Letusannya Hampir Bikin Manusia Punah? Penyebab Zaman Es? Erupsi Gunung Toba! | Learning By Googling

Sepulang Sekolah
28 Aug 202418:28

Summary

TLDRThe video script discusses the colossal eruption of Mount Toba, one of the largest volcanic events in Earth's history, occurring around 74,000 years ago. It explores the eruption's massive scale, which was a thousand times larger than the 1883 Krakatoa eruption, and its global impact, including a significant drop in temperature and the potential to trigger an ice age. The script also delves into the 'Toba Catastrophe Theory,' which suggests the eruption nearly led to human extinction, causing a genetic bottleneck. However, recent findings challenge this theory, indicating that while the eruption was massive, its effects might not have been as severe as previously thought. The video also considers the eruption's role in human innovation and survival, suggesting it may have driven human advancement rather than extinction.

Takeaways

  • 🌋 The Toba Caldera eruption is considered one of the largest volcanic eruptions in the last 2.5 million years, and possibly the largest in the last 28 million years according to some sources.
  • 🔥 The eruption of Mount Toba was so massive that it released an amount of volcanic ash that was equivalent to thousands of times the bomb yield of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
  • 🏞️ The eruption resulted in the creation of Lake Toba, one of the largest volcanic lakes in the world.
  • 🌍 The volcanic ash from Toba was found as far as China and Africa, indicating the global reach of the eruption's effects.
  • 🗻 The volcanic ash layer from the eruption is as thick as 600 meters in some areas, which is about four times the height of the Statue of Liberty.
  • 🌡️ The eruption caused a significant drop in global temperatures by 3 to 5 degrees Celsius for several years, and up to 15 degrees Celsius in some places.
  • 🧬 The Toba eruption is theorized to have caused a genetic bottleneck in Homo sapiens, reducing the genetic diversity of the human population.
  • 🐟 The eruption is believed to have led to a shift in human diet, with an increase in fish consumption as terrestrial animals became scarce due to the environmental changes.
  • 🏺 Archaeological evidence suggests that the eruption may have spurred innovation, such as the creation of stone-tipped harpoons for fishing, found in Ethiopia dating back to around the time of the eruption.
  • 🤔 The 'Toba catastrophe theory' suggests that the eruption nearly led to the extinction of humans, but recent findings challenge this, indicating that humans outside of Africa may have survived.
  • 🌿 Despite the massive eruption, some civilizations, such as those in the Indus Valley, are believed to have survived, contradicting the theory that all humans outside Africa were wiped out.

Q & A

  • What is the significance of Mount Toba's eruption in the top 20 volcanic eruptions?

    -Mount Toba's eruption is considered the largest volcanic eruption in the top 20, being the most massive in the last 2.5 million years according to some sources, or even the last 28 million years according to Forbes. It is ranked as a supervolcano with a Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) of 8, which is the highest possible rating.

  • What is the Toba Catastrophe Theory and how does it relate to the eruption of Mount Toba?

    -The Toba Catastrophe Theory suggests that the massive eruption of Mount Toba around 74,000 years ago led to a significant drop in global temperatures, potentially causing a volcanic winter. This theory links the eruption to various events around the time of the eruption, including the onset of an ice age and a genetic bottleneck in human populations.

  • How did the eruption of Mount Toba affect the global climate?

    -The eruption of Mount Toba is believed to have caused a global temperature drop of 3 to 5 degrees Celsius for several years, and in some places, the temperature drop reached up to 15 degrees Celsius. This led to a significant cooling effect on the planet.

  • What is a genetic bottleneck, and how is it related to the eruption of Mount Toba?

    -A genetic bottleneck occurs when a species' population is drastically reduced, leading to limited genetic diversity. The eruption of Mount Toba is thought to have caused such a reduction in human populations, leading to a genetic bottleneck in Homo sapiens and possibly other species.

  • What evidence is there to suggest that not all humans were affected by the Toba eruption?

