The Complete History of Artificial Intelligence

Summary

This script chronicles the evolution of AI and computing from the Enigma machine in 1939 to modern AI breakthroughs. It details the invention of the transistor, the Turing test, and the development of integrated circuits, leading to personal computers and the internet. It highlights key figures like Alan Turing, Bill Shockley, and Marvin Minsky, and companies like Intel and Google. The narrative explores AI's impact on society, from military applications to consumer electronics, emphasizing the race for AI supremacy and the ethical considerations it raises.

Takeaways

• 🔐 The year 1939 marked the beginning of the computer age with the invention of the Enigma machine by the Nazis, which led to Alan Turing's development of the first computer to break Enigma's code.
• 🧠 Alan Turing's vision of computers extended beyond code-breaking, foreseeing machines that could think, which raised philosophical and practical questions about machine intelligence.
• 🏗️ In 1946, the transition from vacuum tubes to semiconductors, pioneered by Bill Shockley, revolutionized computer technology by making them more efficient and compact.
• 🌐 The transistor's invention catalyzed the development of smaller, more powerful computers, leading to the birth of Silicon Valley and companies like Fairchild Semiconductor.
• 💡 The planar process invented by Jean Hoerni at Fairchild Semiconductor improved transistor manufacturing, enhancing stability and durability, which was a game-changer for the tech industry.
• 🌟 Bob Noyce's integrated circuit was a breakthrough that allowed multiple transistors to work together, paving the way for modern computing devices.
• 🚀 The 1960s saw the rise of AI with programs like ELIZA, and the concept of neural networks, which laid the groundwork for future AI development.
• 🌐 The internet boom in the late 20th century created vast amounts of data, necessitating advanced computer algorithms to analyze and utilize this information effectively.
• 🏆 IBM's Deep Blue and later DeepMind's AlphaGo and AlphaZero demonstrated the power of AI in complex games, showing the potential of machine learning and algorithms.
• 💼 The competition between tech giants like Google, Nvidia, and Microsoft, along with startups, has driven AI innovation and investment, shaping the modern technology landscape.
• 🚀 The rapid growth of AI applications, such as GPT and other generative models, has led to significant investments and the potential for AI to revolutionize various industries.

Q & A

What was the Enigma machine and why was it significant during World War II?

The Enigma machine was an encryption device used by the Nazis to send coded messages, making their communications unbreakable to the Allies. It was significant because it coordinated their attacks with deadly precision, forcing the Allied Forces to seek new methods to break the code, eventually leading to the development of early computers.

Who was Alan Turing and what was his contribution to the field of computing?

Alan Turing was a British mathematician and computer scientist who is considered the father of theoretical computer science and artificial intelligence. His contribution was envisioning and creating the first computer to break the Enigma code, which laid the groundwork for the modern digital world.

What was the significance of the Turing Test introduced by Alan Turing?

The Turing Test, introduced by Alan Turing, is a test to determine if a machine can exhibit intelligent behavior indistinguishable from that of a human. It fundamentally questions the limits of artificial and human intelligence and has become a cornerstone in the field of AI.

What was the transistor and how did it revolutionize technology?

The transistor was an invention that allowed for the control of electrical current flow using a semiconductor. It revolutionized technology by replacing vacuum tubes, which were less efficient and required more power. The transistor made computers smaller, more efficient, and led to the development of modern electronics.

Who was Bill Shockley and what was his contribution to computer technology?

Bill Shockley was a physicist who co-invented the transistor. His contribution was imagining a new way to power computers using the element germanium, which led to the creation of the transistor. This invention made computers more compact and efficient, paving the way for modern computing devices.

What was the significance of the 'Traitorous Eight' in the history of Silicon Valley?

The 'Traitorous Eight' were a group of eight scientists who left Shockley Semiconductor to form Fairchild Semiconductor. Their departure marked a significant moment in the history of Silicon Valley, as Fairchild Semiconductor became a breeding ground for innovation and spawned many other tech companies, earning the region its name as the center of technology and innovation.

What was the integrated circuit and why was it a breakthrough in computing?

