SPINAL CORD AND PERIPHERAL NS
Summary
TLDRThe video provides an informative overview of the spinal cord and the nervous system. It explains the spinal cord's function in connecting the brain to the rest of the body and highlights its protective structure, the vertebrae. The video also covers the two divisions of the peripheral nervous system: the somatic nervous system, responsible for voluntary movements, and the autonomic nervous system, which controls involuntary functions like heart rate and digestion. It emphasizes the contrasting roles of the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems in managing the body's response to stress and rest.
Takeaways
- 🧠 The spinal cord is a long, cylindrical structure connecting the brain and lower back, containing tissues, fluids, and nerve cells.
- 🦴 The spinal cord connects to the brainstem and runs down the back, protected by a series of bones called the spinal column or vertebra.
- 📏 It is about 40-50 cm long and roughly the width of a small finger, holding most of the nerves that connect the brain to the body.
- 🔄 The spinal cord sends signals between the brain and body, enabling movement, sensation, and reactions to the environment.
- ⬆️ Sensory signals travel from peripheral senses to the brain through ascending tracts, while motor commands move from the brain to muscles via descending tracts.
- 🦾 The peripheral nervous system (PNS) includes nerves and cells outside the brain and spinal cord, lacking bony protection and prone to damage from trauma.
- 🧑🔬 The PNS is divided into the somatic nervous system, which controls voluntary movements, and the autonomic nervous system, which manages involuntary functions.
- 👟 Somatic nerves control skeletal muscles and are categorized as cranial (head) or spinal (spine) nerves.
- 💓 The autonomic nervous system is further split into the sympathetic nervous system, which prepares the body for stress, and the parasympathetic system, which supports rest and digestion.
- 🧘♂️ The sympathetic and parasympathetic systems have opposite functions, but both influence key processes such as heart rate, digestion, and sexual arousal.
Q & A
What is the primary function of the spinal cord?
-The spinal cord connects the brain to the lower back and helps transmit messages between the brain and the rest of the body, facilitating movement and sensory functions.
How long is the spinal cord and how is it protected?
-The spinal cord is about 40 to 50 cm long and is protected by a series of bones called the spinal column or vertebra.
What is the width of the spinal cord compared to a body part?
-The width of the spinal cord is roughly the size of a person's small finger.
How does the spinal cord transmit signals from the peripheral senses to the brain?
-The spinal cord receives signals from peripheral senses like touch through ascending tracts, which send the signals upward to the brain for processing.
What role do descending tracts in the spinal cord play?
-Descending tracts in the spinal cord carry signals from the brain down to the muscles, allowing the body to move and react.
What are the two main divisions of the peripheral nervous system?
-The two main divisions of the peripheral nervous system are the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system.
What is the function of the somatic nervous system?
-The somatic nervous system controls voluntary movements, such as walking and typing, by directing the actions of skeletal muscles.
What is the difference between cranial and spinal nerves in the somatic nervous system?
-Cranial nerves, which consist of 12 pairs, send information between the brainstem and the body, aiding in senses and head movements. Spinal nerves, consisting of 31 pairs, connect the body to the spinal cord and manage sensory and motor functions.
How does the autonomic nervous system differ from the somatic nervous system?
-The autonomic nervous system controls involuntary functions like heart rate, breathing, and digestion, whereas the somatic nervous system controls voluntary movements.
What are the two branches of the autonomic nervous system, and what do they do?
-The two branches are the sympathetic nervous system, which prepares the body for 'fight or flight' by increasing heart rate and redirecting blood flow to muscles, and the parasympathetic nervous system, which promotes 'rest and digest' activities by slowing the heart rate and conserving energy.
Outlines
🧠 Introduction to the Spinal Cord and Its Structure
The spinal cord is a long, cylindrical structure connecting the brain to the lower back. It is composed of tissues, fluids, and nerve cells, and is protected by a series of bones called the spinal column or vertebrae. Although small, roughly the size of a pinky finger, it plays a crucial role in transmitting messages between the brain and the rest of the body, enabling movement, sensation, and reaction. Signals travel upward through ascending tracts for processing by the brain and downward through descending tracts to facilitate muscle movements.
