Mediación, simios y resolución de conflictos (2011)
Summary
TLDREl guion explora la moralidad en la naturaleza humana y animal, destacando la cooperación, la empatía y la reciprocidad como pilares fundamentales. Se menciona la obra del pintor del siglo XV y se compara con el comportamiento de chimpancés y elefantes en experimentos de cooperación. También se abordan temas como la empatía, la consolación y la justicia social, con estudios que sugieren que los chimpancés pueden mostrar altruismo y un sentido de la equidad, desafiando la noción de que la moralidad es exclusiva del ser humano.
Takeaways
- 🎨 El pintor del siglo XV, que influye en el discurso, reflexiona sobre la sociedad si la religión tuviera menos influencia, con obras como 'El Jardín de las Delicias'.
- 🐒 En el zoológico de Arnhem, se observa que los chimpancés son ambiciosos y a la vez capaces de reconciliación después de conflictos, lo que sugiere complejidad en el comportamiento.
- 📚 Se escribió un libro acerca de la ambición de los chimpancés y se descubrió que, a diferencia de la visión de la naturaleza humana como puramente competitiva y agresiva, la empatía y la cooperación son fundamentales.
- 🤝 La reconciliación después de peleas en chimpancés y bonobos, a través del contacto físico o el sexo respectivamente, demuestra la importancia de las relaciones valiosas y la necesidad de repararlas.
- 🐺 La imagen de la humanidad como 'hombre lobo para el hombre' es desafiada, argumentando que la humanidad es más cooperativa y empática de lo que comúnmente se cree.
- 🤝 Los pilares de la moralidad identificados son la reciprocidad y la empatía, siendo fundamentales para la construcción de una moralidad evolutiva.
- 🐘 Experimentos con chimpancés y elefantes muestran una comprensión de la cooperación y la reciprocidad, con elefantes demostrando inteligencia al esperar a sus compañeros en tareas colaborativas.
- 😪 La contagio de bostezos en humanos y chimpancés está relacionado con la empatía, y su ausencia en ciertos trastornos del espectro autista refuerza esta conexión.
- 🤔 La empatía también se estudia a través de comportamientos de consuelo, donde se observa a chimpancés calmar a compañeros derrotados, similar al consuelo humano.
- 🍇 Experimentos de altruismo en chimpancés sugieren que estos se preocupan por el bienestar de otros, incluso cuando no hay una recompensa inmediata para ellos.
- 🍉 Un estudio famoso con monos capuchinos muestra una reacción negativa ante la inequidad en recompensas, lo que indica una percepción de justicia social entre ellos.
Q & A
¿Quién es el pintor mencionado al principio y por qué es importante para el orador?
-El pintor mencionado es conocido por su obra 'El jardín de las delicias', que algunos interpretan como una representación de la humanidad antes o sin el pecado original. Es importante para el orador porque cuestiona cómo sería la moralidad si no existiera la religión.
¿Qué descubrió el orador sobre los chimpancés durante su investigación inicial?
-El orador descubrió que los chimpancés son muy competitivos y centrados en el poder, lo que lo llevó a escribir un libro sobre el tema. En ese momento, la investigación animal se enfocaba principalmente en la agresión y la competencia.
¿Qué comportamiento reconciliador observó el orador en los chimpancés?
-Observó que los chimpancés se reconcilian después de pelear. Dos machos que habían peleado se subieron a un árbol y uno extendió su mano hacia el otro. Poco después, se abrazaron y besaron, demostrando un comportamiento de reconciliación.
¿Cómo se diferencian los bonobos de los chimpancés en términos de reconciliación?
-Los bonobos utilizan el sexo como una forma de reconciliación. Aunque el principio es el mismo —restaurar una relación dañada por el conflicto—, los bonobos lo hacen a través de comportamientos sexuales.
¿Cuáles son los dos pilares esenciales de la moralidad según el orador?
-Los dos pilares esenciales de la moralidad son la reciprocidad (asociada con un sentido de justicia y equidad) y la empatía (la capacidad de compartir y entender los sentimientos de los demás).
¿Cómo demostraron los chimpancés su capacidad de cooperación en los experimentos realizados?
-Los chimpancés cooperaron al mover una caja pesada que solo podían mover juntos. Incluso cuando uno de ellos ya estaba alimentado y no tenía interés en la comida, aún participaba, demostrando reciprocidad y cooperación futura.