The integrated circuit was a breakthrough in computing because it allowed multiple transistors to operate together on a single chip, greatly increasing the efficiency and reducing the size of electronic devices. This innovation led to the development of smaller, more powerful computers and laid the foundation for modern electronics.

How did the invention of the microprocessor change the computer industry?

The invention of the microprocessor by Intel allowed for the miniaturization of computers, making them small enough to fit on a desktop. This change led to a new wave of thinking towards computers, making them more accessible and affordable, and ultimately driving the personal computer revolution.

What was the impact of the backpropagation algorithm on artificial intelligence?

The backpropagation algorithm, created by Geoffrey Hinton, was a significant advancement in AI as it allowed neural networks to learn from their mistakes by adjusting the connections between artificial neurons. This algorithm became the cornerstone for training deep neural networks and has been instrumental in the development of modern machine learning techniques.

How did the internet and the rise of tech companies influence the development of AI?

The rise of internet companies generated vast amounts of data, creating a need for computers to analyze this information. This demand led to the development of new algorithms and AI models, such as convolutional neural networks, which are now widely used by tech giants for image recognition, product recommendations, and other applications.

What was the significance of the 'Big Bang of AI' and how did it impact the field?

The 'Big Bang of AI' refers to the moment when AlexNet, a convolutional neural network, won the ImageNet competition in 2012. This event marked a significant breakthrough in deep learning and AI, as it demonstrated the potential of neural networks to outperform traditional algorithms in image recognition tasks, sparking renewed interest and investment in AI research.

Outlines

00:00

🔐 The Birth of Computing and AI

The script begins in 1939, highlighting the advent of the Enigma machine used by the Nazis for encryption, which led the Allies to seek the help of Alan Turing. Turing's vision resulted in the creation of the first computer, designed to break the Enigma code and marking the beginning of the digital age. The narrative then shifts to the concerns about machines thinking and the potential future of AI. It moves on to 1946, where the military recognizes the power of computers, but the technology is inefficient due to the use of vacuum tubes. The script introduces Bill Shockley, who in 1947, envisions using germanium to create semiconductors, leading to the invention of the transistor, which revolutionized technology.

05:01

🏭 The Evolution of Silicon Valley

The script continues with the story of Shockley Semiconductor and the 'Traitorous Eight' who left to form Fairchild Semiconductor. Fairchild's success with silicon-based transistors, particularly their sale to IBM, marked a significant moment in computing history. However, the manufacturing process was flawed, leading to John Erie's invention of the planar process, which stabilized and improved transistor production. This innovation made Fairchild extremely profitable and led to the establishment of many 'Fairchildren' companies, which are responsible for over 92% of the world's computing power today. The narrative also touches on the development of the integrated circuit by Bob Noyce, which overcame the limitations of individual transistors and led to the creation of companies like Intel and AMD.

10:03

💡 The Dawn of Personal Computing and AI

The script moves into the era of personal computing, with the founding of Microsoft and Apple, which laid the groundwork for modern computing. It discusses the impact of personal computers on society and the importance of hands-on experience with technology from a young age. The narrative then shifts to AI advancements, particularly in the field of machine learning with the creation of backpropagation by Geoffrey Hinton. This algorithm revolutionized neural networks and led to the development of tools like NeuroShell. The script also covers IBM's Deep Blue, which defeated the world chess champion, showcasing the potential of AI.

15:04

🌐 The Internet and AI's Rapid Growth

The script discusses the impact of the internet on society and the creation of internet giants like Google, Amazon, and Facebook. It highlights the generation of massive amounts of data and the need for computers to analyze this information. The narrative then focuses on the resurgence of interest in neural networks, leading to the development of convolutional neural networks by Geoffrey Hinton. These networks have been widely adopted by tech giants for various applications, such as image recognition and product recommendations. The script also mentions the launch of ImageNet and the 'Big Bang' of AI, marked by the victory of AlexNet in the ImageNet competition, which was powered by GPUs and deep learning.

