Strategies-Based Instruction | Strategies in Learning English
Summary
TLDRThis video script delves into strategies for effective language learning, emphasizing the importance of learner autonomy. It outlines direct strategies like memory enhancement, cognitive development, and compensation techniques. The script also covers metacognitive strategies for self-regulation, effective strategies for emotional management, and social strategies for interaction. By mastering these, learners can optimize their language acquisition and future educators can better prepare to teach.
Takeaways
- 📚 Direct strategies for language learning include memory, cognitive, and compensation strategies to enhance learning efficiency.
- 🔗 Memory strategies such as grouping, associating, and contextualizing new words aid in better retention and recall.
- 🎨 Techniques like semantic mapping and using keywords help in visual and conceptual understanding of new vocabulary.
- 🔁 Reviewing material at spaced intervals is crucial for long-term memory consolidation.
- 🏋️♂️ Physical responses and mechanical techniques like acting out expressions or using flashcards can reinforce learning.
- 🧠 Cognitive strategies involve repeating, practicing sounds and writing systems, and recombining known elements to form new structures.
- 📖 Analyzing and reasoning strategies include deductive reasoning, analyzing expressions, and transferring knowledge from one's native language.
- 📝 Compensation strategies like guessing intelligently and overcoming limitations through various means are essential when faced with language barriers.
- 🤔 Metacognitive strategies encompass centering learning, arranging and planning, and evaluating one's progress to enhance self-awareness and control over the learning process.
- 🌟 Effective strategies focus on emotional aspects like lowering anxiety, self-encouragement, and taking one's emotional temperature to maintain a positive learning attitude.
- 🤝 Social strategies are vital for language learning, emphasizing the importance of asking questions, cooperating with others, and empathizing to improve communication skills.
Q & A
What does the video discuss as key to learner autonomy and language learning?
-The video discusses various strategies that are key to learner autonomy and language learning, including strategies that foster memory and cognition, metacognition, effective strategies, social strategies, and more.
What are direct strategies and what are some examples mentioned in the video?
-Direct strategies are methods that directly involve the learning process. Examples include memory strategies like creating mental linkages through grouping, associating or elaborating, and placing new words into context, as well as cognitive strategies like repeating, practicing with sounds and writing systems, and analyzing expressions.
How does the video describe the process of creating mental linkages?
-Creating mental linkages involves three ways: grouping data points into larger wholes, associating or elaborating by connecting the unfamiliar with the familiar, and placing new words into a context using techniques like acronyms and semantic mapping.
What is the significance of reviewing in language learning as per the video?
-Reviewing is significant as it helps reinforce learning. The video suggests reviewing at carefully spaced intervals, starting close together and then more widely spaced apart, to enhance memory retention.
Can you explain the concept of metacognitive strategies as discussed in the video?
-Metacognitive strategies involve learners' ability to understand their own thinking and learning processes. They include centering learning, arranging and planning learning, and evaluating learning, which help learners focus, organize, and assess their language learning.
What are compensation strategies and how do they assist in language learning?
-Compensation strategies are used to overcome difficulties in language learning. They include guessing intelligently using linguistic cues or context clues, overcoming limitations in speaking and writing, and adjusting messages to convey meaning effectively.
How does the video define effective strategies in language learning?
-Effective strategies refer to emotions, attitudes, motivations, and values that influence language learning. They include lowering anxiety, encouraging oneself, and taking one's emotional temperature to control these factors and enhance language learning.
What role do social strategies play in language learning according to the video?
-Social strategies are crucial as language is a form of social behavior. They involve interacting with others to improve language skills, such as asking questions, cooperating with peers and proficient users, and empathizing with others.
Can you provide an example of a cognitive strategy mentioned in the video?
-An example of a cognitive strategy is practicing naturalistically, which involves participating in a conversation to practice the new language in a natural and realistic setting.
How does the video suggest learners can find out about language learning?
-The video suggests that learners can find out about language learning by reading books, talking with other people, and then using this information to improve their own language learning.