    -Recent findings, such as the discovery of ancient civilizations' remains in India dating back to the time of the Toba eruption, suggest that some humans were able to survive outside of Africa. This challenges the theory that all humans outside of Africa were wiped out by the eruption.

  • How did the Toba eruption influence human innovation and survival strategies?

    -The Toba eruption is believed by some to have forced humans to innovate and adapt to new survival strategies, such as developing new tools and shifting their diet to include more fish due to the scarcity of land animals and the drying up of water sources.

  • What is the current scientific consensus on the impact of the Toba eruption on human populations?

    -While the Toba eruption was undoubtedly massive, recent scientific findings suggest that its impact on human populations may not have been as severe as once thought. Some researchers argue that the eruption did not cause a long-lasting volcanic winter or a significant reduction in the global human population.

  • What is the significance of Lake Toba, which was formed as a result of the Mount Toba eruption?

    -Lake Toba, formed by the eruption, is now the largest volcanic lake in the world. It is a testament to the scale of the eruption and serves as a geological record of this significant event in Earth's history.

  • How does the Toba eruption compare to other historical volcanic eruptions like Krakatoa and Tambora?

    -The eruption of Mount Toba was much larger than other historical eruptions like Krakatoa (VEI 6) and Tambora (VEI 7). The Toba eruption's VEI of 8 indicates that it was an order of magnitude more powerful than the Krakatoa eruption and significantly more massive than Tambora.

  • What are the current debates among scientists regarding the Toba eruption's impact on human history?

    -Scientists are currently debating whether the Toba eruption nearly led to the extinction of humans or instead spurred innovation and adaptation. Some argue that the eruption's impact has been overstated, while others maintain that it was a pivotal moment in human history.

Outlines

00:00

🌋 The Cataclysmic Eruption of Mount Toba

The video segment discusses the colossal eruption of Mount Toba, one of the largest volcanic events in the last 2.5 million years. It compares the eruption's power to the atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, emphasizing the massive scale of volcanic ash that reached heights four times that of the Mona Lisa. The eruption, which occurred around 74,000 years ago, is believed to have been so devastating that it nearly led to the extinction of humans, creating a genetic bottleneck in the Homo sapiens population. The video also mentions that the eruption led to the formation of Lake Toba, one of the world's largest volcanic lakes, and highlights the global impact of the eruption, including significant climate changes.

05:01

🌍 Global Impact and The Toba Catastrophe Theory

This paragraph delves into the global consequences of the Mount Toba eruption, including the significant drop in global temperatures by 3 to 5 degrees Celsius for several years, and in some places, up to 15 degrees Celsius. It introduces the Toba Catastrophe Theory, which suggests that the eruption might have triggered an ice age and caused a drastic reduction in the human population, leading to a genetic bottleneck. The theory posits that only a small group of humans in Africa survived the catastrophe, which could explain the limited genetic diversity in modern humans. The video also discusses the discovery of volcanic ash deposits across Asia and Africa, indicating the far-reaching effects of the eruption.

10:02

🧬 Genetic Implications and The Debate on Toba's Impact

The video explores the genetic implications of the Toba eruption, suggesting that it may have caused a near-extinction event for humans outside of Africa, leading to a significant reduction in the global human population. It discusses the theory that the eruption's impact was not as severe as previously thought, with some scientists arguing that it did not cause a prolonged cold period or trigger an ice age. The paragraph also introduces the discovery of ancient civilizations in India that survived the eruption, challenging the theory that all humans outside of Africa were wiped out. The video presents a debate among scientists about the exact impact of the eruption on human populations and the environment.

15:08

🏞️ Innovation and Survival Post-Toba Eruption

In this segment, the video discusses how the Toba eruption may have spurred innovation and advancement among human survivors. It mentions the discovery of ancient stone tools in Ethiopia, suggesting that humans had to adapt to new food sources, such as fishing, due to the scarcity of land animals and plants. The video highlights an increase in fish consumption and a decrease in land animal consumption post-eruption, indicating a shift in dietary patterns. It also presents the idea that the eruption could have driven humans to develop new tools and strategies for survival, leading to greater innovation and progress. The video concludes by acknowledging the ongoing debate among scientists about the exact impact of the Toba eruption on human history and invites viewers to share their thoughts on the matter.