20:07

🚀 The Modern AI Revolution and Its Impact

The script concludes with the modern era of AI, where companies like Nvidia and Microsoft invest heavily in AI technologies, leading to their rise as some of the world's most valuable companies. It discusses the establishment of OpenAI and the development of GPT, which became a fast-growing app with over 100 million users. The narrative also covers the launch of AI tools for audio and images by various companies, marking the beginning of a new age of AI. The script ends with a reflection on the current state of AI and the significant investments being made in the industry, hinting at the potential future developments in AI and robotics.

Keywords

💡Enigma Machine

The Enigma Machine was an encryption device used by the Nazis during World War II to send secret messages. It played a critical role in the video's narrative as it set the stage for the need for codebreaking, leading to the development of early computers. Alan Turing's work on breaking the Enigma code is highlighted, showcasing the machine's significance in catalyzing advancements in computing technology.

💡Alan Turing

Alan Turing was a pioneering computer scientist and mathematician, central to the video's theme of the dawn of computing and artificial intelligence. Turing's conceptualization of the first computer to break the Enigma code and his formulation of the Turing Test to measure machine intelligence are emphasized, illustrating his profound impact on the field.

💡Semiconductor

A semiconductor is a material that can conduct electricity under certain conditions, making it a key component in modern electronics. In the video, Bill Shockley's invention of the transistor using germanium to create a semiconductor is highlighted as a pivotal moment, leading to more efficient and smaller computers, which revolutionized the technology industry.

💡Transistor

The transistor is a fundamental building block of modern electronics, used to amplify or switch electronic signals and electrical power. The video explains how the transistor, as an innovation over vacuum tubes, miniaturized computing power and laid the groundwork for the digital revolution, with applications ranging from transistor radios to powerful computers.

💡Artificial Intelligence (AI)

Artificial Intelligence refers to the simulation of human intelligence in machines. The video traces the evolution of AI from early theories to practical applications, with a focus on how AI has become integral to various technologies, from chatbots to complex algorithms that power modern computing and data analysis.

💡Neural Network

A neural network is a system of interconnected units or nodes inspired by the human brain, used to recognize patterns and solve complex problems. In the video, Marvin Minsky's early work on neural networks and their subsequent development into powerful tools for AI, like convolutional neural networks, are discussed, showing their importance in advancing machine learning capabilities.

💡Integrated Circuit

An integrated circuit is a miniaturized electronic circuit on a single chip, which greatly increased the efficiency and reduced the size of electronic devices. The video describes how the integrated circuit, invented by Bob Noyce, led to a new industry and enabled the creation of smaller, more powerful computers and electronic devices.

💡Microprocessor

A microprocessor is a compact integrated circuit that functions as the central processing unit of a computer. The video emphasizes the invention of the microprocessor by Intel as a significant step towards personal computing, making computers small and affordable enough for widespread use.

💡Machine Learning

Machine learning is a subset of AI that enables machines to learn and improve from experience without being explicitly programmed. The video discusses the development of machine learning algorithms, such as backpropagation, and their role in training computers to perform tasks like recognizing patterns and making predictions.

💡Deep Learning

Deep learning is a branch of machine learning based on artificial neural networks with many layers, capable of learning unsupervised from data. The video highlights deep learning's role in the 'Big Bang' of AI, particularly with the development of AlexNet, which marked a significant leap in the field's capabilities.

💡Convolutional Neural Network (CNN)

A Convolutional Neural Network is a type of deep learning model used primarily for analyzing visual imagery. The video explains how CNNs, developed by Geoffrey Hinton, revolutionized the field of AI by enabling computers to recognize and understand images, which has applications in various industries from social media to autonomous vehicles.

Highlights

1939 saw the world on the brink of technological warfare with the Nazis deploying the Enigma machine.

Alan Turing envisioned a new machine, the first computer, to break Enigma's code.

The 1940s marked the beginning of the era of computing and the potential of machines to think.

1946 highlighted the global military interest in computers, leading to a search for more efficient technology.

Bill Shockley's invention of the transistor in 1947 revolutionized computer power.

The transistor's ability to act as an electrical switch changed technology forever.

Alan Turing introduced the Turing test in 1950 to evaluate machine intelligence.

Marvin Minsky built the world's first working neuronet, laying the foundation for AI.

