3. Berpikir kritis menilai argumen

Summary

In the third video of the 'Train Logic' series, Uphie guides viewers through the process of evaluating statements by understanding definitions and context. The video emphasizes the importance of distinguishing between arguments and mere disagreements, highlighting that an argument is a persuasive series of statements with premises supporting a conclusion. Examples illustrate the difference between opinions and arguments, and the necessity of premises for an opinion to be considered an argument. The video introduces deductive and inductive reasoning as methods for constructing arguments, explaining that while deductive reasoning guarantees conclusions if premises are true, inductive reasoning does not guarantee truth despite factual premises. The video concludes by encouraging viewers to apply these reasoning methods to daily life and to scrutinize arguments they encounter.

Takeaways

• 🧠 The importance of questioning the definition of terms and the context behind a statement before forming an opinion is emphasized for developing critical thinking skills.
• 🔍 Understanding definitions and context is a precursor to evaluating statements, which involves the ability to assess and construct arguments.
• 🗣️ Arguments are distinguished from mere disagreements by being persuasive statements aimed at changing someone's view, supported by premises that lead to a conclusion.
• 🚫 Statements that cannot be debated, such as facts, descriptions, and explanations, are not considered arguments.
• 📚 The process of drawing conclusions from premises is called inference, with deductive and inductive reasoning being the two main types discussed.
• 💡 In deductive reasoning, if the premises are true, the conclusion must also be true, whereas in inductive reasoning, even if the premises are true, the conclusion may not necessarily be true.
• 📉 An example of inductive reasoning provided in the script involves students from a particular school being good at mathematics, which is not a guaranteed conclusion for all students.
• 📚 The script introduces the concepts of premises and conclusions, which are essential components of an argument.
• 🔑 The video series aims to teach viewers how to construct simple arguments and critically examine the arguments they encounter daily.
• 🔄 The script invites viewers to continue learning about deductive and inductive reasoning methods and how to scrutinize them in subsequent videos.

Q & A

What is the first step to take after hearing or reading a statement according to the video?

The first step is to question the definitions of terms used and the context behind the statement to develop the ability to think more critically.

Why is it important to evaluate arguments and not just opinions?

Evaluating arguments is important because it involves assessing and constructing persuasive statements based on premises that support a conclusion, unlike opinions which may not have supporting reasons.

What is the difference between an argument and a debate as mentioned in the script?

An argument is a series of persuasive statements with a conclusion and supporting premises, while a debate typically involves two parties disagreeing on a matter without necessarily providing structured reasons.

Can you provide an example of how an opinion becomes an argument in the script?

Budi's opinion becomes an argument when he adds a premise to his opinion, stating 'Solusi radikalisme adalah peningkatan kualitas pendidikan, karena banyak kelompok radikal merekrut mereka yang berpendidikan rendah.'

What are the characteristics of statements that cannot be considered arguments according to the video?

Statements that cannot be considered arguments include facts, descriptions, and explanations, as they do not involve premises leading to a debatable conclusion.

What is the process of drawing a conclusion from premises called in the script?

The process of drawing a conclusion from premises is called inference.

How does deductive reasoning differ from inductive reasoning in the context of the video?

In deductive reasoning, if all premises are true, the conclusion must also be true. In inductive reasoning, even if the premises are true, the conclusion may not necessarily be true.

What is an example of deductive reasoning provided in the script?

An example of deductive reasoning is 'Semua murid yang mendapat nilai di bawah 60 harus mengikuti remedial. Nilai Ridwan 45. Nilai Santoso 30. Nilai Irma 58. Kesimpulannya, Ridwan, Santoso, dan Irma harus mengikuti remedial.'

What is an example of inductive reasoning mentioned in the video?

An example of inductive reasoning is 'Dinda sekolah di SMA 1001, ia pandai matematika. Satria sekolah di SMA 1001, ia pandai matematika. Dan Wawan sekolah di SMA 1001, ia pandai matematika. Kesimpulannya, anak-anak yang bersekolah di SMA 1001 pandai matematika.'

What will be the focus of the subsequent videos according to the video script?

The subsequent videos will focus on examining various methods of deductive and inductive reasoning and how to scrutinize them.

Outlines

00:00

📚 Introduction to Logical Thinking and Argument Construction

The script introduces viewers to the third video in the 'Train Logic' series, led by Uphie. It emphasizes the importance of questioning the definitions and context behind statements before forming an opinion. This critical thinking skill is essential for evaluating statements. The video then explains the difference between arguments and mere disagreements, highlighting that arguments are persuasive statements aimed at changing someone's view and consist of premises that support a conclusion. The script provides an example to illustrate the concept, contrasting opinions without supporting reasons (mere disagreements) with those that include premises, thus constituting an argument. The video also touches on the inability to debate certain types of statements, such as facts, descriptions, and explanations, which do not qualify as arguments. Lastly, it introduces the concepts of deductive and inductive reasoning, which are two types of argumentation that will be further explored in subsequent videos.

