PIPOL 4 - Model Kotak Hitam dan Bola Lampu

Summary

This video script discusses two key political theories, the Black Box Model by David Easton and the Light Box Model by Gabriel Almond. The Black Box Model emphasizes how government decision-making is largely unseen by the public, with input from society leading to policy decisions in a 'black box' process. The Light Box Model, however, introduces more transparency with seven steps and six actors, outlining how societal inputs, interests, and policies are processed. The script also touches on the role of political actors, media, and communication in shaping modern political systems.

Takeaways

• 📦 The 'Black Box' model of politics, proposed by David Easton in 1953, depicts the government’s decision-making as a mysterious process where societal demands go in, and policies emerge, but the internal workings remain unseen.
• 🛠 According to the Black Box model, politics is seen as the government's activity in making policies, with citizens' demands being inputs that influence decision-making.
• 🔄 Citizens have two options when responding to government policies: either support them or create new demands if they disagree with the policies.
• 💡 The 'Light Bulb' model, developed by Gabriel Almond, expands on political processes by visualizing seven key steps and six actors, providing more clarity on the systematic functioning of politics.
• 🌍 External factors, such as natural disasters, pandemics, or economic crises, affect society and influence public opinion, serving as informal inputs for political processes.
• 👥 Informal inputs, such as discussions in public places, eventually transform into formal interests, articulated by interest groups representing societal concerns.
• 📊 Interest groups (actor 1) play a critical role by aggregating and articulating the public's interests into formal policy proposals.
• 🏛 Political parties (actor 2) prioritize these interests, turning them into campaigns and policies, which are further promoted by legislators (actor 3).
• ⚖ Legislative bodies and executives work together in the policy-making process, implementing these decisions with the oversight of the judiciary (actor 5) to ensure their legality and alignment with the nation's principles.
• 📰 The media (actor 6) acts as a critical link, reporting on the entire political process, from initial public input to the final policy, ensuring transparency and accountability in the political system.

Q & A

What are the two political theories discussed in the script?

The script discusses the Black Box model and the Light Box or Input-Output model.

Who introduced the Black Box model and when was it introduced?

The Black Box model was introduced by David Easton in 1953.

How does the Black Box model represent the government's policy-making process?

The Black Box model represents the government's policy-making process as mysterious and not easily understood by the public, similar to the black box of an airplane.

What are the main components of the Light Box model?

The Light Box model includes processes, actors, and the environment. It has 7 stages and 6 factors, with arrows representing the flow of processes.

What is an example of an external environment factor that can influence society according to the script?

External environment factors include natural disasters like earthquakes or tsunamis, and social changes such as monetary crises or pandemics.

How does the script describe the transformation from input to interest?

The script describes input as informal public discussions that become formalized into interests, which are then articulated by interest groups or organizations.

What role do political parties play in the Light Box model?

Political parties play a role in aggregating and prioritizing interests, and campaigning on these issues to influence policy-making.

Which actors are involved in the policy-making process according to the Light Box model?

The actors involved in the policy-making process include interest groups, political parties, legislative members, the executive branch, the judiciary, and the media.

What is the role of the media in the political process as described in the script?

The media's role is to monitor and report on all aspects of the political process, from input to policy adjudication, and turn these into information outputs that can influence subsequent inputs.

What are the three functions of political recruitment mentioned in the script?

The three functions of political recruitment mentioned are socialization, recruitment, and political communication.

How does the script explain the process of interest aggregation and prioritization?

The script explains that interest aggregation is the process where multiple interests are collected and prioritized by political parties to form a list of ideas that will be campaigned on and potentially become policy.