Outlines
📚 Language Learning Strategies
This paragraph introduces various strategies that support learner autonomy and language learning. It emphasizes the importance of teaching learners how to learn, as highlighted by Brown in 2006. The paragraph discusses direct strategies such as memory, cognitive, and compensation strategies. Memory strategies include creating mental linkages through grouping, associating/elaborating, and placing new words into context. Techniques like using images, semantic mapping, keywords, and representing sounds are also mentioned. The paragraph also covers the strategy of reviewing material at spaced intervals and employing actions like physical response and mechanical techniques.
🧠 Cognitive and Compensation Strategies
Paragraph 2 delves into cognitive strategies for language learning, which include practicing techniques like repeating, rehearsing, imitating, and using formulas and patterns. It also discusses naturalistic practice and strategies for receiving and sending messages, such as skimming, scanning, and using resources. Analyzing and reasoning strategies are also covered, including deductive reasoning, analyzing expressions, contrastive analysis, translating, and transferring knowledge between languages. The paragraph concludes with strategies for creating structure for input and output, like taking notes, summarizing, and highlighting.
🤔 Metacognitive Strategies for Learning
Paragraph 3 focuses on metacognitive strategies that help learners manage their learning process. These include centering learning by overviewing and linking with prior knowledge, paying attention, and delaying speech production. Arranging and planning learning involves strategies like finding out about language learning, organizing schedules and environments, setting goals, considering task purposes, and planning for tasks. The paragraph also discusses evaluating learning through self-monitoring and self-evaluation.
🌟 Effective Strategies for Language Learning
This paragraph discusses effective strategies that influence emotions, attitudes, motivations, and values in language learning. It outlines strategies for lowering anxiety, such as progressive relaxation, deep breathing, meditation, music, and laughter. The paragraph also covers self-encouragement strategies like making positive statements, taking risks wisely, and rewarding oneself. Lastly, it introduces strategies for taking one's emotional temperature to assess feelings, motivations, and attitudes towards language learning.
🗣️ Social Strategies in Language Learning
Paragraph 5 explores social strategies essential for language learning, which is inherently a social activity. It discusses asking questions for clarification or verification and asking for corrections. The paragraph also covers cooperating with others, including peers and proficient users of the language, to improve language skills. Empathizing with others through developing cultural understanding and becoming aware of others' thoughts and feelings is also mentioned as part of social strategies.
🌐 Empathy and Cultural Understanding in Language Learning
The final paragraph emphasizes the importance of empathy and cultural understanding in language learning. It suggests that learners can develop empathy by learning about and understanding another person's culture. The paragraph also encourages becoming aware of others' thoughts and feelings to enhance communication and connection. The video concludes by encouraging learners and future language teachers to enrich their understanding and strive to become better at using and teaching languages.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Learner Autonomy
💡Memory Strategies
💡Metacognition
💡Cognitive Strategies
💡Compensation Strategies
💡Effective Strategies
💡Social Strategies
💡Semantic Mapping
💡Direct Strategies
💡Indirect Strategies
💡Language Learning Strategies
Highlights
The importance of teaching learners how to learn is emphasized, as highlighted by Brown in 2006.
Direct strategies include memory, cognitive, and compensation strategies for language learning.
Memory strategies involve creating mental linkages through grouping, associating, and placing new words into context.
Associating or elaborating is a powerful memory strategy that connects the familiar with the unfamiliar.
Semantic mapping is a graphical strategy for representing concepts and exploring knowledge of new words.
Using keywords is a technique for memorizing the meaning behind vocabulary words.
Reviewing material at spaced intervals can enhance memory retention.
Physical response or sensation can be used to remember new expressions through acting out or relating to physical feelings.
Cognitive strategies involve practicing techniques like repeating, rehearsing, and recognizing patterns.
Analyzing and reasoning strategies include deductive reasoning, analyzing expressions, and translating.
Compensation strategies help learners overcome limitations in speaking and writing.
Metacognitive strategies involve centering learning, arranging and planning, and evaluating learning processes.
Effective strategies focus on emotions, attitudes, motivations, and values that influence language learning.
Social strategies are crucial for language learning as they involve interaction and communication with others.
Cooperating with peers and proficient users of the language can enhance language performance and self-worth.
Empathy strategies include developing cultural understanding and becoming aware of others' thoughts and feelings.
The video encourages language learners and future language teachers to apply these strategies for better language acquisition.