05:02

🔍 Deductive vs. Inductive Reasoning

This paragraph summarizes the differences between deductive and inductive reasoning, two common forms of argumentation. Deductive reasoning is presented as a process where if all premises are true, the conclusion must also be true, exemplified by a scenario involving students' grades and remedial classes. In contrast, inductive reasoning is shown as less certain, where even if the premises are factual, the conclusion may not necessarily be true, as illustrated by a generalization about students' math skills based on a few examples. The script concludes by encouraging viewers to watch the next video for a deeper analysis of these reasoning methods and how to examine them, with the aim of helping viewers construct simple arguments and critically assess everyday arguments.

Keywords

💡Logic Training

Logic training refers to the process of developing one's ability to think critically and analytically. In the context of the video, it is the main theme as the host, Uphie, guides viewers through the steps to improve their logical thinking skills, starting from understanding terms and context to evaluating statements and arguments.

💡Definition

A definition is a statement of the meaning of a word or word group. In the video, it is emphasized that understanding the definition of terms used in a statement is crucial before forming an opinion, which is a foundational step in logical thinking and argument construction.

💡Context

Context refers to the circumstances or setting in which a statement is made, which can affect its interpretation. The video script highlights the importance of considering the context behind a statement to better evaluate its validity, a key aspect of logical analysis.

💡Argument

An argument is a series of statements intended to establish a proposition or persuade others to accept a conclusion. The video differentiates between arguments and mere disagreements, emphasizing that an argument must consist of premises that support a conclusion, which is essential for logical discourse.

💡Premise

A premise is a statement or proposition that forms the basis of an argument. In the script, premises are described as the reasons or evidence that support the conclusion of an argument, and they are necessary for an opinion to be considered an argument.

💡Conclusion

A conclusion is a statement that follows and is supported by the premises in an argument. The video explains that a conclusion is the end point of an argument, which is derived from the premises and aims to persuade or inform.

💡Persuasive

Persuasive refers to the intent of an argument to influence or convince others to change their views. The video script clarifies that the purpose of an argument is to be persuasive, aiming to shift opinions or beliefs, which is a central aspect of logical argumentation.

💡Deductive Reasoning

Deductive reasoning is a type of logical argument where the conclusion is necessarily true if the premises are true. The video script provides an example of deductive reasoning, illustrating how if all premises are factual, the conclusion must also be factual.

💡Inductive Reasoning

Inductive reasoning is a method of reasoning where the conclusion is probably true based on the premises, but not guaranteed. The video contrasts this with deductive reasoning, showing that even if the premises are true, the conclusion in inductive reasoning might not be.

💡Evaluate

To evaluate means to determine the value or quality of something, such as an argument. In the video, evaluating arguments is presented as a key skill, necessary for both forming one's own logical conclusions and critically assessing the arguments of others.

💡Radicalism

Radicalism refers to the advocacy of extreme changes in political, social, or economic conditions. In the script, radicalism is used as a topic for an argument example, demonstrating how different individuals might propose different solutions to address it.

Highlights

The importance of questioning the definitions and context behind a statement before taking a stance.

Developing the ability to think critically by habitually questioning definitions and context.

The next step after understanding definitions and context is to evaluate statements by assessing and constructing arguments.

The ability to evaluate arguments should be used more often on oneself rather than just to counter others.

Arguments are different from disputes; they are persuasive statements aiming to change someone's view on a matter.

An argument must consist of several statements, including a conclusion and one or more premises that support it.

An opinion becomes an argument only if it has supporting premises.

An example of a dispute without premises is contrasted with an argument that includes a premise.

Characteristics of statements that are not arguments include facts, descriptions, and explanations.

The process of drawing conclusions from premises is called inference.

Two types of inference for constructing arguments are Deductive Reasoning and Inductive Reasoning.

In Deductive Reasoning, if all premises are true, the conclusion must also be true.

An example of Deductive Reasoning is provided with premises and a conclusion about students needing remedial classes.

In Inductive Reasoning, even if the premises are true, the conclusion might not necessarily be true.

An example of Inductive Reasoning is given with premises about students from the same school being good at mathematics.

The difference between Deductive and Inductive Reasoning is summarized.

Both forms of reasoning are commonly used in everyday life.

Future videos will delve deeper into the methods of Deductive and Inductive Reasoning and how to examine them.

The video concludes by encouraging viewers to learn to construct simple arguments and critically examine daily arguments.

Transcripts

Selamat datang kembali di Latih Logika.

Saya Uphie yang akan memandu video ketiga dalam seri ini.

Dalam pelajaran sebelumnya, kita mendiskusikan

langkah pertama yang harus dilakukan setelah mendengar atau membaca

sebuah pernyataan sebelum mengambil sikap.

Kita perlu bertanya tentang definisi istilah yang dipakai dan konteks di balik pernyataan itu.

Dengan membiasakan diri bertanya mengenai hal tersebut,

kita mengembangkan kemampuan untuk berpikir dengan lebih teliti.

Lalu, setelah kita paham definisi dan konteks,

apa langkah selanjutnya untuk mengevaluasi sebuah pernyataan?

