Types of claims in argument | Reading and writing

Summary

In this educational video, Renee from Teaching Learning English guides learners on distinguishing between different types of claims in reading and writing. She explains the importance of recognizing explicit and implicit information and how it aids in evaluating an author's claims. Renee outlines the characteristics of strong claims and delves into the three primary types of claims: fact, value, and policy. Each claim type is explored with examples and strategies for defending them, emphasizing the need for clear evidence and logical reasoning in argumentation.

Takeaways

• 📚 The lesson focuses on improving reading skills and understanding the properties of a written text, which include organization, coherence and cohesion, language use, and writing mechanics.
• 🎯 The lesson objectives are to differentiate types of claims, classify statements according to their type, and formulate statements for each claim type.
• ❤️ The lesson uses romantic sentences to illustrate the difference between implicit and explicit information in critical reading.
• 🔍 Critical reading involves distinguishing explicit information (clearly stated in the text) from implicit information (suggested or implied).
• 📖 Reading is an active skill that requires interaction with the author to identify the central argument or claim of the text.
• 💭 A claim is the writer's point or position on a topic, which they aim to prove with evidence and is usually found in the introduction or early paragraphs.
• ✅ Good claims should be argumentative, specific, interesting, and logical, with reasonable support.
• 📊 There are three main types of claims: claims of fact (based on data and observation), claims of value (based on morals and standards), and claims of policy (actions to address issues).
• 🔑 To defend a claim of fact, clearly state the claim, define terms, provide sufficient and accurate evidence, and have a clear conclusion.
• 🏛 To defend a claim of value, clarify the values being defended, use examples to illustrate, and consider the relative importance of values.
• 🏛️ To defend a claim of policy, convince the audience of a problem, propose a clear solution, consider opposing arguments, and support the proposal with data and moral considerations.

Q & A

What are the four properties of a written text mentioned in the script?

The four properties of a written text mentioned are organization, coherence and cohesion, language use, and the mechanics of writing.

What are the lesson objectives for the reading and writing class?

The lesson objectives are to differentiate the types of claims, classify statements according to their type, and formulate the statement for each type of claim.

What is the difference between implicit and explicit information in critical reading?

Implicit information is what is suggested and not directly stated in the text, while explicit information is clearly stated in the text.

What is a claim in the context of reading and writing?

A claim is the writer's point or position regarding a chosen topic, also known as the central argument or thesis statement of the text, which the writer tries to prove by providing details, explanations, and evidence.

What are the characteristics of good claims according to the script?

Good claims should be argumentative and debatable, specific and focused, interesting and engaging, and logical with reasonable support.

What are the three types of claims mentioned in the script?

The three types of claims mentioned are claims of fact, claims of value, and claims of policy.

How are claims of fact defined in the script?

Claims of fact refer to a condition that has, exists, or will exist, based on data, documents, and scientific observation and research.

What are the guiding questions to consider when writing or analyzing claims of fact?

Guiding questions for claims of fact include: Did it happen? Does it exist? Is it true? How can its truthfulness be verified? Is it a fact?

What are claims of value and how are they defended?

Claims of value are value judgments made based on morals, standards, and norms. They are defended by making clear the values or principles being defended, suggesting that adherence to these values will bring about good results, and using examples and illustrations to clarify meanings.

What are claims of policy and how are they defended?

Claims of policy are specific and measurable actions needed to address issues or concerns. They are defended by convincing the audience that a problem exists, making the proposal clear and precise, considering opposing arguments, and supporting the proposal with solid data and moral considerations.

What are some examples of claims of policy given in the script?

Examples of claims of policy include introducing a dress code for all students and allowing kids aged 10 to 14 outside their homes.

Outlines

00:00

📚 Introduction to Claims in Writing

Renee from 'Teaching Learning English' introduces a lesson on distinguishing types of claims in writing. She reviews the properties of written text from a previous lesson and sets objectives for the current one. These include differentiating claim types, classifying statements, and formulating claims. Renee uses Valentine's Day as a context to illustrate the difference between implicit and explicit information in critical reading. She emphasizes the importance of recognizing these to evaluate an author's claims and arguments. The lesson also covers the characteristics of good claims, such as being argumentative, specific, interesting, and logical. Renee explains that a claim is the writer's central argument, which they aim to prove with evidence, and is typically found in the introduction or early paragraphs of a text.