Transcripts
what are your favorite things to do when
you study how much help do these habits
or practices give you in your studies
this video deals with strategies based
instruction here we will talk about many
different strategies that are key to
learner autonomy and language learning
strategies that Foster memory and
cognition
metacognition or students ability to
understand their own thinking and
learning processes effective strategies
social strategies and many more as we
seek to make the language classroom an
effective menu for learning it has
become increasingly apparent that
teaching Learners how to learn is
crucial that is according to Brown in
2006 the first group of strategies is
called direct strategies
under the direct strategies we have
memory cognitive and compensation
strategies let us tackle the memory
strategies first
the first strategy is creating mental
linkages there are three ways of
achieving that first is grouping second
is associating or elaborating and third
placing new words into a context
grouping by grouping each data point
into a larger hole you can improve the
amount of information you can remember
associating or elaborating
it is a very powerful memory strategy
that allows the brain to connect
something it's already familiar with to
something new that it is not familiar
with by connecting the unfamiliar to The
Familiar the brain more easily is able
to learn and remember the unfamiliar
select a vivid image that represents a
brain or title of the majority of
objects or keywords to be remembered
blazing new words into a context
using acronyms is a kind of Blazing new
words into a context in order to
remember them better
applying images and sounds
first one is using image rate next is
semantic mapping
semantic mapping is a strategy for
graphically representing Concepts
asthmatic word map allows students to
conceptually explore their knowledge of
a new word by mapping it with other
related words or phrases similar in
meaning to the new word
next is using keywords
it is a valuable technique used to
memorize the meaning behind vocabulary
words
and lastly representing sounds in memory
this strategy helps Learners remember
what they hear by making auditory
browsers and visual representations of
sounds
the next strategy is reviewing well
this is reviewing and carefully spaced
intervals at first close together and
then more widely space apart this
strategy might start for example with a
review 10 minutes after the initial
learning then 20 minutes later an hour
or two later
a day later
two days later a week later and so on
finally employing action
the first time under this is using
physical response or sensation this is
physically acting out a new expression
for example going to the door
or meaningfully relating a new
expression to a physical feeling or a
sensation for example warmth
the second type is mechanical techniques
creative but tangible activities are
employed in order to remember a new
target language information such as
writing words on cards and moving cards
from one stack to another when a word is
learned and putting different types of
material in separate sections of a
language learning notebook
the second set of strategies under the
direct strategies is cognitive
strategies first off under cognitive
strategies is practicing
the following techniques may be done
under this strategy
one is repeating such as listening to
something several times
rehearsing imitating a native speaker
two formally practicing with sounds and
writing systems such as pronunciation or
writing exercises
three
recognizing and using formulas and
patterns
4. recombining such as combining known
elements and new ways to produce a
longer sequence as in linking one phrase
with another in a whole sentence
and flies practicing
naturalistically or practicing the new
language in natural realistic settings
as in participating in a conversation
the next strategy under cognitive
strategies is first receiving and
sending messages such as using skimming
to find out the main ideas or scanning
to find specific details of Interest
this helps Learners understand quickly
what they hear or read in the new
language
second using resources for receiving and
sending messages such as using print or
non-print resources to understand
incoming messages or produce outgoing
messages
the next one is analyzing and reasoning
there are five techniques under this one
reasoning deductively or using general
rules and applying them to new target
language situations
too
analyzing expressions
by using the definitions of different
parts to understand the meaning of the
whole expression three analyzing
contrastively or across languages such
as comparing elements like sounds
vocabulary grammar of the new language
with elements of One's Own language to
find out similarities and differences
4. translating or converting a target
language expression into the native
language and vice versa
and five transferring or applying
directly knowledge of words Concepts or
structures from one language to another
the last set is creating structure for
input and output the techniques are
taking notes summarizing and
highlighting
taking notes
this entails writing down the main idea
for a specific point this strategy can
involve raw notes or it can comprise a
more systematic form of note-taking such
as the shopping list format the T
formation the somatic map or the
standard outline form
summarizing making a summary are
abstract of a longer Passage
[Music]
highlighting using a variety of emphasis
techniques such as underlining starring
or color coding to focus on important
information in a passage
we now have the compensation strategies
the first one is guessing intelligently
which are of two types using linguistic
cues and using other Clues such as
context clues the second one is
overcoming limitations and speaking and
