Module 1: Topic 1 (UTS in Philosophical Perspective)
Summary
TLDRThe lecture introduces the philosophical exploration of the self, discussing various thinkers' perspectives on the mind-body relationship. It covers the views of Socrates, Plato, Augustine, Aquinas, Descartes, Locke, Hume, Kant, Freud, Gilbert Ryle, Paul Churchland, and Maurice Merleau-Ponty. Each philosopher offers unique insights into the nature of the self, ranging from dualism and memory theory to the idea that the self is shaped by perception and brain states. The discussion encourages students to reflect on what knowing oneself truly means and how different philosophical perspectives contribute to understanding human existence and identity.
Takeaways
- 😀 The self is a central topic in Psych 1100, exploring the philosophical perspective of whether we are just minds or a combination of body and mind.
- 🧠 Socrates believed in the pre-existence of the soul and its existence beyond the physical body, emphasizing the importance of knowledge to overcome ignorance.
- 💎 Plato supported the idea of the self as a combination of body and soul, with the soul being the true, unchanging self that exists in the world of forms.
- 🕊️ Augustine of Hippo viewed the soul as capable of thriving in the physical world and existing eternally with God, highlighting the soul's connection to the divine.
- 🌟 Aquinas believed the soul animates the body, making us human, and that without the soul, we are not truly human.
- 🤔 Descartes, the father of modern philosophy, emphasized 'cogito ergo sum' (I think, therefore I am), asserting the mind's consciousness as evidence of existence.
- 🔍 Locke proposed that personal identity is rooted in self-consciousness and memory, with the mind starting as a 'tabula rasa' (blank slate) influenced by experiences.
- 🌈 Hume argued that the self is not an entity but a bundle of constantly changing perceptions, with no permanent or unchanging essence.
- 🏛️ Kant believed in free will and reason, stating that individuals are moral agents capable of making decisions based on duty and rational deliberation.
- 🧩 Freud introduced the concepts of the id, ego, and superego, suggesting the self is multi-layered, influenced by biological needs, reality, and ethical components.
- 🎭 Ryle viewed the self as the sum of behaviors and actions, not as a separate entity but as的表现 of our physical and mental states.
Q & A
What is the central theme of the lecture on 'Psych 1100 Understanding the Self'?
-The central theme of the lecture is to explore the concept of the self from various philosophical perspectives, discussing whether the self is just a mind or a combination of body and mind.
What is the philosophical stance of Socrates on the existence of the soul?
-Socrates believed that the soul exists before the body and that it is the cause of ignorance in humans, which leads to problems. He also believed in systematic questioning to understand the self.
How did Plato view the relationship between the body and the soul?
-Plato supported the idea that humans are composed of both body and soul. He believed in the existence of two realms: the world of forms, which is the permanent reality, and the world of materials, which is a replica of the true self.
What does Augustine of Hippo believe about the soul's existence after death?
-Augustine of Hippo believed that the soul can exist in an eternal realm with the transcendent God after the death of the body.
What is the significance of the soul according to Thomas Aquinas?
-Thomas Aquinas believed that the soul is what animates the body and makes us human. Without the soul, one is not truly human.
What is the famous philosophical assertion by René Descartes about the self?
-René Descartes asserted 'cogito, ergo sum' or 'I think, therefore I am,' emphasizing that the self is a thinking thing distinct from the body.
How does John Locke define personal identity?
-John Locke defined personal identity through self-consciousness and the continuity of personal identity based on memory, suggesting that we are the same person as long as we can remember something from the past.
What is David Hume's view on the concept of a permanent self?
-David Hume believed that the self is not an entity beyond the physical body but a bundle of constantly changing perceptions, and that the idea of an enduring self is a fiction produced by our imagination.
What does Immanuel Kant argue about human beings in terms of free will and morality?
-Immanuel Kant argued that humans are free agents capable of making decisions for themselves. He believed that a moral person is one who is driven by duty and acts towards the fulfillment of that duty.
How does Sigmund Freud describe the structure of the self in terms of the id, ego, and superego?
-Sigmund Freud described the self as being composed of the id, which represents biological needs and impulses, the ego, which operates on the reality principle, and the superego, which provides moral standards.
What is Gilbert Ryle's perspective on the self in relation to behavior?
-Gilbert Ryle believed that the self is not a distinct entity but the way people behave. He argued that self is not something one can locate and analyze but is the name people use to refer to all behaviors made by individuals.
What does Paul Churchland propose about the relationship between the self and the brain?
-Paul Churchland proposed that the self is the brain and is defined by mental states, moods, emotions, actions, and consciousness, which are deeply affected by the state of our brain.
Outlines
🧠 Philosophical Perspectives on the Self
The script begins with an introduction to the topic of 'Understanding the Self' from a philosophical viewpoint. It explores whether humans are merely minds or a combination of body and mind. The instructor poses questions about the nature of self-knowledge, referencing the idea that self-awareness is true wisdom and power. The discussion then delves into various philosophical viewpoints, starting with Socrates' belief in the pre-existence of the soul and the impact of the material world on knowledge and ignorance. Plato's theory of Forms is mentioned, suggesting that the material world is an imitation of the true, unchanging reality of the world of Forms. The lecture aims to cover the self from various perspectives, including those of Socrates, Plato, and other philosophers.
