Organic Biochemistry Screencast Session 1.mp4

Summary

In this educational video, Mr. Gailes introduces the chemistry of life, focusing on organic chemistry's role in biology. He emphasizes the significance of the carbon atom due to its tetravalence, allowing it to form complex molecules essential for life. The video explores various organic molecules like DNA, proteins, and carbohydrates, highlighting how functional groups add diversity and functionality. Mr. Gailes also discusses the historical view of organic chemistry and its distinction from inorganic chemistry, concluding with a look at key functional groups and their impact on molecular properties.

Takeaways

• 🧬 The chemistry of life is rooted in organic chemistry, which focuses on molecules associated with living organisms, most notably DNA.
• 📚 Students are encouraged to take notes using a two-column format, with main ideas on the left and key concepts, definitions, and examples on the right.
• 🌿 All living organisms, despite their diversity, share a common organic biochemistry, highlighting their evolutionary connection.
• ⚛️ Organic chemistry is centered around carbon, an element crucial for building the complex molecules that sustain life.
• 🔗 Carbon's valence of four allows it to form four covalent bonds, a key feature that enables the creation of large and diverse organic molecules.
• 🌟 The ability of carbon to form multiple bonds means it can store and release significant amounts of energy, which is vital for life processes.
• 🔑 Functional groups are essential in adding diversity and functionality to organic molecules, determining their chemical properties and roles in living organisms.
• 💧 Hydroxy, carbonyl, carboxy, phosphate, and amino groups are among the key functional groups that influence an organic molecule's polarity and solubility.
• 🧪 The study of organic chemistry in biology is not only about understanding the structure of life but also the functional aspects that enable biological processes.
• 🤔 Students are prompted to record questions that arise during the presentation, fostering an interactive and inquiry-based learning approach.

Q & A

What is the most recognizable organic molecule associated with life?

The most recognizable organic molecule associated with life is the DNA molecule, which is used by all living things to store their genetic blueprint.

What is the significance of the two-column note format mentioned in the script?

The two-column note format is a method for organizing notes with main ideas on the left and key ideas, definitions, examples, and drawings on the right, which aids in studying and reviewing the material.

Why is organic chemistry important in the study of biology?

Organic chemistry is important in the study of biology because it focuses on the chemistry of life, specifically the molecular organic chemistry that underpins the functions and structures of all living organisms.

What role does the carbon atom play in building organic molecules?

The carbon atom is central to building organic molecules due to its tetravalence, allowing it to form four covalent bonds, which is essential for creating the large and diverse molecules found in living organisms.

How does the carbon atom's ability to form many bonds relate to energy storage and release in living organisms?

The carbon atom's ability to form many bonds allows it to store and release energy. When bonds form, potential energy is stored, and when they break, that energy is released and can be used by cells to perform work.

What is a functional group and how does it contribute to the diversity of organic molecules?

A functional group is a group of atoms that can bond to a carbon skeleton, determining the properties and functions of organic molecules. The addition of different functional groups to a carbon backbone creates diverse molecules with specific roles in living organisms.

Why are organic molecules generally associated with living things?

Organic molecules are generally associated with living things because they are typically made by living organisms or are directly related to the functions of living things, unlike inorganic chemicals that are generally associated with the environment.

What are the six key elements of life in organic chemistry?

The six key elements of life in organic chemistry are carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur.

How does the structure of carbon allow it to form such a variety of bonds?

Carbon's structure allows it to form a variety of bonds due to having four valence electrons, which it can share, lose, or gain to form single, double, or triple bonds with other atoms, including other carbon atoms.

What is the role of the phosphate group in organic molecules?

The phosphate group is found in lipids, forming the polar head of phospholipids which are components of cell membranes, and in nucleic acids, where it forms the backbone along with sugar molecules. It is also part of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the cellular energy source.

How does the addition of functional groups affect the properties of organic molecules?

The addition of functional groups to a carbon skeleton affects the properties of organic molecules by imparting polarity and hydrophilicity, which determines how they interact with water and other molecules, thus influencing their functions in living organisms.

