Arkitekturang Filipino 3: Spectacle of Power: Hispanic Structuring of the Colonial Space
Summary
TLDRThe video traces the evolution of Filipino architecture from its early origins to the influence of Spanish colonialism. It highlights how Spanish rule reshaped the Philippines' built environment, introducing new architectural forms such as churches, fortresses, and government buildings. The video emphasizes the development of the Intramuros walled city, the impact of Spanish urban planning, and the hybrid construction techniques that emerged in response to natural disasters. The influence of indigenous, Chinese, and European styles on churches and homes is also discussed, as well as the role of civic, commercial, and entertainment buildings in colonial life.
Takeaways
- 📖 The book, written in 2008, traces the history of Philippine architecture from its ancient origins to contemporary forms and inspired a film produced in 2016.
- 🏰 Spanish colonialism greatly impacted the Philippine built environment, introducing new building types such as churches, fortresses, and administrative buildings.
- ✝️ In 1565, Miguel López de Legazpi took possession of the Philippine Islands in the name of Spain, leading to the establishment of settlements, notably Intramuros in Manila.
- 🏠 The devastation caused by fires and earthquakes led to the development of the architectural style 'Arquitectura Mestiza,' combining wood and stone for better earthquake resistance.
- 📜 The Spanish colonization reorganized Filipino settlements using the 'Laws of the Indies,' establishing compact towns with central plazas surrounded by key government and religious buildings.
- ⛪ The Spanish-driven construction of monumental churches incorporated local and European styles, with Chinese artisans adding unique aesthetic elements.
- 🏘️ The 'Bahay na Bato,' a hybrid house design, evolved from the traditional 'Bahay Kubo' with a stone ground floor and wooden upper floor, becoming common by the 19th century.
- 🏛️ Civic architecture, such as the Palacio Real and Ayuntamiento, represented Spanish administrative power, with the colonial government also investing in public works like ports and harbors.
- 🎭 Spanish colonial rule introduced new forms of public entertainment like theaters and cockfighting arenas, while commercial areas grew in Manila due to foreign trade.
- ⏳ Spanish rule, which lasted 333 years, ended abruptly at the turn of the 19th century, leaving a lasting legacy on Philippine architecture and urban life.
Q & A
What is the focus of the book written in 2008?
-The book traces the history of Philippine architecture, from its primeval origins to contemporary forms.
How did Spanish colonialism affect the Philippine built environment?
-Spanish colonialism introduced new building types such as churches, fortresses, and other structures that reflected the colonial lifestyle, significantly changing the Philippine built environment.
What was the architectural response to natural disasters such as fires and earthquakes during the Spanish colonial period?
-The devastation from disasters like the 1583 fire and the 1645 earthquake led to the invention of the 'architectura mestiza,' a hybrid construction style combining wooden frames and stone to better withstand earthquakes.
What was the significance of the 'Laws of the Indies' in shaping Philippine towns?
-The 'Laws of the Indies,' issued in 1573 by King Philip II, organized colonial towns with a central plaza surrounded by key buildings like the church, government offices, and residences of different social classes, creating a structured and controlled urban space.
What role did the church play in the organization of colonial Philippine towns?
-The church was the most prominent building in colonial towns, functioning not only as a religious center but also as a site for the colonial mission and a symbol of Spanish authority.
How did local artisans influence the architecture of churches during Spanish colonization?
-Local Chinese and native artisans incorporated indigenous motifs and Chinese decorative elements into the European architectural styles, creating a unique fusion in church designs.
What construction system was commonly used for large public works during the Spanish period?
-The Spanish colonial government used the 'polo y servicio' system, which required able-bodied males to render labor for public infrastructure projects, including fortresses and other important structures.
What was the purpose of Intramuros, and how was it constructed?
-Intramuros was a fortified Spanish city built to protect colonial interests in Manila. It was constructed using stone and designed as a military fortification to safeguard Spanish territories.
How did the Bahay na Bato evolve from traditional Filipino houses?
-The Bahay na Bato evolved from the traditional 'bahay kubo' and was a two-story house with a stone or brick ground floor and a wooden upper floor, reflecting Spanish influence while retaining native elements.