Mindmap

Keywords

💡Super Volcano

A 'Super Volcano' refers to a volcano with a Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) of 8, which is the highest possible rating. This signifies an eruption capable of ejecting more than 1,000 cubic kilometers of material. In the context of the video, Mount Toba is described as one of the 20 known supervolcanoes and is noted for its massive eruption around 74,000 years ago, which is considered one of the largest in the past 2.5 million years.

💡Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI)

The Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) is a measure used by geologists to categorize volcanic eruptions by their explosivity, material ejected, and potential for destruction. A VEI of 8 represents the most massive eruptions, capable of causing global climate effects. The video script discusses Mount Toba's eruption, which is believed to have had a VEI of 8, highlighting its immense scale and impact.

💡Eruption

An 'eruption' in the context of the video refers to the explosive event where a volcano expels lava, ash, and other materials. The script specifically discusses the eruption of Mount Toba, which resulted in the creation of Lake Toba, one of the largest volcanic lakes in the world, and had significant global climatic and environmental impacts.

💡Mount Toba

Mount Toba is the central focus of the video, a supervolcano in Indonesia that had a colossal eruption approximately 74,000 years ago. The script describes the eruption's scale, its ranking among the largest volcanic eruptions, and the extensive layer of volcanic ash it deposited across vast regions, affecting global climate and potentially causing a genetic bottleneck in human populations.

💡Genetic bottleneck

A 'genetic bottleneck' occurs when a population experiences a significant reduction in numbers, leading to a limited gene pool and reduced genetic variation. The video script suggests that the eruption of Mount Toba might have caused such an event in human populations, as only a small number of individuals survived, leading to the current human gene pool's limited variation.

💡Climate change

The term 'climate change' in the video refers to the significant shift in global temperatures and weather patterns following the eruption of Mount Toba. The script mentions that the eruption likely caused a drop in global temperatures by 3 to 5 degrees Celsius for several years, potentially triggering an ice age.

💡Lake Toba

Lake Toba, formed as a result of the massive eruption of Mount Toba, is highlighted in the script as one of the world's largest volcanic lakes. It serves as a testament to the scale of the eruption and is a significant geographical feature in Indonesia.

💡Homo sapiens

Homo sapiens, or modern humans, are discussed in the video script in relation to the genetic bottleneck possibly caused by the Mount Toba eruption. The script explores how this event might have affected the genetic diversity of human populations, leading to the current limited genetic variation among modern humans.

💡Ice age

The 'ice age' mentioned in the video script refers to a period of long-term reduction in Earth's temperature, resulting in the expansion of ice sheets and glaciers. The eruption of Mount Toba is theorized to have potentially contributed to the onset of an ice age due to its massive scale and the subsequent climate change.

💡Survivors

The term 'survivors' in the video script refers to the individuals who lived through the catastrophic eruption of Mount Toba. The script discusses the possibility that only a small number of humans survived this event, particularly in Africa, leading to the current genetic makeup of the human population.

Highlights

The eruption of Mount Toba is considered one of the largest volcanic eruptions in the last 2.5 million years.

The volcanic ash from Mount Toba reached heights four times that of the Mona Lisa and spread as far as China and Africa.

The Toba eruption is believed to have caused a significant drop in global temperatures, potentially leading to a volcanic winter.

The Toba eruption is ranked as the number one supervolcano eruption in the top 20 largest volcanic eruptions.

The eruption of Mount Toba resulted in the creation of Lake Toba, one of the world's largest volcanic lakes.

The Toba eruption is estimated to have released between 3,000 to 6,000 cubic kilometers of volcanic material.

The volcanic ash layer from the Toba eruption is up to 600 meters thick in the closest areas and up to 6 meters in some parts of India.

The Toba eruption is theorized to have caused a genetic bottleneck in human populations, reducing genetic diversity.