Outlines

00:00

🌿 Introduction to Organic Chemistry in Biology

Mr. Gailes introduces the concept of organic chemistry as the chemistry of life, focusing on the DNA molecule as the iconic organic molecule used by all living organisms to store genetic information. He emphasizes the importance of understanding organic chemistry in the context of biology and reminds students to use their organic chemistry packets for note-taking in the two-column format. Main ideas and key points should be recorded, along with any questions that arise during the presentation. The presentation will cover four major ideas: the chemistry of life, the importance of carbon in building organic molecules, and the role of functional groups in adding diversity and functionality to organic molecules.

05:01

🔬 Organic Chemistry: The Chemistry of Carbon

This section delves into what organic chemistry is, distinguishing it from inorganic chemistry by focusing on the six key elements essential for life: carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur. Organic molecules, primarily built on carbon, tend to be large and associated with life, unlike inorganic chemicals that are generally associated with the environment. Carbon's central role in organic molecules is due to its tetravalent nature, allowing it to form four bonds, which is crucial for building large and diverse molecules. The video also touches on the historical view of organic chemistry and how it has evolved from being seen as the chemistry of life to the chemistry of carbon-based molecules.

10:02

⚛️ Carbon: The Cornerstone of Organic Molecules

The video script explains the significance of carbon due to its ability to form four covalent bonds, a property known as tetravalence. This allows carbon to create large and complex molecules that are capable of storing and releasing energy. Examples of simple organic molecules like glucose and complex ones like DNA are given to illustrate the diversity of organic molecules built on a carbon skeleton. The script also includes a video that historically contextualizes the study of carbon and its compounds, highlighting carbon's unique ability to form a vast array of chemical structures, which are essential to life.

15:03

🔍 Functional Groups: The Key to Molecular Diversity

This part of the script discusses functional groups, which are atoms or groups of atoms that, when bonded to a carbon skeleton, confer specific properties to organic molecules. The script outlines the six major functional groups: hydroxy, carbonyl (including aldehyde and ketone), carboxy, amino, and phosphate groups. It explains how these groups, when added to a carbon backbone, determine the molecule's behavior and function in living organisms. The video also includes a clip that illustrates how the addition of functional groups to hydrocarbons results in a wide variety of organic compounds, each with unique characteristics and roles in biological systems.

20:05

🧬 Functional Groups in Organic Molecules

The script provides a detailed look at the six key functional groups found in organic molecules: hydroxy, carbonyl (aldehyde and ketone), carboxy, phosphate, and amino groups. It describes how each group imparts polarity and hydrophilicity to the molecules, which is crucial for their interaction with water and biological functionality. The phosphate group, in particular, is highlighted for its role in cell membranes and nucleic acids, while the amino group is noted for its presence in amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. The script concludes with a reminder for students to record any questions in their notes for future class discussions and the anticipation of a quiz to test their understanding of organic chemistry.

Keywords

💡Organic Chemistry

Organic chemistry is a branch of chemistry that focuses on carbon-based compounds. In the video, it is described as the chemistry of life, highlighting its importance in understanding the molecular basis of living organisms. The script emphasizes that organic chemistry deals with molecules that are essential for life processes, such as DNA and proteins, which are built on a carbon framework.

💡DNA Molecule

The DNA molecule, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is the genetic material found in all living organisms. It stores the genetic blueprint necessary for the growth, development, and reproduction of life. The script introduces DNA as an iconic organic molecule, underscoring its significance in the study of biology and organic chemistry.

💡Carbon Atom

The carbon atom is central to organic chemistry due to its unique ability to form four covalent bonds, making it the backbone of complex organic molecules. The script explains that carbon's tetravalence allows it to create a vast array of molecular structures, which is crucial for the diversity and functionality of life's molecules.

💡Functional Groups

Functional groups are specific groups of atoms within molecules that determine the chemical reactivity and physical properties of organic compounds. The video script discusses how the addition of functional groups to carbon skeletons gives rise to the diversity of organic molecules, such as carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins, which are essential for various biological functions.

💡Hydrocarbons

Hydrocarbons are organic compounds consisting only of hydrogen and carbon atoms. The script mentions hydrocarbons as basic molecules that are non-polar and hydrophobic, setting the stage for understanding how the addition of functional groups can alter these properties to create more complex and biologically relevant molecules.

💡Polarity

Polarity in the context of the video refers to the separation of charges within a molecule, leading to regions of positive and negative charge. Polar molecules, such as those with hydroxy or carbonyl groups, can form hydrogen bonds and are soluble in water. The script explains that the polarity of functional groups influences the molecule's solubility and reactivity.