What types of leisure activities were popular during the Spanish colonial period in the Philippines?
-Theatrical performances and cockfighting were common forms of entertainment. Theatres like Teatro Divino and cockfighting arenas (sablangans) were built, and cockfighting was a regulated activity.
Outlines
📖 The Influence of Spanish Colonialism on Philippine Architecture
In 2008, the speaker wrote a book tracing the history of Philippine built forms from ancient to contemporary times, which inspired a 2016 film produced with the National Commission for Culture and the Arts. The arrival of Spanish colonizers dramatically altered the Philippine built environment, introducing new architectural forms like churches, fortresses, and theaters. Spanish authorities imposed order in urban planning, with the settlement of Manila being a notable conquest. Initially, Manila was a settlement of light materials, but it evolved into the fortified city of Intramuros, reflecting the hybrid construction style of wood and stone. This blend of materials allowed buildings to better withstand earthquakes. The Spanish implemented the 'reduction' policy, forcing native settlements into larger, organized towns, with plazas surrounded by key colonial buildings. The colonial condition also fostered a new urban lifestyle driven by Spanish aesthetics of monumentality.
⛪ Spanish Colonial Architecture and Religious Influence
Spanish colonial architecture in the Philippines utilized durable materials, relying on imported construction methods. Churches and institutional structures were built under the guidance of architects and master builders, often priests, while Chinese laborers were contracted to execute these projects. The colonial government enforced a labor tax system to sustain public building projects. Spanish fortifications, like Intramuros, and religious buildings such as churches and convents played significant roles in both governance and spiritual life. Early churches were simple but evolved into monumental stone structures, incorporating indigenous motifs with European architectural styles. These buildings reflected a fusion of classical, Baroque, and tropical elements, often adorned with Chinese decorative details. Church complexes also included bell towers, convents, and graveyards.
🏠 Urbanization and Civic Architecture During Spanish Rule
By the 19th century, Spanish colonial Manila had expanded beyond its walled core into suburbs. Industrialization led to the rise of tenement-style apartments for migrant laborers. Civic buildings like the Palacio Real and Casa del Ayuntamiento symbolized Spanish administrative power. Schools, hospitals, and other public institutions established by religious orders catered to the population's educational and health needs. Commercial houses began operating in Manila from 1809, leading to a growth in trading and commercial buildings. Early trading houses were multifunctional, with offices on the ground floor and residences above. Forms of entertainment like theaters and cockfighting became prominent in urban areas, while illicit activities also flourished in commercial districts. This paragraph highlights the city's architectural growth, public works, and evolving lifestyle under Spanish rule.
🎭 Colonial Leisure and the End of Spanish Rule
Leisure and entertainment under Spanish colonial rule were centered around theaters and cockfighting arenas. Theaters like Teatro de Binondo were designed for performing arts, while cockfighting arenas catered to the enduring popularity of the sport. Despite formal regulations, illicit activities like gambling and opium use persisted in certain urban areas. The commercial district of Binondo housed functional spaces for these activities. Spanish colonial rule, which lasted for 333 years, came to an abrupt end at the close of the 19th century.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Spanish Colonialism
💡Intramuros
💡Plaza Mayor
💡Laws of the Indies
💡Baroque Architecture
💡Galleon Trade
💡Architectura Mestiza
💡Church Complex
💡Tribunal
💡Bahay na Bato
Highlights
The book traces the history of Philippine built forms from its primeval origins to its contemporary forms.
Spanish colonialism changed the face of the Philippine built environment forever.
The Spaniards introduced new building types such as churches, fortresses, plazas, theaters, and factories.
Miguel López de Legazpi took possession of the Philippine Islands in 1565 in the name of the Spanish Crown.
The strategic occupation of Manila in 1571 marked a significant turning point in the urban development of the Philippines.
Intramuros, a Spanish walled city, was built as a fortified metropolis, evolving into a significant urban center.
A hybrid construction type called 'architectura mestiza' combined wood and stone, making structures more earthquake-resistant.
The urban planning of new towns followed the Royal Ordinance of King Philip II, known as the 'Laws of the Indies.'