writing under this we have switching to
the mother tongue this entails using the
mother tongue for an expression without
translating it this strategy may also
include adding word endings from the new
language onto words from the mother
tongue
next is getting help asking someone for
help or explicitly asking for the person
to provide the missing expression in the
target language
using mime or gesture
using physical motion such as mime or
gesture in place of an expression to
indicate the meaning avoiding
communication partially or totally
partially or totally avoiding
communication when difficulties are
anticipated this strategy may involve
avoiding Communication in general
avoiding certain topics avoiding
specific expressions or abandoning
communication and mid-autrains
selecting the topic this involves
choosing the topic of conversation in
order to direct the communication to
one's own interests and make sure the
topic is one in which the learner has
sufficient vocabulary and grammar to
converse
adjusting or approximating the message
it entails altering the message by
omitting some items of information
making ideas simpler or less precise or
saying something slightly different that
means almost the same thing such as
saying pencil for pen
coining words
that is making up new words to
communicate the desired idea such as
chortle a word created by Lewis Carroll
by blending chuckle and snort
and lastly using a circumlocution or a
synonym
this is getting the meaning across by
describing the concept that is
circumlocution or using a word that
means the same thing that is synonym
we will now tackle the indirect
strategies
the first set of strategies under this
is metacognitive strategies
metacognitive strategies include three
strategy sets
centering your learning
arranging and planning your learning and
evaluating your learning
centering your learning this set is
composed of three strategies the top
Learners to converge their attention and
energies on certain language tasks
activities skills or materials the use
of these strategies provides a focus for
language learning the first strategy
under this set is overviewing and
linking with already noon material
this strategy can be accomplished in
many different ways but it is often
helpful to follow three steps learning
why the activity is being done
building the needed vocabulary and
making the associations
the second strategy is paying attention
it entails deciding in advance to pay
attention in general to a language
learning task and to ignore distractors
by directed attention and to pay
attention to specific aspects of The
Language by selective attention
the third is delaying speech production
to focus on listening deciding in
advance to delay speech production in
the new language either totally or
partially until listening comprehension
skills are better developed
arranging and planning your learning
this contains six strategies all of
which help Learners to organize and plan
so as to get the most out of language
learning these strategies touch many
areas
finding out about language learning
organizing the schedule and the
environment
setting goals and objectives
considering task purposes
planning for tasks
seeking chances to practice the language
let us take the first one
finding out about language learning
it involves making an effort to find out
how language learning works by reading
books and talking with other people and
then using this information to help
improve one's own language learning
organizing the schedule and the
environment
this entails understanding and using
conditions related to Optimal learning
of the new language organizing one's
schedule physical environment and
language learning notebook
setting goals and objectives
it includes setting aims for language
learning including long-term goals such
as being able to use the language for
informal conversation by the end of the
year or short-term objectives such as
finishing reading a short story by
Friday
considering task purposes
for example listening to the radio to
get the latest news on the stock
exchange reading a play for enchantment
or speaking to the cashier to buy a
train ticket and so on planning tasks
this strategy includes four steps
one describing the task or situation
two determining its requirements three
checking one's own linguistic resources
and four determining additional language
elements are functions necessary for the
task or situation
seeking chances to practice the language
this is finding opportunities to
practice the new language in
naturalistic situations such as watching
movies using the second or foreign
language
attending to a party or the language
will be spoken
or joining an international Social Club
evaluating your learning in this set are
two related strategies both aiding the
Learners and checking their language
performance one strategy involves
noticing and learning from errors and
the other concerns evaluating overall
progress
self monitoring
identifying errors and understanding or
producing the new language determining
which ones are important tracking the
source of important errors and trying to
eliminate such errors
self-evaluating
evaluating your own progress in the new
language for instance by checking to see
whether you are reading faster and
understanding more now than one month or
six months ago
we now have the effective strategies
the term effective refers to emotions
attitudes motivations and values it is
impossible to overstate the importance
of the effective factors influencing
language learning language Learners can
gain control over these factors through
effective strategies
the three main sets of effective
strategies exist and they are
lowering your anxiety encouraging
yourself taking your emotional
temperature
let's take first one
lowering your anxiety
three anxiety reducing strategies are
listed here