💡Hydroxy Group

The hydroxy group, consisting of an oxygen and hydrogen atom (-OH), is a functional group that imparts polarity and hydrophilicity to organic molecules. The script uses carbohydrates as examples where hydroxy groups are prevalent, demonstrating how these groups affect the molecule's interaction with water.

💡Carbonyl Group

The carbonyl group is a functional group consisting of a carbon-oxygen double bond and is found in aldehydes and ketones. The video script explains that the carbonyl group's polarity makes molecules containing it hydrophilic, which is important for their roles in biological processes.

💡Carboxylic Acid

A carboxylic acid contains a carboxyl group (-COOH), which includes a carbonyl and a hydroxyl group. The script describes how carboxylic acids can release hydrogen ions, making them acidic and playing a role in biological systems, such as in the structure of lipids and proteins.

💡Phosphate Group

The phosphate group, containing a central phosphorus atom bonded to oxygen atoms, is a highly polar and hydrophilic functional group. The video script mentions its presence in phospholipids, which form cell membranes, and in nucleic acids, highlighting its importance in cellular structures and genetic material.

💡Amino Group

The amino group, which includes a nitrogen atom bonded to hydrogen atoms (-NH2), is a functional group found in amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. The script explains that amino groups, like other polar groups, make molecules hydrophilic and capable of forming hydrogen bonds, which is crucial for protein structure and function.

Highlights

Introduction to the chemistry of life as organic chemistry, focusing on the DNA molecule.

Emphasis on the importance of having the organic chemistry packet for note-taking in the two-column format.

The four major ideas to be covered: the chemistry of life, organic chemistry, the carbon atom's importance, and functional groups.

All living things share a common organic biochemistry, highlighting the unity of life.

Definition of organic chemistry as the chemistry of carbon and its significance in life.

Traditional view of organic chemistry as the chemistry of life, contrasting with inorganic chemistry.

The role of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur in organic chemistry.

Carbon's tetravalence and its ability to form large and diverse molecules.

Importance of carbon in storing and releasing energy through bond formation and breaking.

Examples of organic molecules: glucose, fatty acids, nucleic acids, and proteins.

Historical perspective on the distinction between organic and inorganic substances.

Carbon's unique ability to bond in various combinations due to its electronic configuration.

The concept of functional groups and their role in adding diversity to organic molecules.

Introduction to six key functional groups: hydroxy, carbonyl, carboxy, phosphate, and amino groups.

Explanation of how functional groups impart polarity and hydrophilicity to organic molecules.

The significance of functional groups in the structure and function of biomolecules.

Concluding remarks on the importance of understanding organic chemistry in a biology context.