¿Qué truco usaron los elefantes en los experimentos de cooperación mencionados?
-Un elefante utilizó su pie para pisar la cuerda y esperar a que su compañero hiciera todo el trabajo. Este comportamiento mostró que los elefantes entienden la cooperación e incluso pueden encontrar formas creativas de 'freeloading'.
¿Cómo se relaciona el contagio del bostezo con la empatía?
-El contagio del bostezo está relacionado con la empatía porque activa las mismas áreas del cerebro involucradas en la empatía. Las personas más empáticas tienen más probabilidades de contagiarse de un bostezo, y los animales como los chimpancés también muestran este comportamiento.
¿Qué experimentos sobre altruismo se mencionan en relación con los chimpancés?
-Se realizó un experimento donde un chimpancé tenía que elegir entre una ficha que solo lo alimentaba a él o una que alimentaba a ambos. Los chimpancés demostraron preferir la ficha que beneficiaba a ambos, indicando una preocupación por el bienestar de los demás.
¿Qué reacción tuvieron los monos capuchinos ante la inequidad en la recompensa alimenticia?
-Los monos capuchinos se molestaron cuando recibieron pepino en lugar de uvas, que son más deseadas. Uno de los monos rechazó el pepino y lo arrojó, mostrando un sentido de justicia y descontento ante la inequidad.
Outlines
🎨 La influencia de la religión en la moralidad
El primer párrafo explora la vida y obra del pintor del siglo XV, quien reflexionaba sobre cómo sería la sociedad si la influencia religiosa disminuía o desaparecía. Se menciona su obra 'El Jardín de las Delicias Terrenales', que algunos interpretan como una representación de la humanidad antes o sin la caída. Además, se relata la experiencia del narrador con chimpancés en un zoológico, donde descubre su naturaleza ambiciosa y competitiva, lo que contrasta con la visión común de la moralidad basada en la competencia y la agresión. Sin embargo, también observa cómo los chimpancés se reconcilian después de peleas, lo que sugiere una dimensión más compleja de su comportamiento social.
🐘 Cooperación y reciprocidad en los animales
El segundo párrafo se centra en el estudio de la cooperación y la reciprocidad en chimpancés y elefantes. Se describen experimentos donde estos animales deben trabajar juntos para obtener recompensas, mostrando su comprensión de la cooperación y su disposición a ayudar incluso cuando no hay una recompensa inmediata para ellos. Esto se relaciona con la idea de reciprocidad, donde los animales pueden estar dispuestos a colaborar esperando un favor a cambio en el futuro. Además, se discute la empatía y la compasión como pilares fundamentales de la moralidad, con ejemplos de comportamientos como la consolación y la sincronización emocional entre animales.
🤔 Empatía y comportamiento altruista en chimpancés
El tercer párrafo profundiza en la empatía y el comportamiento altruista en chimpancés. Se describen experimentos que muestran cómo estos animales pueden sentir y compartir las emociones de otros, como en el caso de la contagión de bostezos y la consolación después de una pelea. También se menciona un experimento donde los chimpancés eligen actuar de manera pro-social,优先选择有益于群体其他成员的选项, lo que sugiere que pueden preocuparse por el bienestar de otros. Esto desafía la noción de que solo los humanos pueden actuar por razones altruistas y apunta a la existencia de una moralidad evolutiva en los primates.
🍇 La sensación de justicia y la equidad en los animales
El cuarto y último párrafo aborda la sensación de justicia y equidad en animales, particularmente en monos capuchinos. Se relata un experimento donde estos animales rechazan hacer tareas si su compañero recibe una recompensa desproporcionadamente mayor, lo que indica una percepción de inequidad. Esto llevó a críticas de académicos que argumentaban que la equidad es un concepto demasiado complejo para los animales. Sin embargo, se menciona que en experimentos posteriores con chimpancés, estos animales han demostrado incluso rechazar recompensas inequitables, lo que sugiere una comprensión más avanzada de la justicia social. El narrador concluye sugiriendo que estos comportamientos en animales no humanos son fundamentales para comprender la moralidad evolucionada y pueden ayudar a construir una visión de la moralidad más allá de la religión.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Moralidad
💡Reciprocidad
💡Empatía
💡Chimpancés
💡Bonobos
💡Cooperación
💡Consolación
💡Justicia
💡Religión
💡Resolución de conflictos
Highlights
The painter of the 15th century explored societal implications without religion through 'The Garden of Earthly Delights'.
