Yang Enak di Zaman Soeharto: Kroni dan Keluarganya - Old Money 1 | Narasi Explains
Summary
TLDRThis video delves into the fall of Suharto, Indonesia's longest-serving president, focusing on the events leading to his resignation amidst the 1998 economic crisis. The narrative explores Suharto's rise to power, the political chaos of 1965, and his administration's economic achievements. However, the corruption, cronyism, and nepotism that defined his regime are laid bare, highlighting the powerful influence of his close associates and family. The investigation into Suharto’s vast wealth and the ongoing efforts to reclaim assets lost to corruption after his death are also discussed in this compelling report.
Takeaways
- 📅 The photo was taken in January 1998, just four months before massive protests led to Suharto's resignation during Indonesia's Reformasi movement.
- 🖋️ The photo shows Suharto signing an agreement, indicating his inability to handle the economic crisis, while the IMF director, Michel Camdessus, watches calmly.
- 📉 Suharto's regime collapsed due to the 1997 Asian financial crisis, revealing long-standing corruption, cronyism, and nepotism within his government.
- 🛑 Suharto came to power in 1965 after political turmoil, including the fall of Sukarno and the military's consolidation of control.
- 💰 Under Suharto's New Order, Indonesia experienced significant economic growth, driven by technocrats, earning the country the label 'Asian Tiger.'
- 🛠️ Behind the impressive economic growth, the government was deeply corrupt, with systematic cronyism benefiting close allies and Suharto's family.
- 📜 Suharto's cronies, such as Sudono Salim (formerly Lim Sio Liong) and Bob Hasan, received privileged contracts and monopolies over Indonesia's resources.
- 🏦 Suharto used various foundations (yayasan) as money-making machines to support his power and enrich his family and cronies.
- 📊 Investigations showed that Suharto's family controlled hundreds of companies, and estimates suggest he embezzled between $15-35 billion during his 32-year rule.
- ⚖️ Despite efforts to prosecute Suharto for corruption, his trial was interrupted by his death in 2008, though the Indonesian Supreme Court later ruled that his family still owed the government $4.4 trillion IDR.
Q & A
What significant event took place in Indonesia in 1998, mentioned in the script?
-In 1998, Indonesia experienced large-scale demonstrations that led to the resignation of President Soeharto, marking the beginning of the Reformation era.
Why is the photograph of Soeharto signing an agreement with the IMF considered historical?
-The photograph is seen as historical because it symbolizes Soeharto's helplessness in the face of the economic crisis, as he agreed to accept a bailout to rescue Indonesia’s economy.
What were some of the key economic policies during Soeharto’s regime?
-During Soeharto’s regime, economic growth and development were emphasized, which helped Indonesia become one of Asia’s economic tigers, with the aid of technocrats he appointed.
What is meant by 'cronies' in the context of Soeharto's government?
-Cronies refer to Soeharto's close associates who were given special privileges, such as access to state contracts, exploitation of natural resources, and protection from imports, enabling them to amass wealth.
How did Soeharto’s cronies benefit from their relationship with him?
-Soeharto’s cronies, like Sudono Salim and Bob Hasan, received exclusive business opportunities, such as monopolies over key industries, favorable contracts, and low-interest loans from state banks.
How did Soeharto use charitable foundations (yayasan) to his advantage?
-Soeharto created numerous charitable foundations, which acted as money-generating machines. He funneled some of the funds for his own benefit and to sustain his political power.
What role did Soeharto's children play in the country's business activities?
-Soeharto’s children were granted access to various business ventures, such as Sigit’s livestock transport, Tutut’s toll road projects, Bambang’s energy projects, and Tommy’s car production, using resources tied to the state.
What were the estimated financial losses due to Soeharto's corrupt activities?
-Transparency International estimated that Soeharto embezzled between $15 billion to $35 billion, making him one of the most corrupt world leaders in history.
What legal actions were taken against Soeharto and his cronies after his resignation?
-Soeharto was investigated for embezzling $571 million through his foundations, and some cronies, like Bob Hasan, were sentenced to prison for corruption. However, Soeharto's death in 2008 stalled many legal proceedings.
What is the current status of the legal cases related to Soeharto’s assets and foundations?
-In 2015, the Supreme Court upheld a ruling that Soeharto’s foundations must return $4.4 trillion to the state. Efforts to seize assets, including buildings and accounts, are still ongoing, but the process remains lengthy.