The 'Toba catastrophe theory' suggests that the eruption led to a global disaster, nearly causing the extinction of humans.

Some scientists believe that the Toba eruption may have triggered an ice age and influenced human evolution.

Recent findings challenge the 'Toba catastrophe theory,' suggesting that the eruption's impact might not have been as severe as previously thought.

Evidence from India indicates that some human populations might have survived the Toba eruption outside of Africa.

The Toba eruption is thought to have driven humans to innovate and adapt, possibly leading to the development of new tools and techniques for survival.

The discovery of ancient tools in Ethiopia suggests that humans were able to adapt and innovate after the Toba eruption.

The Toba eruption's role in human history is still debated among scientists, with some arguing it nearly led to extinction and others that it spurred innovation.

Mount Toba no longer exists in its original form, and its remnants now form Lake Toba and the Samosir Island.

Transcripts

play00:00

di antara top 20 erupsi gunung api

play00:01

terbesar gunung tobaat tuh ada di posisi

play00:04

paling atas loh it was also

play00:08

times at bomb of Hiroshima and Nagasaki

play00:11

tendapan abu vulkanik loh Itu loh sampai

play00:13

4 Seteng kali tingginya Monas serem

play00:16

banget kan ini kan gua mau bahas gunung

play00:18

meletus lagi yang kali ini sampai jadi

play00:21

salah satu bencana terbesar yang pernah

play00:22

dialami sama umat manusia bencana yang

play00:25

sama para ilmuwan dipercaya sempat

play00:27

mengancam manusia menuju kepunahan loh

play00:30

waduh waduh waduh waduh dan gilanya

play00:32

bencana ini tuh terjadinya di wilayah

play00:34

kita di wilayah Indonesia sekarang ada

play00:37

yang tahu gua mau bahas apa Iya gua mau

play00:39

bahas letusan Dahsyat Gunung Toba gunung

play00:42

yang letusannya tuh menghasilkan Danau

play00:43

Toba salah satu Danau vulkanik terbesar

play00:45

di dunia tapi emang sengeri apa sih

play00:48

letusan Gunung Toba ini dan seseram apa

play00:50

dampaknya ke dunia Ya udah kalau gitu

play00:52

ayo langsung aja kita bahas ngerinya

play00:53

bencana letusan Gunung Toba di learning

play00:56

by

play00:58

Googling ya kayak kita tahu Indonesia

play01:00

tuh kan emang punya banyak banget gunung

play01:02

api aktif ya yang beberapa di antaranya

play01:04

tuh pernah ngalamin erupsi yang gede

play01:06

banget contoh yang gede banget tuh

play01:08

erupsi Gunung Tambora yang jadi letusan

play01:10

terbesar yang pernah tercatat dalam

play01:11

sejarah atau contoh lainnya tuh erupsi

play01:14

gunung Krakatau yang sudah pernah kita

play01:15

bahas sebelumnya yang suara letusannya

play01:17

tuh jadi suara letusan terbesar yang

play01:19

pernah terdengar sama manusia nah dua

play01:21

itu aja kan udah gila banget ya tapi