Chimpanzees display power dynamics and aggression, yet also exhibit reconciliation behaviors post-conflict.
Bonobos use sexual behaviors for reconciliation, highlighting alternative conflict resolution strategies in primates.
The concept 'Homo homini lupus' (man is a wolf to man) is critiqued as an unfair representation of human and animal nature.
Humanity and animals, particularly primates, are more cooperative and empathic than traditionally acknowledged.
Reciprocity and empathy are identified as the foundational pillars of morality across species.
Chimpanzees demonstrate an understanding of cooperation, as seen in century-old experiments.
Elephants showcase cooperation by pulling a rope simultaneously, indicating advanced cognitive abilities.
Elephants use innovative strategies, such as standing on a rope, to ensure cooperation in tasks.
Empathy is explored through body synchronization, such as yawn contagion, in both humans and chimpanzees.
Chimpanzees exhibit consolation behaviors, mirroring human empathy-driven responses to distress.
Altruism in chimpanzees is tested through token exchange, challenging the notion of human uniqueness in caring for others.
Chimpanzees' choices in pro-social token experiments are influenced by the behavior of their partners.
Capuchin monkeys react to inequity in a task, suggesting an innate sense of fairness.
Philosophers and scholars have been challenged by the findings of animal morality, prompting a reevaluation of traditional views.
The study concludes that morality has evolved with key ingredients like empathy, pro-social tendencies, and fairness present in primates.
Transcripts
I was born in them boss where the
painter here on him his boss named
himself after and so I've always been
very fond of this painter who lived and
worked in the 15th century and what is
interesting about him in relation to
morality is he lived at a time where
religions influence was waning and he
was sort of wandering I think what would
happen with society if there was no
religion or if there was less religion
and so he painted this famous painting
the Garden of Earthly Delights which
some have interpreted as being humanity
before the fall or being humanity
without any fall at all and so it makes
you wonder what would happen if we
hadn't tasted the fruit of knowledge so
to speak and what kind of morality we
would have much later as a student I
went to a very different guard in a
zoological garden in in Arnhem where we
keep chimpanzees this is me at an early
age with a baby chimpanzee and I
discovered there that the chimpanzee is
a very power hungry and wrote a book
about it and at that time the focus in a
lot of animal research was on aggression
and competition and I could the whole
picture of the animal kingdom and
humanity included was the deep down we
are competitors we are aggressive we all
out for our own profit basically this is
the launch of my book I'm not sure how
well the chimpanzees read it but they
surely seemed interested in the book now
in the process of doing all this work on
power and dominance and aggression and
so on
I discovered that chimpanzees reconcile
after fights and so what you see here is
two males who have had a fight they
ended up in a tree and one of them holds
out a hand to the other hand about a
second after I took the picture they
came together in the fork of the tree
and they kissed and embrace each other
now this is very interesting because at
the time everything was about
competition and aggression and so it
wouldn't make any sense the only thing
that matters is that you win or that you
lose but why would you reconcile after a
fight that doesn't make any sense
this is the way bonobos do it bonobos do
everything with sex and so they also
reconcile with sex but the principle is
exactly the same the principle is that
you have a valuable relationship that
damaged by conflict so you need to do
something about it and so my whole
picture of the animal kingdom and
including humans also started to change
at that time so we have this image in
political science economics the
humanities philosophy for that matter
that man is a wolf to man and so deep
down our nature is actually nasty I
think it's a very unfair image for the
wolf the wolf is is after all a very
cooperative animal and that's why many
of you have a dog at home which has all
these characteristics also and it's very
unfair to humanity because Humanity is
actually much more cooperative and
empathic than you then they're given
credit for and so I started getting
interested in those issues and studying
that in other animals so these are the
pillars of morality if you ask anyone
what is morality based on these are the
two factors that always come out one is
reciprocity and associated with it as a
sense of justice in the sense of
fairness and the other one is empathy
and compassion and human morality is
more than this but if you would remove
these two pillars there would be not
much remaining I think and so they're
absolutely essential so let me give you
a few examples here this is a very old
video from the Yerkes primate Center
where they trained chimpanzees to
cooperate so this is already about a
hundred years ago that we were doing
experiments on cooperation and what you
have here is two young chimpanzees who
have a box and the box is too heavy for
one chimp to pull in and of course it's
fruit on the box otherwise they wouldn't
be pulling so hard and so they're
bringing in the box and you can see that
are synchronized you can see that they
work together they pull at the same
moment it's already a big advance over