05:00

🔍 Types of Claims: Fact, Value, and Policy

The lesson delves into the three main types of claims: claims of fact, value, and policy. Claims of fact are based on data, observations, and research, and can refer to past, present, or future states. Renee provides examples and guiding questions to help identify factual claims. Claims of value are judgments based on morals, standards, and norms, requiring the use of evaluation standards and examples. The paragraph discusses how to defend claims of value with clarity, priority, and examples. Claims of policy suggest specific actions to address issues, advocating for policies or courses of action. Renee outlines how to defend policy claims by convincing the audience of a problem, proposing clear solutions, and considering opposing arguments. She also includes a quiz for learners to practice identifying the types of claims.

10:00

💡 Defending Claims with Evidence and Reasoning

Renee provides tips on defending claims of policy, emphasizing the need to convince the audience of a problem's existence, propose clear solutions, and establish the need for change. She advises considering opposing arguments and demonstrating the benefits of adopting the proposed solution. The paragraph also touches on supporting proposals with solid data, moral considerations, and common sense reasons. Renee concludes with a quiz to test the learners' understanding of the different types of claims, including examples of claims of fact, value, and policy. She invites questions and clarifications in the comments section, encouraging continued learning and engagement.

Keywords

💡Claims

Claims in the context of the video refer to the assertions or arguments made by an author to support their position on a topic. They are central to the theme of critical reading and writing, as they are what the writer aims to prove through evidence and reasoning. The video discusses different types of claims, such as claims of fact, value, and policy, illustrating how each type is used to persuade or inform the reader.

💡Explicit Information

Explicit information is information that is directly stated in the text, leaving little room for interpretation. The video contrasts this with implicit information, emphasizing the importance of critical reading skills to distinguish between what is clearly stated and what is suggested. An example from the script is the comparison between the direct statement 'I love you' and a more implicit expression of love.

💡Implicit Information

Implicit information is information that is suggested or implied rather than directly stated. The video highlights the need for readers to infer and interpret such information to fully understand a text. It is integral to critical reading as it requires the reader to engage with the text on a deeper level, as illustrated by the example of interpreting romantic expressions beyond the direct phrase 'I love you'.

💡Organization

Organization in writing refers to the logical arrangement of ideas and information in a text. The video mentions it as one of the properties of a written text, which is crucial for effective communication. Good organization helps readers follow the author's line of reasoning and understand the overall structure of the argument.

💡Coherence

Coherence in a text means that the ideas flow logically from one to the next, creating a unified and consistent message. The video includes coherence as a property of well-written texts, which is essential for maintaining reader engagement and ensuring that the text is easy to follow.

💡Cohesion

Cohesion in writing pertains to the use of connectors and transitional phrases that bind ideas together, ensuring that the text is not only coherent but also feels like a seamless whole. The video lists cohesion as one of the properties of a written text, which is vital for creating a smooth reading experience.

💡Language Use

Language use in the context of the video refers to the choice of words, phrases, and grammatical structures that an author employs to convey their message. It is one of the properties of a written text and is key to effective communication, as it can influence the tone, clarity, and persuasiveness of the writing.

💡Mechanics of Writing

The mechanics of writing encompass the technical aspects of writing, such as punctuation, spelling, and grammar. The video mentions it as a property of a written text, which, while often overlooked, is crucial for professional and academic writing as it affects the readability and credibility of the text.

💡Argumentative

An argumentative claim is one that presents a debatable point or opinion. The video emphasizes that good claims should be argumentative, meaning they invite discussion and can be contested. This is important in writing as it engages the reader and encourages critical thinking.

💡Specific and Focused

A specific and focused claim is one that is clearly defined and addresses a particular issue without being too broad. The video advises that claims should be specific and focused to be effective, as this helps the reader understand the exact point the writer is making and makes it easier to provide supporting evidence.

💡Logical

A logical claim is one that is based on sound reasoning and supports its points with evidence. The video stresses the importance of logic in claims, as it helps establish credibility and persuades the reader of the validity of the argument. Logical claims are essential for effective communication and critical reading.