Outlines
📜 The Downfall of Soeharto and the Beginning of Reformasi
This paragraph begins by setting the scene in January 1998, just months before the massive demonstrations that led to the resignation of Indonesia's long-time president, Soeharto, marking the era of Reformasi. A notable photo of Soeharto signing an agreement with the IMF director, Michel Camdessus, symbolizes Soeharto's submission to foreign aid, highlighting his inability to manage Indonesia’s severe economic crisis. The New Order regime's mask of prosperity was crumbling, revealing years of corruption, cronyism, and self-enrichment that had caused the crisis. The paragraph touches on the turbulent political path that led to Soeharto’s rise to power in 1965, further illustrating the historical significance of this downfall.
💰 The Economic Growth of the New Order and Crony Capitalism
The paragraph discusses Soeharto's focus on economic growth, which became a hallmark of his regime. With the help of technocrats, Indonesia’s economy soared, earning the nickname 'Asian Tiger.' However, this economic success masked deep-rooted corruption, collusion, and nepotism. Soeharto ran the country like a corporation, using his absolute control to benefit his cronies, including major business figures like Sudono Salim (formerly Liem Sioe Liong) and Bob Hasan. These cronies were granted exclusive contracts, access to natural resources, and financial favors, including low-interest loans from state banks. The regime's systemic exploitation of state resources to benefit Soeharto’s inner circle laid the groundwork for further corruption.
🏛️ The Rise of Soeharto’s Family Empire
This section explores how Soeharto’s children were also major beneficiaries of his regime’s corrupt practices. His six children were granted significant business opportunities, often using funds from the charitable foundations Soeharto established. His eldest son, Sigit, gained control of animal transport businesses, while his daughter, Siti Rukmana (Tutut), secured toll road projects across Southeast Asia. Another son, Bambang Trihatmodjo, received contracts in water supply and power generation projects in Indonesia, the Philippines, and China. His youngest son, Tommy Soeharto, became involved in the production of the Timor car, benefiting from government support. These ventures further enriched the family at the nation's expense.
⚖️ The Scale of Corruption and Legal Consequences
Soeharto’s corrupt practices were not isolated incidents but part of a larger, deeply entrenched system. His charitable foundations (Supersemar, Dharmais, and others) held shares in numerous companies and were key to funneling money to the Soeharto family and cronies. The estimated wealth accumulated through corruption ranged between $15 billion and $35 billion, making Soeharto one of the most corrupt world leaders, surpassing figures like Ferdinand Marcos. Legal investigations into his financial misconduct began in 1998, and many of his cronies, such as Bob Hasan, faced prosecution. Hasan was convicted and imprisoned for his role in forestry corruption.
⚖️ Post-Soeharto Legal Actions and the Long Road to Justice
Following Soeharto’s resignation, the Indonesian government pursued legal action against him and his foundations. In 2007, Soeharto faced civil lawsuits for his misuse of foundation funds, and a court ordered his family to repay 4.4 trillion rupiahs. However, legal proceedings were complicated by Soeharto’s death in 2008. Although his family denied responsibility, asserting that the foundations were separate from the family’s wealth, the government continued efforts to recover stolen assets. As of 2015, the courts upheld a ruling that Soeharto’s estate was responsible for the restitution. Despite the setbacks, the process of reclaiming assets remains ongoing, with several properties and accounts already seized by the state.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Reformasi
💡Soeharto
💡Krisis ekonomi moneter
💡IMF (International Monetary Fund)
💡KKN (Korupsi, Kolusi, Nepotisme)
Highlights
This photo was taken in January 1998, just four months before the massive demonstrations that led to the fall of Suharto, known as the Reformasi.
The signing of an agreement with the IMF in 1998 marked Suharto's inability to deal with the economic crisis.
Suharto's governance was plagued by a series of crises, which included the revelation of corruption and cronyism that sustained his power.
Suharto came to power through a series of political upheavals, starting with the 1965 Supersemar event and the fall of Sukarno.
Suharto's focus on economic development and growth led Indonesia to become one of the 'Asian Tigers,' achieving impressive economic progress.
Behind the economic success, deep-rooted corruption, collusion, and nepotism were prevalent during the New Order regime.
Suharto ran the country like a corporation, using full control of the state to serve his business interests and those of his cronies.
Cronies like Sudono Salim and Bob Hasan were given significant privileges, including direct contracts and monopolies over natural resources.
Suharto's cronies received protection from imports and access to low-interest loans from state banks.