Transcripts

hey biology 400 students this is Mr

gailes and today I'm going to be talking

to you about the chemistry of life we

know the chemistry of life as organic

chemistry it's a special branch of

chemistry that we're going to turn our

attention to now in class on the screen

you see probably the most iconic or most

recognizable of all the organic

molecules associated with life this is

the DNA molecule all living things use

the DNA molecule to store their genetic

blueprint we're going to learn a lot

about the DNA molecule in our coming

unit and also later in the

year let me remind you as we're getting

ready to begin this screencast that you

should have your uh organic chemistry

packet available so that you can take

notes in your packet your notes should

be done in the two column note format

that we've used in class before main

ideas go on the leftand side main ideas

are always underlined they're usually at

the top of the slide on the right hand

side of your notes you're going to put

uh key ideas definitions

examples uh you can make drawings of any

of the uh important molecules that

you're seeing on the screen and then

also it's a good idea for you to write

down questions that you have after we

watch this uh screencast so as you're

working through this if you have

questions on something you're not

understanding please make sure you

record those in your notes you will get

to use those notes on the screencast

quick quizzes that we do in class

following the screencast all right so

let's get started what are we going to

look at in this presentation this

presentation is going to focus on four

major

ideas the first idea is the chemistry of

life and just to kind of understand why

it's important for us to understand the

the molecular organic chemistry in

biology we're going to look at what

organic chemistry is uh how is it

different from the basic chemistry that

we learned earlier in the year we're

going to focus on the carbon atom and

its importance in building organic

molecules and then finally the

functional groups the role of functional

groups in adding diversity and

functionality to basic organic

backbones all right our first main idea

is the chemistry of life now you when

you look at this slide you see a

collection of organisms that see seem

vastly different from one another um we

can start by taking a look at an

organism that we're already familiar

with we talked earlier in the year about

the Bombadier Beetle and the Bombadier

beetle is really special because it

produces this Burning costic chemical in

it in its abdomen and it uses that

chemical to protect itself from

predators uh another example of a really

interesting organism is the puffer fish

we see the puffer fish down here the

puffer fish produces in its tissues a

toxin which is widely believed to be

probably the second most dangerous or

lethal toxin in all of the vertebrate

world so we've got these two organisms

that produce incredibly crazy chemicals

in their bodies we also have organisms

that are you know for instance think

about the the eagle a bird and a

butterfly and insect both of those are

capable of flight but yet they're very

different in terms of their

overall structure we have an organism

here a flower an example of a plant

that's able to do photosynthesis and

this this is a protest a single celled

organism that moves around on its own

but can also do photosynthesis so we've

got a a wide collection of organisms how

are they all similar what do they have

in common well all organisms are made up

of organic molecules those molecules

that we find in their cells that build

their cells and make all these diverse

functions possible are referred to as

organic molecules so even though we are

very different all living things have

their special qualities that make them

different from each other all living

things share a common organic

biochemistry and that's what we focus on

here in this presentation in in this

unit is that common organic biochemistry

that ties all living things together and

again that's just one further evidence

from for the fact that all living things

have evolved over time from a common

ancestor okay the first main idea the

first big main idea that we're going to

going to get into here is organic

chemistry what is organic chemistry

today organic chemistry is defined as

the chemistry of the carbon atom and of

the molecules that are built on carbon

traditionally organic chemistry was seen

as the chemistry of life or or the

chemistry of molecules made by living

things so a quick rundown uh between

organic chemistry and what we might call

or inorganic chemistry in organic

chemistry we really focus on the six

important elements for Life carbon

hydrogen nitrogen ox oxygen phosphorus

and sulfur inorganic chemistry can not

be limited to those six major elements

it really can include any any and all

elements uh on the periodic table with

uh organic molecules carbon is the key

element and usually hydrogen and oxygen

will be present we start adding in some

different elements when we add in

nitrogen we find nitrogen in proteins

and also in the nucleic acids we have

phosphorus in the nucle acids and also

in adenosine triphosphate which is an

energy molecule our cells use and then

sulfur sulfur is found in complex

protein

structure um organic molecules tend to

have a large number of atoms the picture

that you see at the bottom of the screen

is an example of a relatively small

organic molecule this has 24 atoms in it