Highlights

Introduction to types of claims in reading and writing class

Recap of last lesson on properties of written text

Lesson objectives: differentiate types of claims, classify statements, and formulate claims

Valentine's Day example to illustrate implicit and explicit information

Importance of distinguishing explicit and implicit information in critical reading

How to evaluate a claim made by an author

The claim as the central argument or thesis statement

Characteristics of good claims: argumentative, specific, interesting, and logical

Types of claims: fact, value, and policy

Guiding questions for writing or analyzing claims of fact

Examples of claims of fact: historical, present, and future facts

Tips on defending claims of fact

Claims of value based on morals, standards, and norms

Guiding questions for claims of value

Tips on defending claims of value with examples and illustrations

Claims of policy advocating specific actions

Examples of claims of policy: dress code, earthquake prediction, and retirement age

Ways to defend claims of policy with solid data and moral considerations

Quiz to identify claims of fact, value, or policy

Encouragement for questions and clarifications in the comments section

Transcripts

are you excited to learn about the types

of claims

that's our topic for today

[Music]

hello dear learners this is renee from

teaching learning english

welcome back to our reading and writing

class

how is your reading skill i hope it has

improved before we discuss a new lesson

let's recall

our last lesson any guess it is about

the properties of a written text and

there are four

properties of a written text they are

organization

coherence and cohesion language use and

the mechanics of writing i uploaded one

video for each

subtopic if you haven't watched the

videos just

visit the reading and writing playlist

our lesson objectives are the following

at the end of the lesson you are

expected to

differentiate the types of claims

classify

statement according to its type and

formulate the statement for each type of

claim

since valentine's day is upcoming i'm

going to give you

two sentences that talk about something

romantic

to start a lesson which sentences do you

prefer

first sentence every night i always

think and dream about you second

sentence

i love you so much is it one

or two well for girls do you think

sentence

one means almost the same as i love you

perhaps some people directly

or indirectly express their feelings

they don't say i love you but the way

they

say or do imply that they love the

person

this is the difference between implicit

and

explicit information in critical reading

you need to distinguish the information

that is

clearly stated which is the explicit

into text from the ideas that are

suggested

and that is implicit information

this will help you infer or guess about

what you read

when you know implicit and explicit

information

this will help you evaluate a claim made

by an author

and it will help you recognize the

writer's

arguments and evidence so you can begin

judging the writer's work you try to

look at the title of the book

who is the author what do you think is

the opinion of the author

do you think she is biased because she

is a woman

maybe maybe not reading

is an active skill and you need to

interact with the author

you need to find yourself looking for

the writer's

point or position regarding the chosen

topic the point is also known

as the claim or the central argument

or thesis statement of the text

this claim is what the writer tries to

prove

in the text by providing details

explanations

and other types of evidence as such

it is usually found in the introduction

or

in the first few paragraphs of the text

so the claim is a sentence that

summarizes the most

important thing that the writer wants to

say as a result of

his or her thanking reading or

writing before we discuss the types of

claims

we need to know first the

characteristics of

good claims first is a claim should be

argumentative and debatable for example

men are better in math than women

that's debatable i am a woman this is

gender bias this is arguable

second a claim should be specific and

focused the example is men

are better in math only in math not in

all aspects or else

women will attack you man just kidding

the third is a claim should be

interesting and

engaging men are better in math

than women not really engaging nowadays

but

others are still curious about this

topic so for me

the topic is still engaging a claim

should be

logical it should result from reasonable

weighing of support provided

common statements like we say men are

logical and women are emotional do you

agree

whatever it is you should have a

reasonable support

now let's proceed to the types of claims

referring back to our

learning competences there are only

three types of claims

they are the claims of fact claims of

value

and claims of policy but when i read

one reference material written by nancy

wood she cited

five types of claims she added

two these are the claims of definition

and the claims of

cause but we will only focus more on the

first

three types of claims as these are the

only claims

mentioned in our most essential learning

competencies

are you ready the first is the claims of

fact

these claims referred to a condition has

existed

that's the past exists present or will

exist that's the feature inferences made

are based on data

documents and scientific observation

and research that's why research papers

are based on facts

they are reliable factual claims could

be founded in

historical facts in relational causal

events or concepts

and prediction on plausible

evidence before you write or analyze

claims