over many other animals who wouldn't be
able to do that and now you're going to
get a more interesting picture because
now one of the two chimps has been fed
so one of the two is not really
interested in the task anymore
now look at what happens at the very end
of this he thinks basically everything
so they're two interesting parts about
this one is that the chimp on the right
has a full understanding he needs to
partner so full understanding of the
need for cooperation the second one is
that the partner is willing to work even
though it's not invested in the food why
would that be well that probably has to
do with reciprocity is actually a lot of
evidence in primates and other animals
that they return favors and so he'll
will get a return favor at some point in
the future and so that's how this all
operates we do the same tasks with
elephants now as elephants is very
dangerous to work with elephants and
another problem is elephants is that you
cannot make an apparatus that is too
heavy for a single elephant now you can
probably make it but it's going to be
pretty clumsy apparatus I think and so
what we did in their case it is we do
these studies in Thailand which just
plot makes is we have an apparatus
around of which there's a rope a single
rope and if you pull on this side of the
Rope the Rope disappears on the other
side so two elephants need to pick it up
at exactly the same time and pull
otherwise nothing is going to happen and
the Rope disappears so the first tape
you're going to see is two elephants who
are released together arrived at the
apparatus the apparatus is on the left
with food on it and so they come
together they arrive together they pick
it up together and they pull together so
it's actually fairly simple for them
there they are
I said that's how they bring it in but
now we're going to make it more
difficult because the whole purpose of
this experiment is to see how well they
understand cooperation do they
understand it as well as the tips for
example so what we do in the next step
is we release one elephant before the
other and that elephant needs to be
smart enough to stay there and wait and
not pull at the rope because if he pulls
at the rope and disappears and the whole
test is over
now this elephant does something illegal
that we did not teach it but it shows
the understanding that he has because he
puts his big foot on the rope stands on
the rope and waits there for the other
end and the other is going to do all the
work for him so if it's what we call
freeloading but but it shows the
intelligence that the elephants had they
they develop several of these
alternative techniques that we did not
approve of necessarily so the other
elephant is now coming and it's going to
pull it in
now look at the other the other doesn't
forget to eat of course this was the
cooperation reciprocity part now
something on empathy empathy is my main
topic at the moment of research and
empathy has sort of two qualities one is
the understanding part of it this is
just a regular definition the ability to
understand and share the feelings of
another and the emotional part and so
empathy has basically two channels one
is the body channel if you talk with a
sad person you're going to adopt a sad
expression and a sad posture and before
you know what you feel sad and that's
sort of the the body channel of amount
of emotional empathy which many animals
have your average dog has that also
that's actually why people keep mammals
in the home and not turtles or snakes or
something like that
who don't have that kind of empathy and
then there's a cognitive channel which
is more that you can take the
perspective of somebody else and that's
more limited as few animals I think
elephants and Apes can do that kind of
thing with the very few animals who can
do that so synchronization which is part
of that whole empathy mechanism is a
very old one in the animal kingdom and
in humans of course we can study that
with yawn contagion humans yawn when
others yawn and it's related to empathy
it it activates the same areas in the
brain it also we know that people who
have a lot of yarn contagion are highly
empathic people who have problems with
empathy such as autistic children they
don't have your own contagion so it is
connected and we studied that in our
chimpanzees by presenting them as an
animated head so that's what you see on
the upper left and animated head that
yawns and there's a chimpanzee watching
an actual real chimpanzee watching a
computer screen on which we play these
animations
so yawn contagion that you probably all
familiar with and maybe you're going to
start yawning soon now is something that
we share with other animals and that's
related to that whole body channel of
synchronization that underlies empathy
and that is Universal in the mammals
basically now we also study more complex
expressions as consolation this is a
male chimpanzee who has lost a fight and
he's screaming and a juvenile comes over
and puts an arm around him and calms him
down that consolation is very similar to
human consolation and consolation
behavior it's it's empathy it's empathy
driven that's actually the way they
study empathy and human children is to
instruct a family member to act distress
and then they see what young children do
and so it is related to empathy and
that's the kind of expressions we look
at we also recently published an
experiment you may have heard about it
on on altruism in chimpanzees where the
question is do chimpanzees care about
the welfare of somebody else and effort
for decades it had been assumed that
only humans can do that the only humans