The transistor radio became the highest-selling consumer electronic device, showcasing compact electronics' power.

Bill Shockley's departure from Bell Labs to start Shockley Semiconductor marked a new era in tech startups.

The 'Traitorous Eight' left Shockley Semiconductor to form Fairchild Semiconductor, a pivotal moment in Silicon Valley history.

John Erie's planar process invention at Fairchild Semiconductor improved transistor manufacturing efficiency.

Bob Noyce's integrated circuit invention led to a new industry and the rise of 'Fairchildren' companies.

Joseph Weizenbaum's ELIZA chatbot in 1966 was an early AI milestone, simulating conversation through pattern matching.

Intel's invention of the microprocessor in 1971 was a significant step towards personal computing.

The 1970s saw the rise of Microsoft and Apple, laying the groundwork for modern computing.

IBM's Deep Blue victory in 1997 showcased the power of combining data, algorithms, and computing power in AI.

The 2000s brought the information age with internet companies generating vast amounts of data.

Jeffrey Hinton's work in neural networks and the development of convolutional neural networks (CNNs) advanced AI capabilities.

The ImageNet competition and the subsequent 'Big Bang' of AI in 2012 marked a turning point in deep learning.

Nvidia's focus on AI and the development of powerful microchips made them a leader in AI hardware.

Google's acquisition of DeepMind and its development of AlphaGo and AlphaZero solidified its position in AI.

OpenAI's launch of GPT and the rapid growth of AI applications highlighted the potential and investment in AI startups.

The current AI boom has led to over $40 billion a year being invested in AI startups, indicating a significant shift in technology focus.

Transcripts

the year is 1939 and the world Teeters

on the brink of technological Warfare as

the Nazis deploy the Enigma an

unbreakable encryption machine that

coordinates their attacks with deadly

precision and now the Allied Forces face

A new challenge and so in the Race

Against Time they turned to Alan Turing

a Visionary mathematician but

traditional cold breaking methods are

obsolete against the Enigma prompting

Turing to Envision a new machine his

creation the first computer not just a

cold breaker but the bear Rock for the

modern Digital World thus beginning the

era of computing and redefining not only

Warfare but the future of all human

civilization computers are supposed to

make life easier about one in three

American households has bought that

theory and purchased at PC what really

worries me today is what's going to

happen to us if machines can think and

what interests me specifically is can

they I'm convinced that machines can and

will think I don't mean that machines

will behave like men I don't think for a

very long time we going to have a

difficult problem distinguishing a man

from a robot and I don't think my

daughter will ever marry a computer but

I think the computers will be doing the

things that men do when we say that

thinking I'm convinced that machines can

will think In Our

[Music]