🦴 Overview of the Peripheral Nervous System
Following the central nervous system discussion, the focus shifts to the peripheral nervous system (PNS), which lacks the bony protection of the central nervous system. Peripheral nerves are more vulnerable to damage from cuts, pressure, or stretching. The PNS is divided into two parts: the somatic nervous system (which controls voluntary muscle movements) and the autonomic nervous system (which regulates involuntary body functions). The somatic system controls movements like walking or typing, while the autonomic system manages functions like heart rate, breathing, and digestion.
🦾 Functions of the Somatic and Autonomic Nervous Systems
The somatic nervous system controls voluntary muscle actions, such as walking or lifting objects, through cranial and spinal nerves. There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves responsible for sending sensory information to the brain and delivering motor commands to muscles. The autonomic nervous system, on the other hand, is responsible for involuntary bodily functions like heart rate, digestion, and respiration. It is further divided into the sympathetic system (responsible for the fight-or-flight response) and the parasympathetic system (which promotes rest and digestion).
🔄 Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Nervous Systems
The sympathetic nervous system prepares the body for emergencies by increasing heart rate, dilating airways, and directing blood flow to muscles. In contrast, the parasympathetic system manages restful activities, such as slowing heart rate and aiding digestion. Notably, sexual arousal is influenced by both systems, with the parasympathetic initiating arousal and the sympathetic managing later stages. These systems work in opposition, ensuring balance in bodily functions. The video ends by summarizing the key components of the nervous system, with a promise to explore the next system in future discussions.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Spinal cord
💡Vertebrae
💡Central nervous system
💡Peripheral nervous system
💡Somatic nervous system
💡Autonomic nervous system
💡Sympathetic nervous system
💡Parasympathetic nervous system
💡Cranial nerves
💡Descending and ascending tracts
Highlights
Introduction to the spinal cord and its connection between the brain and lower back.
The spinal cord is a cylindrical structure containing tissues, fluids, and nerve cells.
The spinal cord connects to the brain stem and is about 40-50 cm long.
The spinal cord is protected by a series of bones called the spinal column or vertebra.
Despite its small size (the width of a small finger), the spinal cord is crucial for communication between the brain and the body.
The spinal cord sends signals from the brain to the body and receives signals from the body's peripheral senses.
Ascending tracts in the spinal cord send sensory information to the brain for processing.
Descending tracts carry motor signals from the brain to the body, allowing movement.
Introduction to the peripheral nervous system, which is more exposed and prone to injury compared to the central nervous system.
The peripheral nervous system has two divisions: the somatic and autonomic nervous systems.
The somatic nervous system controls voluntary movements like walking, typing, and lifting objects.
There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves in the somatic nervous system.
The autonomic nervous system controls involuntary functions such as heart rate, breathing, and digestion.
The autonomic nervous system is divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems, which control fight-or-flight and rest-and-digest responses, respectively.
The sympathetic nervous system uses neurotransmitters like noradrenaline to increase heart rate and redirect blood flow in stressful situations.
Sexual arousal involves both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems, making it an exception to the usual division of responsibilities.
Transcripts
All right so Hello
um continuing from our lesson last
Wednesday so we have now the spinal cord
so your spinal cord is the long
cylindrical structure that connects your
brain and your lower back So it it
contains tissues Fluids and nerve cells
to be more specific um the spinal cord
connects to the brain stem and runs down
your back So um it's it's about 40 to to
50 CM long and it is protected by a
series of Bones at ang tawag sa series
of Bones na ito is the spinal column or
vertebra so to provide you with a visual
presentation here is what I was talking
about
on what this slide Is Telling us naman
is that the spinal cord is a small but
important part of the body so it is
about the size of your Uh small finger
sa in terms of its width tapos pero it
it holds most of the the nerves that
connect your brain to the rest of your
body Okay so this nerves help Uh para
i-send yung mga messages back and forth
Okay um kaya you can you can move you
can feel things at saka you can react
then to your surroundings Okay so
despite being
compact this um spinal cord plays a big
role in controlling many body
functions speaking further about its
functions the spinal cord receives ah
Itong mga signal na nanggagaling sa
ating peripheral senses katulad ng touch
ah sa sa pamamagitan ng pathways or