here are your guiding questions

questions like

did it happen does it exist

is it true how can its truthfulness be

verified

is it a fact so let's have one example

the oldest known disease in the world is

a leprosy that's a fat of course

it's part of our history referring to

the past

another example is cancer is not

contagious

it's a present fact and the climate will

get

warmer in the next few years because of

global warming this is a future

fact as what scientists or

environmentalists

predict so these are the tips on how to

defend your claims

so you have to state the claim clearly

second is define

terms that may be controversial or

ambiguous

so that readers know exactly what you

mean

and make sure that your evidence

fulfills the appropriate criteria

the data should be sufficient accurate

recent typical the authority should be

reliable and you have to have a clear

conclusion

arrange your evidence in order to

emphasize what is

important the second are the claims of

value they are

value judgment made based on morals

standards and norms they require the use

of

standards of evaluation presentation of

advantages of moral standards used

use of example to concretize

abstractions and

use of credible experts that's why we

always rely to

religious experts like priests pastors

monks

when we seek advice as they are credible

in terms of moral standards it is also

based on

likes or dislikes what is good or bad

for example death penalty isn't just

why why is it unjust it talks about

whether it is good or bad

the second example is it is better to

have loved and lost

than nothing to have loved at all do you

agree

the statement is one is better than the

other

so these are the card questions which

claims endorse

what is good or right what qualities

should be considered good

and why which of these values

content with others which ones

are more important and why whose

standards are used

so how are you going to defend your

claims of value

these are the tips first try to make

clear that the values or

principles you are defending should have

priority on any scale of values

second is keep in mind that you and your

readers may differ about their

relative importance third is suggest

that

adherence to the values you are

defending will bring about

some good results in some specific

situation or

bad results if respect for the values

is ignored since value terms are

abstract

use examples and illustrations to

clarify meanings

and make distinctions comparisons and

contrasts

are especially helpful and you may use

testimony of others to prove that

knowledgeable

or highly regarded people share your

values

let's proceed to the third and this is

the the claims of

policy they are specific and measurable

actions that need to be done in order to

address

issues or concerns presented in an

argument or

proposition these claims argue that

certain conditions should exist and it

advocate adoption of policies or courses

of action because

problems have arisen that call for

solution that's why scenic tours people

in the congress

focus much on creating policies

so these are examples a dress code

should be introduced

for all students and another policy

is president duterte recalled order

allowing kids aged 10 to 14 outside

their homes

these are examples of policies made

so here are the ways to defend your

claims of policy

the first one is convince your audience

that

a problem exists second make your

proposal clear

that is precisely defined and if

necessary

establish that there is a need for a

change

if changes have been ignored or resisted

there may be good or at least

understandable reason why this is so

okay you have to consider the opposing

arguments

you may want to state the opposing

arguments in a brief

paragraph in order to answer them in the

body of your

argument devote the major part of your

essay

to providing that your proposal is an

answer to

the opposing arguments and there are

distinct benefits

for your readers in adopting your

proposal

and you also have to support your

proposal with

solid data but don't neglect the moral

considerations

and the common sense reasons which may

be even more

persuasive these tips are helpful when

you want to prove your claim

with supporting details so do you have

any questions

let's have a quiz identify if the

following claims are claims of fact

value or policy ready

some consists of more than one sentence

the first is winning by cheating is

worse than

losing honesty that's claims of value

the recent earthquake in the philippines

in january 2021 registered

7.0 on the richter scale that's

fact teachers are expected to retire on

or before their 60th

birthday that's policy

earthquake prediction technology is an

important aspect

of the philippine national defense

strategy

that is policy hospitals will prioritize

patients with severe covidinitin

symptoms

that is policy the increase of

population

threatens the environment that is

fact excessive consumption of alcohol

is fatalistic that is fact

watching television is a wasteful

activity that is

value globally about one in

three women will be beaten or raped in

her lifetime

that is a fact and the last one is

the transition of philippine presidents

marks significant changes in our culture

and society despite the fact that

history classes provide a comprehensive

discussion

on these salient events very few

appreciate the positive influence the

moral

changes and the contribution of

presidents

in the country what claim is that that

is

claim or claims of value do you have any

questions

well how's the quiz is it easy or

difficult

if you have some questions and

clarifications please

write them in the comments section below

happy learning everyone

see you

you