this is the glucose molecule its

molecular formula is C6

h126 so even though with 24 atoms that

might seem quite large when we compare

that with something like DNA which is

made of billions of atoms relatively

small but the general sense is that

organic molecules tend to be large and

also organic molecules tend to be

associated with life what we mean by

that is they're generally molecules that

are made by living things or directly

related to the function of living

things uh inorganic chemicals are

generally associated with the

environment now that doesn't mean that

they're not important for living things

sodium chloride which is an ionic

compound we learned about in our last

unit we know is composed of the cat ion

sodium

which is just

na+ uh when sodium chloride dissolves in

water or dissociates it forms the sodium

ions and so when we have sodium ions in

our cells they play a very important

role in the transmission of nerve

impulses other important inorganic

chemicals that are critical for Life

include oxygen molecular oxygen O2 water

obviously H2O and carbon dioxide

CO2 okay carbon next main idea will be

carbon carbon is the atom which is at

the center of all organic molecules so

we need to understand why carbon is so

important and the importance of carbon

really derives from its U chemical

activity and based on the characteristic

of carbon having a veence number of four

carbon can form many bonds because of

that veence number so let's do a quick

review of what that means in our

previous unit we learned that the veence

number is the essentially the bonding

capacity of any atom carbon has a veence

number of

four so what that means is carbon can

make bonds with up to four other atoms

and those atoms can be other carbon

atoms they can be hydrogen atoms they

can be groups of atoms which might

include for instance oxygen and you know

another hydrogen that's going to be

called a hydroxy group you'll be

learning about that uh or any other

group of atoms that might be involved uh

so with that veence number of four

carbon is able to build very large

diverse

molecules okay that property of carbon

the ability that to form four bonds

because of its veence number of four is

referred to as tetravalent so I'm going

to write that in right here

Tetra from

four and veent referring to the veence

number so we say that carbon is a an

atom that is tetravalent or its property

of tetravalence is critical to its

functioning okay so why is the

tetravalence so important well when uh

molecules can form many bonds like this

we say that they have the ability to

store and release lots of energy in a

general sense when atoms bond together

like when we see a bond here between the

carbon and the oxygen or between a

carbon and a

hydrogen those bonds represent stor

potential energy when the bond forms

energy is stored within that Bond and

that's a form of potential energy when

those bonds are broken whether it be

between carbons and carbons or carbons

and hydrogens or whatever it may be when

the bond is broken that potential energy

is released and often times captured by

the cell en able then used to to do work

so carbon's ability to form many bonds

allows it to store and release lots of

energy also carbon can build large and

diverse different types of molecules

those large molecules that we'll talk

about in this unit are all going to be

built on a carbon skeleton we see here a

basic kind of molecule called a

hydrocarbon which is carbon atoms bonded

to hydrogen this is a very generic very

plain molecule it will be non-polar

because it's all carbon and hydrogen

therefore it's going to be hydrophobic

and not interacting with water um

obviously we know that living things are

composed primarily of water and so

that's not going to be very functional

when we start adding on different groups

groups to that hydrocarbon then we

derive the functions of the organic

molecules we'll learn about these

molecules down at the bottom here that

you see are called fatty acids and they

are the building blocks of lipids a

simple hydrocarbon with the addition of

a carboxy group on the end of it

produces a fatty acid another example of

an important organic molecule that cells

use is a carbohydrate this carbohydrate

is glucose again uh this is the molecule

that our cells use to uh provide energy

it's an energy source molecule

our cells send that molecule through

cellular respiration breaking down the

bonds releasing some energy which is

captured in the molecule called

ATP all right we also have up here

nucleic acids this is the DNA molecule

and down at the bottom this is a protein

so we have a wide collection of

molecules that are all built on carbon

with the addition of the functional

groups and that produces the diversity

of the molecules we see in living

cells okay the video we're going to take

a short look at here is is uh all about

carbon so let's take a a look at that

and then we'll come back and look at the

next main idea how we begin to develop

diverse

molecules right go back to

that in the 17th and 18th centuries when

chemistry was in its infancy researchers

believed that there were fundamental

differences between things that were

living and inorganic

materials the living things they felt

had some sort of vital life force

today we know that all matter whether

living or non-living follows the same

scientific principles but there are

significant differences in the chemical

makeup of organic and inorganic

[Music]