Lifetime the year is

1946 and now every military in the world

knows the power of computers and wants

one of their own but the current

technology used to power computers is

inefficient they're used in vacuum tubes

which works kind of like giant light

bulbs because they require a lot of

manual labor to maintain leaving some

military computers to be the size of a

warehouse and so this gets all of the

top scientists in the world to thinking

there has to be a better more efficient

way to power the computers and so 1947 a

brilliant physicist enters the picture

his name is Bill shock and he imagined a

new way to power computers using the

element geranium to create something

called a semiconductor and it turns out

that the semiconductor is the perfect

solution because in between materials

like metals that conduct electricity and

insulators like rubber and glass that

block electricity a semiconductor can do

both enabling it to act almost like an

electrical switch this eventually

becomes known as the transistor which

will completely change technology

forever but even though the applications

for the transistor are still just

theoretical it doesn't stop the smartest

people in the world from seeing the

future of computers because now the

future of computing power has been

shrunk down to the size of a fingertip

it's a transistor no bigger than a

kernel of corn which causes some of the

most Brilliant Minds to start imagining

a future with super powerful computers

exhibiting artificial intelligence can

machines really think even the

scientists argue that one until I see a

machine producing genuinely new things I

will not agree that machines think I

confidently expect that within a matter

of 10 or 15 years something will emerge

from the Laboratories which is not too

far from the robot of science fiction

fans so in 1950 Alan tur introduced us

to the imitation game also known as the

Turing test which is a test to determine

if a machine can exhibit intelligent

Behavior indistinguishable from that of

a human fundamentally questioning the

limits of artificial and human

intelligence and now the power of AI is

forever etched in the human psyche a

world in which a new machine may be of

even greater importance than the atomic

bomb this new Fascination into computers

forces top universities like Harvard MIT

and Princeton to begin offering degrees

in computer science and when you combine

that with the fact that computer

Engineers were becoming one of the

highest paid forms of skilled labor all

the world's smartest people began to

flock to these programs one of these

people is Marvin Minsky a 23-year-old

PhD candidate at pron University

inspired by Alan turing's paper on

artificial intelligence Minsky would

build the world's first working neuronet

using wires and six vacuum tubes as the

synapsis but even though the vacuum

tubes would fail regularly the machine

still worked and ultimately laid the

foundation for the field of artificial

intell

and the bay Rock that's the neural

network when I'm going to school in the

1950s there had been some theories of

what neural networks could do fast

forward a few years and now Bill

shockley's invention of the transistor

has led to the transistor radio and it

quickly becomes the highest selling

consumer electronic device of all time

and now the world gets its first taste

of the power of compact electronics and

so everyone begins to imagine the

possibilities of what the transistor can

do one will be able to make a flat

television tube for sample this leads

Bill shley the transistor's inventor to

leave his job at bail labs and start

Shockley semiconductor a company geared

tours manufacturing the transist but

shakle can't do it alone so he began to

rate PHD programs and electronic

companies for Bright Young Minds people

like Gordon Moore a chemist at John

Hopkins and Robert no a PhD from MIT and

an upand cominging rock star in the

world of transist all in all shley

enlist 12 other Geniuses to join shley

semiconductor with them and so after

being founded in 1954 shakley

semiconductor becomes the Talk of the

Town because shley is determined to

place the company in his hometown of

paloalto officially making it just the

third Tech startup ever to be

headquartered in Silicon Valley but it

wouldn't last long cuz in 1956 just a

few months after shakley will be given

the Nobel Prize for the transistor eight

of the 12 Men He personally recruited

would defect from shakley semiconductor

and create their own company Fairchild

semiconductor a startup dedicated to

manufacturing transition through Z scale

and shock being the big mad hater that

he is gives the man the notorious name

the Traer is

eight

on and it was perfect timing because