📜 Platonic and Cartesian Views on the Self
This paragraph continues the exploration of the self by discussing Plato's and Descartes' philosophies. Plato believed in the duality of body and soul, with the soul being the permanent and unchanging aspect, and the body part of the material world. Descartes' famous assertion 'I think, therefore I am' is highlighted, emphasizing the mind as a thinking entity separate from the body. Descartes is credited with founding modern philosophy and introducing the concept of mind-body dualism, where the mind and body are distinct yet intimately connected, with the mind continuing to exist after the body's death.
💭 Theories of Personal Identity and Self-Consciousness
The lecture moves on to discuss personal identity and self-consciousness, referencing Locke's tabula rasa theory and his memory theory of personal identity. Locke believed that the continuity of personal identity is maintained through memory. It then contrasts this with Hume's view that the self is not a fixed entity but a bundle of perceptions that change over time. There is a critique of the idea of a permanent self, suggesting that it is a fiction created by our imagination.
🧐 Free Will and the Self According to Kant
The script introduces Kant's perspective on the self, focusing on the concepts of free will and duty. Kant believed that humans are free agents capable of making their own decisions, and that a moral person acts out of a sense of duty. He emphasized the importance of reason and rational deliberation in determining one's duty, advocating for self-guidance over emotional impulses.
🌟 Modern Theories on the Self and Consciousness
The final paragraph summarizes various modern theories on the self. Freud's psychoanalytic approach is mentioned, with the id, ego, and superego being key components of personality. Gilbert Ryle is cited for his view that the self is not a separate entity but a collection of behaviors. Paul Churchland's perspective that the self is the brain and its mental states is also discussed, suggesting that manipulating the brain can alter one's feelings and actions. The lecture concludes with the idea that the self is a product of conscious human experience, defined by one's subjective perception of their thoughts, emotions, and experiences.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Self
💡Philosophical Perspective
💡Socrates
💡Plato
💡Augustine of Hippo
💡Aquinas
💡Rene Descartes
💡John Locke
💡David Hume
💡Emanuel Kant
💡Sigmund Freud
💡Gilbert Ryle
💡Paul Churchland
Highlights
The philosophical debate on whether the self is just a mind or a combination of body and mind.
The statement that knowing oneself is true wisdom and mastering oneself is true power.
Socrates' view that the soul exists before the body and ignorance causes problems to a man.
Plato's theory of the self as consisting of both body and soul, with the soul being the permanent and unchanging reality.
Augustine of Hippo's belief in the soul's ability to thrive in physical reality and its eternal existence with God.
Aquinas' perspective that the soul animates the body and is essential for being human.
Descartes' famous 'cogito, ergo sum' and the distinction between mind and body.
Locke's memory theory, which posits that personal identity is maintained through memory.
Hume's argument that the self is a bundle of constantly changing perceptions, denying the existence of a permanent self.
Kant's emphasis on free will and the importance of rational deliberation in determining moral duties.
Freud's psychoanalytic perspective, including the concepts of id, ego, and superego.
Ryle's critique of the 'ghost in the machine' concept, asserting that the self is not separate from the body.
Churchland's view that the self is the brain and mental states are influenced by brain manipulation.
The idea that the self is a product of conscious human experience and is subjectively defined.
The conclusion that the self is multifaceted and can be understood from various philosophical perspectives.
Transcripts
good morning class
i am here again to discuss our first
topic in
psych 1100 understanding the self
in philosophical perspective
uh
the self so bagoyan
baguian discussion
are we just minds or a combination of
body and mind
so as an individual we have different
beliefs we have different opinions
about this topic but i hope the
bhagatapus noun subject
i also have another question here what
does knowing yourself
mean when i say i
i know myself
knowing others is intelligence knowing
yourself is true wisdom
mastering others strength mastering
yourself
is true power if you really realize
that you have enough you are truly rich
so for him
knowing knowing yourself or knowing
oneself
before other people because
it's it is our uh wealth
and let's start our discussion chapter
one the cell from various perspectives
so philosophy and philosophy
traditionally they are known
as a lover of wisdom
an intellectual who has devoted their
time
their lives to study the meaning of life
if there are questions in their mind
so
we are composed of both body and soul
and according to socrates
before man's body merong soul and
existence
that exists over time and
a material world uh
this resulted in the lack of knowledge
or ignorance which
causes problems to a man and
he is also the first pilot superna that
engage
or next study about a systematic
questioning about
cell second one is plato
about self supported the idea that man
is a jewel
nature of body and soul so he also
believed
that we are consist of consistent of
body and soul and
nani niwala in two in the economy
of the ideal world the world of forms
and the world of materials for plato
world of worms is the permanent
unchanging reality
and for him world of materials
it is uh
permanent so human beings according to
plato
we are composed of body and soul
and jung soul nathan
the permanent and changing self dimas so
world of world of forms
on the other hand is is not the real
self but only a replica of our true self
so um
world of materials according to plato
and
according to him the soul exists before
birth and lib's room for the possibility
that it might serve by
bodily death okay so the third one
is augustine of hippo
um
nah
god and sabinya body can only thrive in
the imperfect physical reality that