play01:23

ternyata letusan-letusan ini ini tuh

play01:25

enggak ada apa-apanya kalau dibandingin

play01:27

sama letusan Gunung Toba yang dipercaya

play01:29

k jadi letusan terbesar yang pernah

play01:31

dilihat sama manusia nah ini biar jelas

play01:34

manusia di sini tuh maksudnya tuh

play01:36

manusia kita ya Homo sapiens ya walaupun

play01:38

kemungkinan Manusia purba juga ada kayak

play01:40

nandertle sama Denny sofa tuh itu

play01:42

kemungkinan juga masih ada waktu itu Nah

play01:44

kalau menurut smithsonian institution

play01:46

Global volcanism program disebut selama

play01:48

zaman quarter Gunung Toba tuh meletus

play01:50

sebanyak 4empat kali dan letusan

play01:53

terakhirnya tuh terjadi sekitar 74.000

play01:55

tahun yang lalu dan letusan terakhirnya

play01:57

ini juga yang jadi letusan terbesar di

play01:59

bumi selama seenggaknya 2,5 juta tahun

play02:02

terakhir gila enggak kebayang ya letusan

play02:07

terbesar di Bumi selama 2,eng juta tahun

play02:08

terakhir tuh ternyata adanya di wilayah

play02:10

Indonesia loh malah kalau menurut Forbes

play02:12

lebih parah lagi kalau menurut mereka

play02:14

erupsi gunung Toba tu jadi letusan

play02:16

terbesar selama 28 juta tahun

play02:20

terakhir ini ggak kebayang kayak apa

play02:23

letusannya ya

play02:28

[Musik]

play02:39

B hirosima and

play02:41

Nagasaki The Second War nah Gunung Toba

play02:45

sendiri dia ni adalah salah satu dari 20

play02:47

supervcano yang diketahui Super Volcano

play02:50

tuh

play02:51

apa Super Volcano tuh sebutan buat

play02:54

gunung api yang pernah meletus di masa

play02:56

lalu yang vii-nya yang volcanic

play02:58

explosivity indexnya itu nyampai di

play03:00

angka del8 ini buat yang mungkin belum

play03:03

tahu nih VII di angka 8 tuh itu tuh udah

play03:05

paling tinggi Ya udah paling mentok itu

play03:07

udah skala erupsi yang maksimalnya nah

play03:10

tiap naik satu VII itu letusannya tuh

play03:12

jadi 10 kali lipat lebih gede daripada

play03:13

angka sebelumnya atau berarti jadi kalau

play03:16

VII 8 itu tuh 10 kali lebih gede

play03:18

daripada VII 7 atau berarti 100 kali

play03:21

lebih gede daripada VII 6 atau ya

play03:24

berarti 1000 kali lebih gede daripada Vi

play03:27

5 ya pokoknya tiap naik satu tuh di K 10

play03:30

lah atau yang berarti letusan-letusan

play03:32

Super Volcano tuh itu tuh 10 kali lebih

play03:34

besar daripada letusan gunung Krakatau

play03:36

tahun

play03:37

1883 yang vii-nya kalau krakato tuh cuma

play03:41

di angka 6 ini gila kan yang en aja kan

play03:44

udah kacau kan bumi kan Gimana yang

play03:46

delapan coba dan di antara 20 Super

play03:48

Volcano yang diketahui di antara top 20

play03:51

erupsi gunung api terbesar gunung tob

play03:53

tuh ada di posisi paling atas loh ada di

play03:56

rank 1 doi

play04:05

[Musik]