substances organic matter to a chemist

is any material made up of substances

that are or were once living the element

carbon is the basis of all organic

substances and sometimes organic

chemistry is defined as the study of

carbon

compounds carbon has been called the

element of life it provides the

foundation of the molecular structure of

all living things whether they are

plants animals or

microorganisms carbon's ability to

combine with other elements results in a

a vast array of chemical structures of

the estimated 12 million substances that

have been identified fully 80% of them

have carbon as an important part of

their molecular

structure carbon-based substances range

from simple sugars to complex proteins

and DNA and even

diamonds they include fibers in the

clothes we wear almost all of the food

we eat oil gasoline coal Plastics wood

graphite Limestone coral and

marble all of these products are

composed of organisms that were once

alive and all of them have carbon as an

important part of their molecular

structures The Secret of this unusual

element lies in its atomic structure

carbon has the atomic number of six and

is in the second row or period of the

per periodic

table it is an atom with six electrons

in two energy levels the outer shell or

veence level has only four

electrons elements in the second period

such as carbon need eight electrons in

order to fill the veence

level carbon exactly fills half of its

veence level with

electrons the octet rule says that atoms

tend to gain lose or share electrons in

order to acquire a full set of veence

electrons a carbon atom usually

satisfies the octed rule by making four

calent bonds with other

atoms these bonds can be four single

bonds a double bond and two single bonds

or a triple bond with one single

Bond carbon is the only element that has

the ability to bond in such a variety of

combinations

because carbon has only two energy

levels and consequently its veence

electrons are relatively close to the

nucleus carbon is able to form short

strong stable calent

bonds due to these characteristics

carbon frequently links up with other

carbon atoms as well as other elements

like hydrogen oxygen and nitrogen to

produce long chains of

atoms carbon at provide the framework

for an enormous variety of different

compounds that can participate in an

amazing range of chemical reactions and

it is these compounds that provide the

basis of

Life all right we see carbon is

obviously very very important but carbon

by itself forms very boring molecules

it's only with the addition of

functional groups that we really develop

these diverse molecules that have

important uh jobs that they perform in

living

things so what are functional groups

group uh functional groups are groups of

atoms that can bond to the carbon

skeleton the carbon skeleton is the

basic backbone uh that builds all

organic molecules so I'm going to show

you here what the uh carbon skeleton

might look like we can have carbon

skeletons which are just very basic

straight chain carbons like this so we

have a straight chain backbone here we

also can have branched chain carbon

backbones here you see the branching of

the carbon atoms off of the main chain

we also see typically uh in organic

molecules this ring type structure here

and we'll also see where rings are

bonded them to to other rings to form

double ring structures now those

structures Again by themselves don't

have a whole lot of diversity to them in

terms of the way they behave but when we

start adding uh functional groups we can

see that that really is going to

determine the properties of the organic

molecules themselves one thing that's

very important to understand is once you

know the functional groups you are going

to need to understand that they behave

consistently from one carbon based

molecule to another so when we add for

instance a hydroxy group to any of these

particular carbon skeletons that hydroxy

group is going to impart the same

functionality so the six major groups

that we're going to learn about and

focus on in our class will be the

hydroxy group the carbonal group the

carbonal group is broken down into two

different types of carbonal the aldah

and the

ketones the carboxy group the amino

group and the phosphate group and you

can see here the structural formula for

each of these a ball and stick model

which kind of gives you a better

understanding of the orientation between

the atoms and then the kinds of uh

organic molecules that they would be

found

in so now we're going to turn our

attention to functional groups and kind

of uh begin to understand the different

functions that they add to the organic

molecules we'll begin with a short

little video clip that talks about the

effect of adding functional groups to um

our carbon backbone

[Music]