The Spanish building program was driven by monumentality, using sturdy and permanent materials like stone and brick.
Chinese artisans and native workers played a significant role in the construction, often combining indigenous motifs with European architectural styles.
The church occupied the most prominent site in towns, serving as the center of spiritual governance and community life.
Colonial houses, such as the bahay na bato, were an architectural evolution from traditional Filipino homes like the nipa hut (bahay kubo).
The urbanization of Manila during the late 19th century led to the expansion of residential areas outside the old walls of Intramuros.
Commercial buildings during the Spanish era evolved, with European firms setting up in Manila, driving urban commercial development.
Theatres and public amusement spaces, such as Teatro Binondo and Teatro Circo, became prominent in the urban culture.
Spanish colonial rule, which lasted for 333 years, left a lasting legacy on the architectural landscape of the Philippines.
Transcripts
in 2008 I wrote a walk architecture on
Filipino the book traces the history of
Philippine built forms from its primeval
origins to its contemporary forms this
book inspired the film you're about to
see which was produced in 2016 with the
National Commission for culture in the
arts
Spanish colonialism has changed the face
of Philippine built environment forever
Spanish colonial authorities instituted
control and order interval oniel domain
among the new building types include
churches fortresses by Novato access
area Teatro and the fabrica among others
these new building types were crafted in
pursuit of a new colonial lifestyle
[Music]
[Music]
with cross and sword Miguel lópez de
Legazpi in 1565 took possession of
Philippine Islands in the name of the
Spanish crown initially Legaspi founded
settlements in Cebu and pnai but move
northward to lose on the goal was to
conquer the fabled Muslim settlement of
Manila because of its strategic position
in 1571 the Spaniards successfully
occupied the charred remains of the
settlement abandoned by raha Suleiman
chieftain of Manila in time the
settlement of light materials gave way
to a stone fortified metropolis a
Spanish walled city Intramuros was
taking shape within less than a mile in
area spreading out from the point of a
triangle bordered by the bay and the
river the devastation caused by the 1583
fire and the 1645 earthquake resulted in
the invention of the hybrid type of
construction the architect Ora mestiza
which combined wooden frames and stone
this flexible construction which used
wood in the upper floor and stone in the
lower floor had a better chance of
surviving an earthquake while Intramuros
was being built and reconstructed the
Spaniards ventured inland to accomplish
the territorial and spiritual takeover
the colonial space was redesigned
according to an organizing program known
as the look Shawn
the small scattered clusters of native
settlements were forced to consolidate
into single larger and compact villages
to easily manage every affair of the
native populace these new towns followed
the urban master plan prescribed by the
1573 royal ordinance of king philip ii
known as the laws of the indies it
decreed that the town plan should
establish a main plaza or plaza mayor
around the huge and open square of the
plaza was a complex of prominent
buildings of colonial governance the
church and convent the Casa il or town
hall
the Tribunal the official residence and
other important government buildings the
marketplace and residences of various
social classes were also distributed
hierarchically around this complex the
colonial condition bred a new kind of
lifestyle and activities which
characterized the emerging urban life
the Spanish building program was driven
by the aesthetics of monumentality
thus Spanish colonial architecture was
built of sturdier and more permanent
materials using imported methods of
construction many churches and other
institutional structures were built
under the direction of architects or ma
estrodial brass or master builders many
of whom were priests builders largely
Chinese were often employed under a
contractual system called pacquiao the
colonial government also used the tax
system of Paulo II servicio which
generally compelled every able-bodied
male to render labour service for Public
Instruction to sustain the building
activities the building of Garrison's
naval constructions and fortresses was a
military strategy to safeguard the
colonial territories Intramuros was the
foremost fortification built by the
Spanish crown the religious orders
undertook the spiritual governance of
the Filipinos and initiated the building
of ecclesiastical edifices churches
belfry
[Music]
monasteries and convents a newly founded
parishes the church occupied the most
prominent site of a town and functioned