is the world where his soul can also
stay
after that in an eternal realm with the
all
transcendent gods so he believed na
and
the reason that make us recognize this
loss
we can discern the distinction between
right and
[Music]
according to him
according to him man is composed of two
parts
the first one is the mater or the heil
in greek
and the second one is the form or
morphine
it is a man's body part at your form
it is the essence of a substance or
thing
and according to aquinas the soul is
what
animates the body it is what makes us
human so for him
you're not a human without the soul
it's not human without soul
and uh the next one is uh
rene descartes sabina i think therefore
i
am the self is a thinking thing this
thing from the body
and uh rene descartes
was is also the father of modern
philosophy
and he emphasized the kogito ergosome
which means the consciousness of mind
leads to an evidence of his existence
despite the fact that he
is doubting the existence of everything
physical including his own body so
sabine adito
human person as having a body and mind
body is nothing else but a machine that
attached
to the mind so without
without the mind there is no body
and nani
and he also added that
mind and body are separated to each
other and
very distinct another
but also he all believed that mind is
conjoined with body in such
intimate way that they casually act upon
each other
and sabine you are your body
and your mind the body can be described
in a precise structured manner like
a mathematical formula but the mind is
not contained
like that and it's allowed to pursue its
own thoughts
and when the body is gone the mind they
continue to exist and function
according to rene dicar and the other
one is
jan la according to him personal
identity is made possible by
self-consciousness
and he believed that mind is first
considered at
astabula rasa ebiksa and blank state
because of your surroundings unlike the
first few fallout suppers
then they discuss
and for him there is no innate ideas
the concept of person's memory in the
definition of self
and subscribe to the memory theory that
holds
we are the same person as we were in the
past for as long
as we can remember something from the
past
so mahalaka uh john
memory because
your memory according to him is what
makes you
a person so the next one is david um
according to him
self is not an entity over and beyond
the physical body
only a bundle of constantly changing
perception
passing through the theater of our mind
so
only attain knowledge by experiencing
just like
jan la he believed in the existence of
the mind
and what's inside the mind is divided
into two anub
impressions
in our minds even though we are no
longer experiencing them
ideas the self keeps on changing like
how one looks
once feels and one things they
constantly
change and enduring self is just a
fiction produced by our imagination
and according to him there is no
permanent
and unchanging self a person is a bundle
of perception
about yourself
as time goes by according to him
in conclusion for him there is no self
it is uh changing over time and then the
next one emanuel
he believed that man is a free agent
capable of making decisions for himself
as a free agent
man is gifted with reason and free will
is
an immoral person is the one who is
driven by duty and acts
towards the fulfillment of that duty
so sinas is
responsible and for us to know what is
our duty we have to
rationally deliberate on it and not
expect that a higher authority
will hand it automatically
my free will and we have the freedom to
decide
we cannot let the emotion guide us
and then from this data
the way we organize we can now have a
good idea of
a man uh
known as a father of was known as the
father of psychoanalysis
one of his famous ideas was the
uh eat the ego and the super ego
biological nature or biological needs
the impulse and the bodily desires
how about how about the ego the ego is
the self it is the reality principle and
the super ego represents ethical
components of personality
and provides moral standards by which
ego
operates
our self is multi-layered so without it
without ego without
super ego there is no self and then next
one is gilbert ryle for himself is the
way
people behave
individual is not distinct from the body
and
certain aspect of our bodies and
self is not an entity one can locate and
analyze
but simply the convenient name that
people use to refer
all the behaviors that people make
for example
you describe
and the bind is not like a specific
separate entity because
our mind is a part of our body and we
can only know
a person through how he behaves the how
he act
and the tendencies the reactions that he
will make in
different circumstances uh next naman
i see paul church land in partnership
with
her his wife sabinella self is the brain
it is the mental states
about your opinion or perception about
my about self so your moods emotions
actions consciousness
are deeply effect affected by the state
of our brain
manipulating certain parts of the brain
feelings actions physical state
are successfully altered by the shang
for him a person is defined by virtue
of movement and expression the but
itself is to be more than one's
body and it includes all the things that
i will do with my body how
how i will act on it and how i will make
it
act in conscience with other human
beings
the self is a product of our conscious
human experience
and for him the definition itself is
about
one's perception very subjective
and subbing a living body his thoughts
emotions and experiences
are all alone it is
embodied subjectivity how you define
yourself
it's subjective how i define myself it's
subjective and
there is no wrong how i define myself
there is no wrong how you define myself
so
that ends our discussion on topic one
thank you so much for listening i hope
nah
happy virtual learning god bless
everyone
تصفح المزيد من مقاطع الفيديو ذات الصلة
Philo Perspectives about the Self (not for sharing)
UTS Philosophy of the Self
Understanding the Self: The Self from Various Philosophical Perspectives
Prelim Understanding the Self
LESSON 1: PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVE OF THE SELF || Understanding the Self - Marvin Cabañero
Philosopher's Understanding of Self (Maurice Merleau-Ponty
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