Nah, agar dapat menentukan sikap, kita membutuhkan kemampuan untuk menilai dan menyusun argumen.

Tentunya, kemampuan menilai argumen tidak hanya digunakan untuk menyanggah orang lain,

namun justru harus lebih sering kita lakukan ke kita sendiri.

Ketika mendengar kata “argumen”, mungkin terbayang dua pihak yang sedang cekcok atau adu mulut.

Padahal, argumen berbeda dengan adu mulut.

Dalam adu mulut, satu pihak percaya suatu hal, dan pihak lain percaya hal yang berbeda.

Sesungguhnya argumen adalah serangkaian kalimat yang bersifat persuasif

atau bertujuan mengubah pandangan orang terhadap suatu hal.

Misalnya, mengubah pandangan dari tidak setuju menjadi setuju,

dari pilihan A menjadi pilihan B, atau dari tidak yakin menjadi yakin.

Yang membedakan argumen dari opini biasa adalah argumen harus terdiri dari beberapa kalimat.

Ada kalimat yang menjadi kesimpulan,

dan ada satu atau beberapa kalimat yang dijadikan alasan atau dasar dari kesimpulan itu.

Kalimat yang menjadi alasan atau dasar dinamakan juga premis.

Oleh karena itu, opini seseorang tentang sebuah topik belum tentu dapat disebut sebagai argumen.

Opini baru menjadi sebuah argumen jika memiliki premis-premis yang mendukung opini tersebut.

Mari kita lihat contoh kasus berikut:

Rika berkata,

“Menurut saya, solusi radikalisme adalah memperkuat pengawasan aparat terhadap masyarakat.”

Kemudian Budi menanggapi,

“Saya tidak setuju. Menurut saya, solusi radikalisme adalah peningkatan kualitas pendidikan.”

Perbedaan pendapat antara Budi dan Rika tadi adalah “adu mulut”,

karena keduanya tidak menyampaikan alasan di balik opini masing-masing.

Akan tetapi, jika Budi menambahkan satu kalimat sederhana sehingga pernyataannya menjadi,

“Solusi radikalisme adalah peningkatan kualitas pendidikan, karena banyak kelompok radikal merekrut mereka yang berpendidikan rendah,”

maka pendapatnya dapat dikategorikan sebagai argumen.

Kita bisa setuju atau tidak setuju dengan kalimat tersebut, namun itu adalah contoh suatu argumen.

Salah satu ciri lain dari pernyataan yang bukan argumen adalah jika pernyataan tersebut tidak dapat diperdebatkan.

Karena itu, hal-hal berikut tidak dapat disebut sebagai argumen:

Pertama, fakta, contohnya “air tidak memiliki warna, bau, maupun rasa’;

Kedua, deskripsi, seperti ‘langit hari ini cerah dan tidak berawan’;

dan yang terakhir, penjelasan, misalnya tumbuhan membuat udara menjadi sejuk di siang hari melalui proses fotosintesis yang menghasilkan oksigen’.

Masih ingat premis dan kesimpulan yang membentuk sebuah argumen?

Proses menarik kesimpulan dari premis-premis disebut penalaran.

Kita akan mempelajari dua jenis penalaran untuk menyusun argumen,

yaitu Penalaran Deduktif dan Penalaran induktif.

Dalam penalaran deduktif, jika semua premis benar atau sesuai fakta, maka kesimpulan yang diambil pasti benar juga.

Mari kita lihat contoh premis-premis dan kesimpulan berikut:

Semua murid yang mendapat nilai di bawah 60 harus mengikuti remedial.

Nilai Ridwan 45. Nilai Santoso 30. Nilai Irma 58.

Kesimpulannya, Ridwan, Santoso, dan Irma harus mengikuti remedial.

Sedangkan, dalam penalaran induktif, walaupun premis-premis yang kita miliki sesuai fakta,

kesimpulan yang kita ambil belum tentu benar.

Misalnya, mari kita cermati premis-premis dan kesimpulan berikut:

Dinda sekolah di SMA 1001, ia pandai matematika. Satria sekolah di SMA 1001, ia pandai matematika.

Dan Wawan sekolah di SMA 1001, ia pandai matematika.

Kesimpulannya, anak-anak yang bersekolah di SMA 1001 pandai matematika.

Nah, kesimpulan ini belum tentu benar, meskipun premis-premisnya sesuai fakta.

Ini adalah contoh penalaran induktif.

Berikut ringkasan perbedaan penalaran deduktif dan induktif.

Kedua bentuk penalaran ini paling sering dipakai dalam kehidupan sehari-hari.

Oleh karena itu, dalam video-video berikutnya,

kita akan membedah lebih jauh macam-macam metode penalaran deduktif dan induktif,

dan bagaimana cara memeriksanya.

Terima kasih telah menyimak video ketiga!

Semoga setelah menyimak video ini,

kita dapat menyusun argumen sederhana dan mencermati argumen yang kita jumpai sehari-hari.

Silakan lanjut ke video berikutnya dengan klik tombol di bawah sini.