as a site of evangelical mission in the
area
the earliest churches were rendered in
the vernacular idiom simple in plan and
fashioned of light materials with a high
pitched roof inside the floor was either
raised or of compacted earth defining a
rectangular nave these structures were
later expanded and made of Adobe stone
Coraline limestone or brick and were
reinforced with buttresses to ensure
their strength during earthquakes
ultimately the churches evolved into
monumental stone sanctuaries that
allowed indigenous motifs to coexist
with European styles the Chinese and
Native artisans interpreted and executed
the ornaments from classical
Romanesque gothic Baroque
rokoko and moody are sources not
strictly according to formal rules of
the style but on their own aesthetic
discretion often in simplified form and
incorporated with local tropical motifs
and Chinese decorative elements which
exemplifies the tendency of colonial
ornamentation towards Haru lava Kui the
whole external composition was lorded
over by one or two bell towers or
campanario ranging from three to five
stories the towers attached to the
church were usually provided with a
Baptistery at the ground floor adjacent
to the church was a parish house called
convento it served as lodging house for
visiting dignitaries storerooms for food
and armaments school office and parish
archives another component of the church
complex was a graveyard or campo santo
from the 17th and 19th century a new
domestic prototype sprung from two
centuries of development the behind a
bottle
[Music]
descended from the by Kubo and resembled
the architectural mestiza in the 17th
century these houses were typically two
stories with the ground story made of
massive cut stone or brick walls and the
upper storey level built of hardwood the
house was capped by a hip or gable tiled
roof with a steep slope by the last
quarter of the 19th century
Manila experienced an urban sprawl
urbanization spilled over the old walls
into the various Arab Alice or nearby
suburbs the access area or apartment
dwellings were another consequence of
industrialization that grew from the
migrant laborers need for cheap housing
in commercial and industrial areas
[Music]
Civic architecture such as the palacio
real the unit ambient Oh in the ad wanna
epitomized Spanish administrative
institutions the casa del ayuntamiento
occupied an entire block on one of the
sides of the Plaza Mayor of Manila
across the a unity me endo was the
residence of the highest official of the
land the Palacio del cobre Nadal general
or Palacio de alva two types of school
buildings surface during the Spanish
colonial period the Colegio or
universidad found in urban areas and the
escuela Primaria found in different web
los these institutions had the privilege
of having spacious buildings and broad
courtyards with a chapel at the center
apart from these the religious orders
also to charge of the health and medical
needs of the colonial subjects
Franciscans built the first hospital
around 1560 for the hospital rial which
was also one of the first buildings to
be erected in Manila
colonial infrastructure and Public Works
raised the living standards of its
subject and also dependent upon port and
harbor facilities to integrate the
colony with the routes of global
commerce commercial buildings during the
Spanish colonial era varied for small
sidewalk stalls to huge factories in
1809 European commercial houses were
allowed to operate in Manila and the
influx of foreign commercial firms
followed suit expatriates who launched
their businesses honest qualta and
adjacent streets the early trading
houses and commercial firms retrofitted
the Bynum a dog here the ground floor
was occupied by offices and shops while
the upper storey functioned as the
residence of the proprietor of the
company the colonial amusement and
public diversions were few and often
dominated by Theatre and cockfighting
pria troll debbie Nando and teatro
circus Aurelia were designed
specifically for theatrical dance and
musical performances the persistence of
cockfighting led to the regulation of
the game and building of cockfighting
arenas or Sablan illegitimate forms of
leisure also persisted in the urban
precincts especially in the commercial
district of Bernardo where functional
spaces for gambling Constitution and
opium consumption were housed
lasting for 333 years the Spanish
colonial rule came to an abrupt end at
the turn of the 19th century
[Music]
[Music]
[Music]
[Music]
تصفح المزيد من مقاطع الفيديو ذات الصلة
HS1 3 4 Gothic Secular Architecture
Manila, Queen of the Pacific 1938
Art in the Philippines (Historical Background)
ART HISTORY in the PHILIPPINES || ART APPRECIATION
Arkitekturang Filipino 1 & 2: Early Philippine Shelters and Islamic Architecture
The (11) Social Evils | Philippines Of Rizal’s Time | Part 2 | Sir Job TV | 110
5.0 / 5 (0 votes)