Salim was granted a monopoly over wheat distribution, while Bob Hasan controlled vast forest areas in Kalimantan.
Suharto used foundations as a financial tool to maintain power, channeling state money into crony businesses.
Research shows that Suharto's foundations, such as Supersemar and Dharmais, controlled 27 companies and an estimated wealth of $5 billion.
Transparency International estimated that Suharto embezzled between $15 and $35 billion, making him the world's most corrupt leader.
Suharto's children, including Sigit and Bambang, were granted significant business privileges through their father’s influence.
In 2007, Suharto was sued for misusing foundation funds, but the legal case became complicated after his death in 2008, with efforts to recover the stolen assets ongoing.
Transcripts
[Musik]
foto ini diambil pada Januari
1998 4 bulan sebelum Indonesia dihantam
demonstrasi berskala besar yang berujung
turunnya Soeharto
kita mengenalnya sebagai reformasi Oke
dalam foto sebelumnya tampak Soeharto
Tengah menandatangani kesepakatan dengan
posisi badan yang membungkuk
disampingnya berdiri direktur IMF saat
itu Michelle Konghucu yang memandangnya
dengan wajah tenang lagi menghanyutkan
Iya foto ini disebut bersejarah lantaran
menandai ketidakberdayaan Soeharto
menghadapi krisis ekonomi moneter
pemerintahan Soeharto sepakat menerima
dana talangan untuk menyelamatkan
perekonomian Indonesia dari krisis wajah
bopeng orde baru pun terbongkar
akumulasi dari krisis demi krisis yang
datang menghajar bopeng itu termasuk
cara Soeharto memupuk kekayaan demi
kepentingannya sendiri dan
kroni-kroninya
[Musik]
Soeharto naik kekuasaan dengan huru-hara
politik yang sangat Intens peristiwa
1965 Supersemar kejatuhan Soekarno dan
konsolidasi militer yang jadi wajah
huru-hara tersebut
[Musik]
pembangunan dan pertumbuhan ekonomi jadi
kata kunci ketika Soeharto menjadi orang
nomor satu di Republik ini berkat campur
tangan para teknokrat yang ia tunjuk
jadi pejabat ekonomi Indonesia melejit
dan menempatkan negara ini sebagai Macan
Asia
pendek kata masyarakat hidup sejahtera
tapi apa yang ada di permukaan gak bisa
secara utuh menggambarkan bagaimana roda
pemerintahan orde baru dijalankan di
balik capaian ekonomi yang mengesankan
tunggu borok-borokrasi yang mengakar
kuat dan bergerak sistematis korupsi
kolusi dan nepotisme kira-kira begitu
sebutannya Soeharto menjalankan negara
seperti korporasi ia memanfaatkan
kontrol penuh atas negara demi
melancarkan kepentingan bisnis serta
pengaruhnya bagaimana ia melakukannya
tentu Soeharto nggak transaksi sendirian
pertama ada kolega lingkaran terdekat
Soeharto kemudian disebut para akademisi
sebagai kroni di layer ini bercokol nama
Lin Sio Liong dan Tae kianseng nama
pertama ganti jadi Sudono Salim
pengusaha yang bisnisnya merentang dari
makanan ritel sampai keuangan sementara
nama kedua lebih populer di publik
sebagai Bob Hasan para kroni ini diberi
keistimewaan oleh Soeharto dalam riset
yang disusun oleh Rosma Cloud akademisi
dari Australia National University
keistimewaan tersebut terwujud lewat
beberapa aspek misalnya kontrak yang
diberi langsung tanpa proses biding lalu
diberi hak penuh atas pemanfaatan sumber
daya alam selanjutnya proteksi dari
impor dan enggak ketinggalan mereka
kerap dapat pinjaman modal dengan bunga
rendah dari bank-bank negara ini
terlihat jelas dari kasus Salim dan Bob
Hasan
Salim ambil contoh diberi akses gandum
ke Indonesia bagian barat yang notabene
market besar saat itu
Sedangkan Bob Hasan diberi keleluasaan
penuh atas pengelolaan hutan di
Kalimantan karena memonopoli akses ke
sumber daya yang menyangkut hajat orang
banyak Soeharto dengan leluasa dapat
mengotak-atik sumber pemasukan sebagian