within months Fairchild semiconductor

had already become profitable selling

100 silicon based transistors to IBM to

power the navigation system for the

military's B70 bomber and this sale was

a landmark moment in the world of

computing because it proved that the

Silicon based semiconductors were

superior to the original geranium based

one was created by Shak and the profit

margin per transistor was 30 times

larger than that of the geranium based

ones and now the US military needed

hundreds no thousands of transistors to

power everything from computers to

ballistic

missiles but the transist current

manufacturing process was inefficient

half of the ones provided ballot

military had to be recalled because all

it would take as a simple knockup

against the wall for the entire

transistor to stop working and even

though Fairchild was known for making

the best transistors in the world this

inefficient manufacturing process would

pose a huge problem for the entire

industry and so insert random genius

number four John Erie a physicist at

Fairchild that invented a new more

efficient way to manufacture transistors

called the planar process the process

was about adding a layer of coating to

the top of the transistor to increase

the stability and durability of the

semiconductor it was a brilliant and

much needed improvement over the

semiconductor manufacturing process that

would change the world of computing

forever

Mone this all while making Fairchild

semiconductor richer than ever due to

the patent it held over the process

because now if anybody wanted to make a

transistor they had to use the planar

process which means they had to pay

Fairchild and so this patent alone leads

Wall Street to become freakishly bullish

on Fairchild leading to quarter after

quarter of groundbreaking profits and

all-time highs on stock price but with

profit soaring fast Fairchild

semiconductor and the entire industry

was still facing a huge problem you see

the current transistor was limited to

scale because it could only do one thing

at a time so if you wanted to do a

million things you need a million

transistors putting the entire industry

at a stalemate because most computers

were beginning to reach a plateau due to

the diminishing limitations of the

transistor this prompted Bob noise the

brilliant leader of Fairchild to create

the integrated circuit a way for

transistors to operate together in

unison like a network but if we're being

honest Bob totally took the idea from a

Texas insance employee named Jack Hilby

who technically created it first but

Jack's version wasn't nearly as good as

Bob's and so to put things into

perspective it kind of reminded me of

when Tony Stark was able to build the

arc reactor with next to nothing while

every other scientist struggled to

recreate it Tony Stark was able to build

this in a cave with a box of scraps well

I'm sorry I'm not Tony Stark so Bob

noise's invention of the integrated

circuit Creator the brand new industry

because now there's a growing Global

need for transistors a demand that

Fairchild just couldn't fulfill on its

own so this caused a mass Exodus of

Fairchild semiconductor employees to

leave and start their own semiconductor

companies giving them the name Fair

children companies like LSI logic AMD

and Intel founded by Bob noise himself

in fact still to this day over 92% of

the world's computing power can be

traced back to Fair children and you

worked at LSI and AMD before starting a

company how did that happen they gave me

a job but by the me mid 1960s demand for

the integrated circuit skyrocketed from

the US's Space Race with Russia and from

big businesses demanding their own

custombuilt computers but up until this

point the concept of artificial

intelligence was still just a science

fiction dream that is until 1966 when a

computer scientist at MIT named Joseph

weisen bomb decided to change that by

building the world's first chatbot named

Eliza using IBM 794 computer Eliza is a

computer program that anyone can

converse with via the keyboard and it'll

reply on the screen directly inspired by

Marvin Minsky's neural network from a

decade earlier Eliza's simulated

conversation by using pattern matching

and substitution methodology that gave

users the illusion of understanding but

it didn't matter because several people

who Ed Eliza still felt like they were

really talking to a person well my

boyfriend made me come here and so now

the world was aware of the all inspiring

power of artificial intelligence and the

power of computers and so in 1971 Intel

landed a contract with a Japanese

company named busicom to build a series

of integrated circuit transistors for

busac com's new Advanced forecast and

calculator but the requirements for the