hydrocarbons are compounds containing

only carbon and hydrogen but a number of

organic compounds contain carbon

hydrogen and other elements these are

called hydrocarbon

derivatives there are a staggering

variety of these compounds but

fortunately they can be grouped into

classes based on their molecular

structures these classes are called

functional

groups in hallo carbons one or more of

the hydrogen atoms have been replaced by

atoms from the hallogen family Florine

chlorine bromine or

iodine

chcl3 is structured like the methane

molecule but three of the hydrogen atoms

have been replaced by three chlorine

atoms this is called Tri chloromethane

its name follows the pattern seen before

Tri chloro three chlorine atoms meth one

carbon atom and a single

bonds this compound was known as

chloroform a chemical widely used as a

solvent and once used as an

anesthetic there are many hoc

carbons most have chains of carbon atoms

bonded to hydrogen and other atoms from

the hallogen group

just as hogen atoms can substitute

hydrogen atoms so can atoms from the

hydroxy group which contains

oh these are alcohols there are many

different alcohols and their chemical

names all end in the suffix

all this is methanol the simplest of the

alcohol group again the chemical name

follows the pattern meth only one carbon

atom an signifies a single Bond and all

an

alcohol methanol's other name is wood

alcohol it is a dangerous substance that

can be lethal or cause blindness to

those that drink

it there are many different types of

alcohols beer and wine contain ethanol

the same type of alcohol that can be

blended with gasoline to produce a clean

burning fuel for

cars ethers are another group they are

molecules which contain oxygen bonded to

two carbon

atoms ethers have various applications

they were once used as an

anesthetic and now are used to improve

the performance of

engines when an oxygen atom is attached

to a carbon atom by a double calent bond

it is a carbonal

group

aldahhan group and are used in the

manufacture cure of plastics and

adhesives two oxygen atoms can also bond

to the same carbon atom which creates

groups called carboxilic acids and

Esters and there are several classes of

organic compounds produced when carbon

combines with nitrogen these classes are

called

amines and

amides carbon can enter into a large

number of other molecular arrangements

to form a variety of common organic

compounds all right so we see adding

those functional groups really makes the

carbon molecule or the carbon atom much

more

diverse all right we're going to run

down quickly our six key functional

groups the first one is hydroxy so this

is your main

idea we see a hydroxy group uh which is

going to be very similar obviously in

its appearance to what we learned about

in the when we studied pH the H the

hydroxide ion the hydroxy group is O and

so here circled in red we see the

hydroxy group as you saw in the video

hydroxy groups are are found commonly in

alcohols but in terms of organic

chemistry we see them in carbohydrates

quite a bit so hydroxy key idea to find

them in

carbohydrates now anytime you see oxygen

bonded we know that car oxygen bonded

with either carbon or hydrogen is going

to produce a polar calent bond so that

we're going to say that the hydroxy

group imparts polarity to the carbon

molecule that it's it's added to and

that means that it's going to be

hydrophilic it's going to be able to

interact and dissolve in

water okay the next major functional

group is called a carbonal group

carbonal groups can be divided into two

subgroups one of those subgroups is

called an

alahh the alahh is a carbon double

bonded to oxygen at the end of the

carbon skeleton

right uh one way that a student in the

past told me that they remembered this

is that alahh starts with a and a is at

the end of the alphabet or the beginning

of the alphabet depending on your

perspective so at the beginning of the

alphabet we can see that the uh carbon

double bonded to oxygen is at the

beginning of the chain rather than

within the middle of it uh the aldah are

going to be found in carbohydrates

particularly those that we call Aldos

sugars and we'll see those when we begin

studying carbohydrates very soon

all right again carbon bonded to oxygen

produces polar calent bonds when you

have carbon double bonded to oxygen

that's extremely polar so this again

produces a very hydrophilic type of

molecule uh another type of carbonal is

called a ketone we also here are going

to recognize carbon carbon double bonded

to oxygen the difference here is that in

a ketone it's on the inside of the

carbon skeleton rather than at the end

of it or at the beginning of it as it

were so here you're seeing on the second

carbon in the in the chain the carbon

double bonded to oxygen this is a ketone

this also is found in carbohydrates we

call these carbohydrates that contain

ketones we call them ketos

sugars also again carbon double bonded

to oxygen very polar so any Ketone

groups are going to impart

hydrophilicity to the molecule the

ability for the molecule to dissolve in

water okay next functional group is

called a carboxy group this is a very

important functional group this is

carbon double bonded to oxygen and also

to a hydroxy group so we're seeing here

the carbon double bonded to oxygen like

we had with the carbonal and then the

addition of a hydroxy group these are

going to be present in lipids they form

the what we call the polar head on a

fatty acid molecule and then also we

find them in in proteins they're a major

port part of the construction of an

amino

acid very polar because of the oxygen uh

that means they're going to be very

hydrophilic and carboxy groups have the

ability to release hydrogen ions by

dissociating the hydrogen from the

hydroxy end of it when that happens they

are referred to as carboxilic acid which

is uh plays an important role in

biological

functioning okay our next functional

group is called a phosphate this one is

extremely easy for you to identify

because it's the only one that contains

the phosphorus atom at at center right

here uh it's generally a phosphorus

surrounded by oxygen so if you thought

about it it's going to have lots of

oxygen attached to it that means it's

going to be extremely polar and

extremely hydrophilic we see phosphate

groups in lipids they're going to make

up the polar head of the phospholipid

which is a component in building cell

membranes we also see phosphate groups

in the nucleic acids they build the

backbone along with the sugar deoxy

ribos in the uh nucleic acid molecules

and phosphate are also attached to a

molecule called a denzine triphosphate

that is the cellular energy source

okay so phosphate groups P3 2 minus uh

very uh polar very

hydrophilic all right and the final

group that we're going to take a look at

here in terms of functional groups is

the amino group the amino group is the

group that contains uh nitrogen and then

two hydrogen atoms we find Amino groups

in amino acids they are the building

blocks of proteins they are one of the

two major functional groups that we add

on to uh Central carbon to make the

amino acid uh nitrogen behaves very

similarly to oxygen and that when it's

attached to either carbon or hydrogen it

is going to form polar calent bonds and

because of that we again have a

hydrophilic type of molecule that forms

one other characteristic of amino groups

is that they can act as bases by

accepting a hydrogen ion to form an

NH3 all right that's the functional

groups the importance of the carbon atom

the overall look at what organic

chemistry is and why it's important for

us to study or organic chemistry in a

biology class if you have any questions

be sure you've written them into your

notes we'll talk about those questions

in class as we begin to work through our

understanding of organic chemistry and

we'll start off with a quick quiz the

first time you that we get together as a

class after you viewed this all right

this is Mr Gil signing off we'll see you

in

class