through Through the pathways called the
Ascending tract Okay so Itong mga
signals na ito ay na idadala upward to
the brain para sa processing at the same
time the spinal cords neurons carry
signals from the brain downward naman
through the descending tracks Okay so
Itong mga signal na ito cause the
muscles para mag-crack at saka Uh para
tulungan yung ating katawan to Uh to
move okay and so we move on now to the
peripheral nervous system So um
Kakatapos lang natin sa central nervous
system which are the brains and your um
spinal cord so we have now the
peripheral nervous system Okay so Ah
yung brain at spinal cord natin na
na-mention ko lang kanina na part ng
central nervous system ay protektado ng
mga bones katulad ng skull at saka yun
ngang vertebra pero iyung mga nerves and
cells ng peripheral nervous system naman
wala sila ng ganitong bony protection
kasi hindi sila
sa sa mga bones okay ang mga peripheral
nerves ay mas Exposed at saka mas madali
silang ma-in or ma-damage ng physical
trauma katulad ng ah mga cuts Okay Iyung
ah prone sila na mahiwa or ma-pressure
at saka ma- stretch din ang peripheral
nervous system ay may dalawang division
so itong os somatic at saka autonomic
nervous systems iisa-isahin natin sila
first off is the is the somatic nervous
system Okay so This is also known as the
voluntary nervous system kasi ah
responsible siya sa pag-control ng ating
voluntary movements sa ating katawan
okay so ah it primarily directs the
actions of skeletal muscles which are
the muscles that we can consciously
control ah katulad ng um iyung mga
muscles that are used for Walking typing
or carrying or lifting objects mga ganon
the nerves in the somatic nervous system
are classified based on their location
either in the head regions iyan Iyung
cranial or in the spine region Ito naman
Iyung spinal nerves Okay so there are 12
pairs of cranial nerves which um s
information to the brain stem Or from
the brain stem to the periphery Okay so
this nerves are required para sa ating
five senses and sa UM movement din ng
ating head neck at saka ng ating tong
Okay the spinal nerves naman consist of
31 pairs of nerves that play a role in
connecting the body to the spinal cord
Okay so these nerves are responsible for
two main functions um first off is its
function in sending um sensory
information from the periphery So this
are say for example the skin muscles at
saka um the the joints Okay Uh So from
from this to the spinal cord Okay um
this helps the brain process sensations
like touch pain and temperature Okay The
second one here is its function in
carrying motor commands from the spinal
cord to the skeletal muscles naman and
this allows the body to
move moving on to the second division we
have the autonomic nervous system So you
remember your Uh um What's that your
somatic nervous system is Otherwise
called the voluntary nervous system
right So this one naman the autonomic
nervous system is also called the
vegetative nervous system Okay
this division is responsible for
controlling involuntary Functions in the
body example of this ones would be the
heart rate breathing and digestion Okay
you see it it influences the the
activity of Internal organs as well as
the glands um and and the smooth muscles
without conscious effort kaya it says
They're not under voluntary control the
autonomic nervous system is divided into
two main branches namely the sympathetic
and then the parasympathetic nervous
system Okay so unahin natin yung
sympathetic nervous system this one
prepares the body for fight or flight
response
Okay so it say for example increases
heart rate It also it dilates airway for
better oxygen intake and it redirects
blood flow for um Uh two muscles during
stressful situations or emergencies Okay
on the other hand the parasympathetic
nervous system promotes Rest and Digest
activities naman sa pamamagitan ng safer
for example slowing the heart rate
facilitating digestion and conserving
energy when the body is at
rest So if you notice ito iyung mga
nasabi ko kanina about the sympathetic
nervous system now ah para i-activate
Itong mga responses na ito iyung mga
sympathetic
fibers ginagamit niya ngayon yung
neurotransmitter na noradrenaline
para i-activate ung blood flow sa
skeletal muscles and lungs ah para
[Musika]
i-dilaw
in responses katulad ng heart rate
atsaka digestion Okay pero ah there is
an Only Exception here and that is
sexual arousal so hindi kasali sa sa
pinapares ng parasympathetic division
ang sexual arousal kasi sexual arousal
is influenced by a combination of both
the parasympathetic and sympathetic
nervous system Okay so the nervous
system um facilitates the initial stages
of
arousal such as um Iyung Increasing
Iyung blood flow to the genital area but
Iyung overall process also involves
sympathetic responses All right so at to
put it simply the sympathetic and
parasympathetic nervous systems have
opposite actions have you noticed Ayan
this again is the summary of the parts
of the nervous system mukhang we did not
miss naman to discuss any of the parts
noo Okay So um for for this
for this um video I will stop here para
then to
um para ihiwalay
yung nervous system next na system ataka
para din hindi masyado mahaba yung video
I'll see you on the next one Bye for now
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