customized integrated circuit were just

too complicated to build it using the

current technology and so Intel realized

that no form of the integrated circuit

could solve the problem and so they

needed to think outside of the box and

so a young engineer at Intel named tan

hler realized that the only way to make

the requirements simpler was to build a

tiny computer itself that could process

all the requests independent L and

efficiently he called it a

microprocessor a computer that's the

size of your fingertips this was a

series of small steps in trying to

improve the busycal design that finally

led to what ultimately became the 40004

the first

microprocessor so Intel's invention of

the microprocessor uses in a new wave of

thinking towards computers because For

the First Time computers can now get

small enough and cheap enough to on the

desk but unfortunately there's very few

companies focusing strictly on building

actual computers themselves this Gap

inspired dozens of entrepreneurs to come

in and feel that need so by the late

1970s we get Microsoft and Apple the

founding of the two richest companies in

the world today that will lay the

groundwork for modern Computing over 97%

of the kids that graduate from high

school have hands-on experience with an

apple before they graduate these kids

are growing up learning how to use this

new tool in many many phases of their

life and so very rapidly the process of

the integration of personal computers

into the society will be accomplished

and these companies fors the road that

led to the PC boom of the 80s and early

'90s

single-handedly capturing 96% of the PC

market between them but even though

computers were selling like hotcakes

year-over-year the biggest artificial

intelligence breakthroughs during the

time wasn't in Computing but rather in

the world of math because in 1986 a

brilliant British computer scientist

named Jeffrey H H created back

propagation which is a machine learning

algorithm that acts like a teacher who

helps the computer learn from his

mistakes it checks the computer's

answers sees where went wrong and then

gives it tips on how it can improve the

next time immediately the back

propagation becomes the Cornerstone for

all neuron Nets inspiring companies like

Ward systems to invent neuro shell one

of the world's first forecasting tools

using back propagation and machine

learning but neuronet wasn't the only

way that AI was advancing because in

1997 IBM built deep blue an AI program

that Ed a highly sophisticated search

algorithm a database of games played and

combined it with brw Force computing

power to beat the world's best chess

player but little did they know at the

time IBM's win gave the blueprint for

the future of AI which is when you

combine large volumes of data strong

algorithms and a lot of compute power

you can build something super

intelligent but more on that later

because by the late '90s the power of

computers combined with the internet has

taken over Humanity because now new

millionaires are being minted overnight

by building companies that are taking

our analog world digital well if you do

your social networking on the net then

you know about facebook.com the website

is the latest and hottest thing its

founder is a 22-year-old computer whz

who turned down get this a billion bucks

to sell his site to Yahoo the creation

of internet companies like Google Amazon

and Facebook brings about the

information age and now there are

hundreds of companies generating more

data every year than all of humanity did

in a

century so this creates a new Need for

computers to be able to analyze all of

this big amounts of data so top

companies start paying the world's best

computer scientists for new and

innovative ways to analyze the data

which brings us back to Jeffrey Hinton

remember him the young computer

scientist that helped create back

propagation well he's no longer a

student now he's a professor at the

University of Toronto that's training

the next generation of Minds in AI

and all of this big data being generated

by these new internet companies renews

this interest in the idea of neuronet

and finding ways to take them to the

next level so in 2006 Jeffrey Hinton

created a new algorithm called the

convolutional neuron Network a way that

computers can begin to think recognize

patterns and even images a convolutional

neural networks instantly become a hit

amongst Tech Giants Facebook and Google

uses them to tag and recognize photos

Amazon uses it as a way to recommend the

next product that you will buy and apple

uses it as a cool way to unlock your

phone now this algorithm becomes so

important to the AI community that it

gives Jeffrey Hinton a new name the

Godfather of

[Music]

