body.

(Laughter)

So you can measure all kinds of clever things.

You can measure skin conductance and startle responses,

but there's no need.

It's clear the guy in blue has assimilated the fake hand.

This means that even experiences of what our body is

is a kind of best guessing --

a kind of controlled hallucination by the brain.

There's one more thing.

We don't just experience our bodies as objects in the world from the outside,

we also experience them from within.

We all experience the sense of being a body from the inside.

And sensory signals coming from the inside of the body

are continually telling the brain about the state of the internal organs,

how the heart is doing, what the blood pressure is like,

lots of things.

This kind of perception, which we call interoception,

is rather overlooked.

But it's critically important

because perception and regulation of the internal state of the body --

well, that's what keeps us alive.

Here's another version of the rubber hand illusion.

This is from our lab at Sussex.

And here, people see a virtual reality version of their hand,

which flashes red and back

either in time or out of time with their heartbeat.

And when it's flashing in time with their heartbeat,

people have a stronger sense that it's in fact part of their body.

So experiences of having a body are deeply grounded

in perceiving our bodies from within.

There's one last thing I want to draw your attention to,

which is that experiences of the body from the inside are very different

from experiences of the world around us.

When I look around me, the world seems full of objects --

tables, chairs, rubber hands,

people, you lot --

even my own body in the world,

I can perceive it as an object from the outside.

But my experiences of the body from within,

they're not like that at all.

I don't perceive my kidneys here,

my liver here,

my spleen ...

I don't know where my spleen is,

but it's somewhere.

I don't perceive my insides as objects.

In fact, I don't experience them much at all unless they go wrong.

And this is important, I think.

Perception of the internal state of the body

isn't about figuring out what's there,

it's about control and regulation --

keeping the physiological variables within the tight bounds

that are compatible with survival.

When the brain uses predictions to figure out what's there,

we perceive objects as the causes of sensations.

When the brain uses predictions to control and regulate things,

we experience how well or how badly that control is going.

So our most basic experiences of being a self,

of being an embodied organism,

are deeply grounded in the biological mechanisms that keep us alive.

And when we follow this idea all the way through,

we can start to see that all of our conscious experiences,

since they all depend on the same mechanisms of predictive perception,

all stem from this basic drive to stay alive.

We experience the world and ourselves

with, through and because of our living bodies.

Let me bring things together step-by-step.

What we consciously see depends

on the brain's best guess of what's out there.

Our experienced world comes from the inside out,

not just the outside in.

The rubber hand illusion shows that this applies to our experiences

of what is and what is not our body.

And these self-related predictions depend critically on sensory signals

coming from deep inside the body.

And finally,

experiences of being an embodied self are more about control and regulation

than figuring out what's there.

So our experiences of the world around us and ourselves within it --

well, they're kinds of controlled hallucinations

that have been shaped over millions of years of evolution

to keep us alive in worlds full of danger and opportunity.

We predict ourselves into existence.

Now, I leave you with three implications of all this.

First, just as we can misperceive the world,

we can misperceive ourselves

when the mechanisms of prediction go wrong.

Understanding this opens many new opportunities in psychiatry and neurology,

because we can finally get at the mechanisms

rather than just treating the symptoms

in conditions like depression and schizophrenia.

Second:

what it means to be me cannot be reduced to or uploaded to

a software program running on a robot,

however smart or sophisticated.

We are biological, flesh-and-blood animals

whose conscious experiences are shaped at all levels

by the biological mechanisms that keep us alive.

Just making computers smarter is not going to make them sentient.

Finally,

our own individual inner universe,

our way of being conscious,

is just one possible way of being conscious.

And even human consciousness generally --

it's just a tiny region in a vast space of possible consciousnesses.

Our individual self and worlds are unique to each of us,

but they're all grounded in biological mechanisms

shared with many other living creatures.

Now, these are fundamental changes

in how we understand ourselves,

but I think they should be celebrated,

because as so often in science, from Copernicus --

we're not at the center of the universe --

to Darwin --

we're related to all other creatures --

to the present day.

With a greater sense of understanding

comes a greater sense of wonder,

and a greater realization

that we are part of and not apart from the rest of nature.

And ...

when the end of consciousness comes,

there's nothing to be afraid of.

Nothing at all.

Thank you.

(Applause)