each has a physical component and a
mental component the first one is using
Progressive relaxation deep breathing or
meditation
this refers
to using the technique of alternately
tensing and relaxing all of the major
muscle groups in the body as well as the
muscles in the neck and the face in
order to relax or the technique of
breathing deeply from the diaphragm or
the technique of meditating by focusing
on a mental image or a sound
second is using music
this involves listening to soothing
music such as a classical concert
as a way to relax
third is using laughter
using laughter to relax by watching a
funny movie reading a humorous book
listening to a joke and so on
the second set of effective strategies
is encouraging yourself
this set of three strategies is often
forgotten by language Learners
especially those who expect
encouragement mainly from other people
and do not realize they can provide
their own
however the most potent encouragement
may come from inside the learner
there are three strategies under this
set
self-encouragement includes making
positive statements
taking risks wisely and rewarding
yourself
let us tackle making positive statements
this entails saying or writing positive
statements to oneself in order to feel
more confident in learning the new
language
taking risks wisely
it is pushing oneself to take risks in a
language learning situation even though
there is a chance of making a mistake or
looking foolish
risks however must be tempered with good
judgment
rewarding yourself this is giving
oneself a valuable reward for a
particularly good performance in the new
language
here are some examples of tangible
Rewards
Maria rewards herself for good work
we're watching a favorite TV show
Annie It's a big pizza Ronald eats ice
cream
Louise
calls up a friend for a long chat
Ernie takes his family out for a
relaxing drive or walk by the lake
[Music]
the next set of strategies is taking
your emotional temperature
the four strategies in this set help
Learners to assess their feelings
motivations and attitudes and in many
cases enable them to relate to the
language tasks
unless Learners know how they are
feeling and why they are feeling that
way they are less able to control their
effective side
the strategy is in this set are
particularly helpful for Discerning
negative attitudes and emotions that
impede language learning progress
one listening to your body
this is paying attention to signals
given by the body these signals may be
negative reflecting stress tension worry
fear and anger or they may be positive
indicating happiness and trusts calmness
and pleasure
two using a checklist this is used to
discover feelings attitudes and
motivations concerning language learning
in general as well as concerning
specific language tasks foreign
a language learning diary
writing a diary or a journal to keep
track of events and feelings and the
process of learning a new language
four discussing your feelings with
someone else
talking with another person like a
teacher friend or relative to discover
and express feelings about language
learning
the next group of strategies is social
strategies
language is a form of social behavior it
is communication and communication
occurs between and among people learning
a language thus involves other people an
appropriate social strategies are very
important in this process
there are three sets under this group of
strategies one asking questions two
cooperating with others
three
emphasizing with others
first is asking questions
under this set we have two strategies
asking questions for clarification or
verification
and
asking for a correction
let us take the first strategy
asking questions for clarification or
verification
this entails asking the speaker to
repeat
paraphrase explain slow down or give
examples
asking if a specific utterance is
correct or if a rule fits a particular
case
paraphrasing or repeating to get
feedback on whether something is correct
the second strategy is asking for
correction
this involves asking someone for
correction in a conversation
this strategy most often occurs in
conversation but may also be applied to
writing
the second set of strategies under
social strategies is cooperating with
others
this set has two strategies that involve
interacting with one or more people to
improve language skills they are
cooperating with peers and cooperating
with proficient users of the new
language
these strategies are the basis of
Cooperative language learning which not
only increases Learners language
performance but also enhances self-worth
and social acceptance
let us tackle the first one
cooperating with peers this strategy can
involve a regular Learning Partner or a
temporary pair or small group this
strategy frequently involves controlling
impulses toward competitiveness and
rivalry
[Music]
the second one is cooperating with
proficient users of the language this
strategy involves working with native
speakers or other proficient users of
the new language usually outside of the
language classroom
the third strategy set is empathizing
with others
empathy can be developed more easily
than language Learners use these two
strategies
one
developing cultural understanding
this involves trying to empathize with
another person through learning about
the culture and trying to understand the
other person's relation to that culture
2. becoming aware of others thoughts and
feelings
this pertains to observing the behaviors
of others as a possible expression of
their thoughts and feelings and when
appropriate asking about thoughts and
feelings of others
there you have it language Learners and
future language teachers make this video
enrich your understanding and resolve to
becoming better at using the language
and eventually teaching them to your
future learners
foreign
[Music]
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