masuk ke kas negara sebagian lagi
disalurkan ke yayasan berkedok amal yang
Soeharto bikin keberadaan yayasan ini
serupa mesin uang yang dipakai Soeharto
untuk mempertahankan kekuasaannya
riset yang disusun oleh George
aditjondro sosiolog yang berfokus pada
Orde Baru menyebut bahwa selama Soeharto
berkuasa ada ratusan yayasan yang ia
fasilitasi pendiriannya ratusan yayasan
ini kemudian jadi sumber duit untuk
kroni dan anak-anak Soeharto dalam
membuka bisnis semua anak Soeharto
berjumlah 6 orang diberi akses
menjalankan bisnis sebagian modal untuk
mereka diambil dari yayasan yang sudah
ada anak pertama Soeharto Sigit
contohnya diberi bisnis pengangkutan
hewan sampai lintas Pulau anak kedua
Siti Rukmana dikenal sebagai tutur
mendapat proyek pembangunan jalan tol di
sejumlah negara Asia Tenggara kemudian
Bambang trihatmodjo dapat proyek
pembangunan pasokan air dan pembangkit
listrik di Filipina Indonesia sampai
Cina dan ketinggalan Tommy Soeharto anak
terakhir juga dibukakan pintu untuk
berbisnis dengan memanfaatkan kuasa
bapaknya lewat produksi mobil Timor
George menambahkan bahwa 3 Yayasan
Soeharto data Supersemar dan Dharmais
memiliki saham di 27 perusahaan bila
dirinci lagi ada 140 perusahaan yang
dikuasai 3 Yayasan itu lewat PT
Nusantara
berapa taksiran kekayaannya ya 5 miliar
USB pola semacam ini bukanlah hal baru
bagi Soeharto ketika masih jadi Serdadu
tepatnya di Kodam Diponegoro Soeharto
menghimpun dana di luar anggaran negara
untuk membiayai keperluan bawahannya
Transmart laut menyebut bahwa taktik
Soeharto ini merupakan sistem yang
canggih transparansi internasional
menyebut Soeharto mengkorupsi sekitar
15-35 miliar USB dari apa yang sudah
dilakukannya selama 32 tahun berkuasa
estimasi itu menjadikannya sebagai
pemimpin dunia paling korup mengalahkan
Ferdinand Marcos Sania baca Young Cloud
1998 Kejaksaan Agung memulai
penyelidikannya dan secara resmi
mendakwanya atas penggelapan dana
sebesar 571 juta USD dari yang ia Pimpin
Gak cuma Soeharto kroninya pun turut
dikejar Bob Hasan misalnya ia divonis 2
tahun penjara oleh pengadilan atas kasus
korupsi pemetaan hutan senilai 2,4
Triliun Rupiah
hukuman itu sempat ditingkatkan jadi 8
tahun Bob sendiri pada akhirnya bebas
2004 setelah 3 kali terima remisi balik
lagi ke Soeharto ada 2007 Kejaksaan
Agung menggugat Soeharto secara perdata
atas korupsi yang dilakukan lewat
Yayasan yayasannya oleh berbagai putusan
pengadilan termasuk Ma Soeharto dan
yayasannya terbukti bersalah pihak
Soeharto diminta mengembalikan 4,4
Triliun Rupiah ke negara Soeharto
dinilai telah mengalirkan sejumlah dana
dari Yayasan kepada kroninya atas
perbuatannya ia sempat jadi tahanan kota
[Musik]
usaha menuntut Soeharto sempat terganjal
lantaran pada 2008 ia meninggal dunia
meski begitu tanggung jawab diberikan
kepada pihak keluarga dan ahli warisnya
pada 2015 Ma mengabulkan PK Jaksa atas
kasus Yayasan Soeharto ini artinya
mereka tetap diwajibkan ganti rugi
senilai 4,4 Triliun Rupiah ke kas negara
pihak keluarga Soeharto menyebut bahwa
mereka nggak punya sangkut paut dengan
yayasan dan urusan ganti rugi merupakan
murni urusan Yayasan tapi upaya
penyitaan aset-aset Soeharto dan juga
keluarga masih terus dilakukan sejauh
ini Pemerintah sudah menyita aset berupa
gedung Villa TMII hingga rekening ya
jalan untuk mengembalikan apa yang sudah
dicuri oleh mantan penguasa terlama di
Indonesia itu memang masih panjang
[Musik]
saya Debora Mulia jurnalis narasi ini
laporan pertama kami di narasi explain
seri of money di laporan ini kami akan
membahas sepak terjang dari orde baru
Soeharto dan kekayaan di dalamnya
saksikan episode selanjutnya di YouTube
narasi new
[Musik]
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