worry about the welfare of somebody else
now we did a very simple experiment we
do that on chimpanzees that live in
Lawrenceville in in the field station of
York East and so that's how they live
and we call them into a room and do
experiments with them in this case we
put two chimpanzee side-by-side and one
has a bucket full of tokens and the
tokens have different meanings one kind
of token fits only the partner who
chooses the other one feeds both of them
so this is a study we did with Vicky
Horner and here you have the two color
tokens so they have a whole bucket full
of them and they have to pick one one of
the two colors you will see how that
goes so if this chimp makes the selfish
choice which is the red token in this
case need to give it to us we pick it up
we put it on the table where there's two
food rewards but in this case only the
one on the right gets foods and the one
on the Left walks away because she knows
already that
and a good test for her then the next
one is the pro-social token so the one
who makes the choices that's the
interesting part here for the one who
makes the choices it doesn't really
matter so she gives us now a pro-social
token and both chimps could fit so the
one who makes the choices always get a
reward so it doesn't matter whatsoever
and she should actually be choosing
blindly but what we find is that they
prefer the pro-social token so this is
the 50% line that's the random
expectation and especially if the
partner draws attention to itself they
choose more and if the partner puts
pressure on them so if the partner
starts spitting water and intimidating
them then this choices go down and they
actually don't want to it's as if
they're saying if you're not behaving
I'm not going to be pro-social today and
this is what happens without a partner
when there's no partner sitting there
and so we found that the chimpanzees do
care about the well-being of somebody
else especially these are other members
of their own group so a final experiment
that I want to mention to you is our
fairness study and so this this became a
very famous study under snow many more
because after we did this about 10 years
ago it became very well-known and we did
that originally with capuchin monkeys
and I'm going to show you the first
experiment that we did it has now been
done with dogs and with birds and with
chimpanzees but Becerra blossom we
started out with capuchin monkeys so
what we did is we put two capuchin
monkeys side-by-side again these animals
they live in a group they know each
other we take them out of the group put
them in a test chamber and there's a
very simple task that they need to do
and if you give both of them cucumber
for the task the two monkeys
side-by-side they're perfectly willing
to do this 25 times in a row so cucumber
even though it's really only water in my
opinion with cucumber is perfectly fine
for them now if you give the partner
grapes the food preferences of my
capuchin monkeys correspond exactly with
the prices in the supermarket and so if
you give them grapes it's a far better
food then you create inequity between
them so that's the experiment we did
recently we videotaped it with new
monkeys we've never done the task is
thinking that maybe they would have a
stronger reaction and that turned out to
be right the one on the left is a monkey
who gets cucumber the one on the right
is the one who gets grapes the one who
gets cucumber note that the first piece
of cucumber is perfectly fine the first
piece see eats then sees the other one
getting grape and you will see what
happens so he gives a rock to us that's
the task and we give her a piece of
cucumber and she eats it the other one
needs to give a rock to us and that's
what she does and she gets a grape and
CT the other one sees that she gives a
rock to us now gets again cucumber
she tests our rock now against the wall
she needs to give it to us and she gets
cucumber again so this is basically the
Wall Street protest that you see here
let me tell you I still have two minutes
left let me tell you a funny story about
is this the study became very famous and
we got a lot of comments especially
anthropologists economists philosophers
they didn't like this at all because
they had decided in their mind I believe
that that fairness is a very complex
issue and that animals cannot have it
and so one philosopher even wrote us
that it was impossible that monkeys had
a sense of fairness because fairness was
invented during the French Revolution so
now and another one wrote a whole
chapter saying that he would believe it
had something to do with fairness if the
one who got grapes would refuse the
grapes now the funny thing is that Sarah
Brosnan who's been doing this with
chimpanzees had a couple of combinations
of chimpanzees where indeed the one who
would get the grape would refuse the
grape until the other guy also got a
grape so we're getting very close to the
human sense of fairness and I think
philosophers need to rethink their
philosophy for a while so let me
summarize I believe there's an evolved
morality I think morality is much more
than what I've been talking about but it
would be impossible without these
ingredients that we find in other
primates which are empathy and
consolation pro-social tendencies and
reciprocity and a sense of fairness and
so we work on these particular issues to
see if we can create a morality from the
bottom up so to speak without
necessarily God and religion involved
and to see how we can get to an evolved
morality and I thank you for your
attention
you
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