AI you're the father

of whether you think artificial

intelligence will save the world or end

it you have Jeffrey Hinton to thank

Hinton has been called The Godfather of

AI you're seen as like a Godfather of

this industry do you have any concern

about what you've wrought a British

computer scientist whose controversial

ideas help make advanced artificial

intelligence possible and so changed the

world but even though every major tech

company is finding useful ways to use

convolutional neural networks to analyze

the data everyone knows that there's

still a huge opportunity to unlock true

intelligence so in 2007 a professor out

of cowtech named Dr fth F Lee launched

imet a new competition dedicated to

providing the world's largest open-

source data set in order to find the

best algorithm in the world that can

exhibit true intelligence we were

thrilled to have put together imag net

and we wanted the whole research world

to benefit from it we opened up the

entire data set for free so for a few

years she announces the winners but

nothing happens that isn't until 2012

where our old friend Jeffrey inton

decided to enter the competition with

two of his students ilas sger and Alice

kesy together they submit their CNN

model called alexnet and ladies and

gentlemen let me tell you this moment is

so big in the AI world that they

literally call it the Big Bang of AI the

Big Bang of deep learning the Big Bang

of modern AI it's universally known as

the day that AI was born but hold up

because the alexl algorithm wasn't the

only thing that powered the AI model

because do you remember the formula to

AI that IBM laid out with deep blue data

plus model plus compute well guess what

the real secret here with the GPU

computing power behind it created by

Nvidia Jeff Hinton reached out to us and

we started hearing about that and yeah I

guess 2012 was also the year when Alex

net came out yeah we started feeling it

we started hearing about it before that

and then imag net kind of it was it was

the Big Bang if you will got all of our

attention yeah and it was this

breakthrough that forced Nvidia CEO

Jensen Wong to completely DISD

development of the comp's core product

which up until that point was graphics

cards for video games and now Jensen has

decided to bet the farm on the future of

AI by building the most powerful

microchips in the world that will power

them a bet that will totally pay off

almost a decade later because as of

today Nvidia is currently the third

richest company in the world because

they power 92% of the world's AI the

California based company saw its stock

market value soore from 1 trillion to $2

trillion in just 8 months few Red by the

insatiable demand for its cuttingedge

technology the hardware and software

that make today's artificial

intelligence possible but Nvidia going

all in in 2012 only caus us Google to

follow suit except they don't focus on

computing power instead they decide to

focus on dominating the space of

breakthrough algorithms Google is buying

Deep Mind an artificial intelligence

company for an unknown amount of money

that may exceed actually $500 million so

they buy up and hire every brilliant

mind in the world of AI including DNN

research the company founded by our good

buddy Jeffrey hitton and his two

students that were on imet and by 2015

Google has a complete Monopoly on the

frontier AI model space but Google's

hoarding of AI Talent starts to concern

a lot of Silicon Valley billionaires

like Reed hman Peter teal and Elon

Musk you see like many of us there were

that if the world built a true super

intelligent Ai and the only people with

access to it was a closed source

for-profit company well let's just say

there's a half a dozen movies showing us

why that's a bad

idea so to fight back against Google

Elon and the Gang decide to start open

AI an open source nonprofit company

geared towards building AGI safely but

there's only one problem none of them

are Ai genuses and there's no way to

compete with Google without the talent

so Elon decides to personally recruit

ilas sucer from Google you remember him

he was one of the three mins behind Alex

net and a re student of Jeffrey Hinton

and so Elon works his magic and steals

Ilia from Google but elon's recruitment

of Ilia suger doesn't come without a

cost because he loses a lifelong friend

in Larry pagee but this new rivalry

supercharges Larry pige so he triples

down with Googles investment in Deep

Mind and AI so in 2016 Deep Mind builds

Alpha go an AI program that beat the

strongest go player in the world follow

directly by Alpha zero a chess program

that does the same and these apps

instantly validate deep M they Google as

kings of the AI world but they weren't

done because in 2017 Google also

stumbled across Transformers Autobots

roll out we Roll n not those

Transformers I'm talking about the AI

model which is now one of the most

powerful AI Tools around and so I want

you to think of Transformers as super

smart robots that can read a lot of

books really fast holy C you can read

but these new Transformer models get the

entire AI World thinking what if we

throw a bunch of text Data at

Transformer and then have humans talk to

them to train them could we build a

better version of Eliza the chat bot

from the 1960s and several companies all

have the same idea the most notable of

which is open AI but there's a big

problem in the plan remember building AI

requires a lot of computing power which

in turn requires a lot of capital

capital that they don't have despite

having the richest man in the world as a

co-founder and now open ey knows that it

needs a minimum of $1 billion to even

compete with Google so they decid to

broker deal with Microsoft to give them

the money necessary to build AI

applications in exchange for cap profits

but this decision totally pisses off

Elon because from his perspective the

entire purpose of open AI was to be open

source and the deal with Microsoft only

leavs the company right back to the road

that deep mine and Google were on this

Rift leads to Elon leaving open Ai and

Sam mman becoming the sole CEO of the

company so in 2020 with Sam acting as

CEO he manages to procure $10 billion

investment for from Microsoft and now

fueled by this new Fusion of capital

open AI launched an updated version of

Elijah a chatting generative pre-trained

Transformer in 2022 and within months

the tool reaches 100 million users

becoming the fastest growing app in

history but during this year Chad GPT

wasn't the only AI app Making Waves

because during the same year other

companies like 11 Labs mid jery and

stability AI all launch groundbreaking

gener of AI tools for audio and images s

sending the entire world into the age of

AI and that brings us to today and now 2

years of explosive AI growth has fueled

the industry more than ever and now over

$40 billion a year is being invested in

AI startups and Nvidia and Microsoft are

now two of the three richest companies

in the world all because of their bets

on AI and startups like op AR are now

seeking over $7 trillion doll in

investment to begin this long turn bet

on AI tips and robotic production but

it's unclear where the technology will

go from here and if you want to learn

more then I highly suggest that you read

this book called Chip War by Chris

Miller it's a really amazing read I'll

put the link in the description below

Chip War explains the intense level of

Rd that went into the AI industry over

the years and it explains why companies

like Nvidia tsmc and asml are all

skyrocketing and value and if you're

looking for more history on artificial

intelligence then go watch this video

about how Nvidia built the Monopoly on

gpus it's a really good story and thanks

for

watching down

and my mother