play04:14

Nah kalau menurut the collecttor volume

play04:17

letusan yang dikeluarin Gunung Toba pas

play04:18

meletus waktu itu tuh sekitar 3000

play04:20

sampai 6.000 km k atau kalau kita mau

play04:23

bandingin volume muntahan gunung krakata

play04:25

waktu meletus di tahun 1883 tuh cuma 45

play04:28

km³ loh Eh ini Gunung Toba nyampai 6.000

play04:32

km k ini kan jauh banget jir bahkan

play04:35

saking gedenya letusannya pecahan

play04:37

mikroskopik dari muntahan vulkaniknya

play04:38

tuh sampai bisa ditemuin di Cina sama

play04:40

Afrika loh ini kan jauh banget ya terus

play04:43

buat Abu vulkaniknya sendiri itu juga

play04:45

tuh tebal banget ya jadinya ya disebut

play04:48

di wilayah Sumatera di wilayah yang

play04:49

paling dekat sama lokasi letusan itu

play04:51

endapan abu vulkaniknya tuh nyampai

play04:53

setinggi 600 m ini kalau Mungkin lu

play04:55

enggak kebayang 600 m tuh setinggi apa

play04:58

ini coba kita bikin perbanding nya deh

play05:00

kita bandingin sama Monas kita bandingin

play05:03

sama Monas Monas yang segitu tingginya

play05:05

itu tingginya tuh cuma 130-an meter Nah

play05:08

kalau 600 m tuh ya Berarti sekitar 4,eng

play05:11

kalinya Monas lah Nah sekarang lu

play05:13

kebayang kan endapan abu vulkanik l itu

play05:15

loh sampai 4 Seteng kali tingginya Monas

play05:17

serem banget kan ini kan itu di Sumatera

play05:20

yang paling parahnya terus di

play05:21

seberangnya di wilayah yang sekarang

play05:23

jadi Malaysia tebel abu vulkaniknya tuh

play05:25

sekitar 3 m di sana terus di India sama

play05:28

di wilayah Asia Selatan lainnya

play05:29

diperkirakan tinggi abunya tuh sekitar

play05:31

15 cm tapi walaupun di kebanyakan di

play05:34

India tuh tingginya cuma segitu Tapi

play05:36

dipercaya di beberapa wilayah di India

play05:38

tengah endapannya tuh ada yang nyampai 6

play05:40

m jadi kebayang ya sejauh itu loh

play05:43

Padahal loh India jaraknya dari Toba loh

play05:45

tapi endapan Embu vulkaniknya tuh tetap

play05:47

tebal banget bahkan saking tebalnya

play05:49

disebut itu tuh sampai ngancurin seluruh

play05:51

hutan yang ada di India nah ini di

play05:54

wilayah India aja hutannya sampai hancur

play05:56

semua kan Apalagi di wilayah Indonesia

play05:58

coba dan dan dengan Abu yang steetebal

play06:00

itu pastinya sinar matahari juga Jadi

play06:02

susah kan buat temembus bumi yang

play06:04

akhirnya ini ngebikin suhu udara Global

play06:07

waktu itu turun sebanyak 3 sampai 5

play06:10

derajat Celcius selama beberapa tahun

play06:12

setelahnya bahkan di beberapa tempat

play06:15

penurunan suhunya tuh nyampai 15 derajat

play06:17

Celcius loh ini kebayang kan yang

play06:20

tadinya lagi enak kan lagi hangetanget

play06:23

segala macam eh kok tahu-tahu jadi

play06:25

menggigil

play06:33

[Tepuk tangan]

play06:46

Nah karena letusannya gede banget kalau

play06:48

menurut geograical akhirnya jadi muncul

play06:51

Satu teori yang mengaitkan letusan

play06:52

Gunung Toba ke berbagai peristiwa di

play06:54

sekitar periode

play06:56

erupsinya dan teori ini disebutnya tuh

play06:58

teori cana toba Jadi karena letusannya

play07:01

dahsyat banget kan karena letusannya

play07:03

gede banget itu jadi dilihat tuh di

play07:05

74.000 yang lalu di sekitar waktu

play07:07

letusan gunung ini itu tuh di bumi tuh

play07:09

lagi ada kejadian apa aja ya itu jadi

play07:11

dilihat tuh nah dari situ teori bencana

play07:13

Toba inilah yang bilang kalau letusan

play07:15

Gunung Toba inilah yang menyebabkan

play07:17

terjadinya zaman es

play07:20

eh dan terus Selain itu letusan Gunung

play07:23

Toba juga tuh dianggap sebagai penyebab

play07:25

dari genetic battleneck di spesies homo

play07:27

sapiens dan beberapa hewan lainnya nya

play07:30

genetic battleneck tuh

play07:33

apa genetic battleneck tuh kondisi

play07:35

ketika populasi suatu spesies itu

play07:37

berkurang secara drastis banget yang

play07:40

akhirnya menyebabkan keragaman genetick

play07:42

spesies itu jadi terbatas atau lebih

play07:45

jelasnya kalau menurut atlas obscura

play07:47

yang namanya Homo sapiens atau manusia

play07:49

modern Itu tuh kan udah muncul sekitar

play07:52

200.000 tahun yang lalu nah dalam jangka

play07:54

waktu 200.000 tahun itu harusnya kan

play07:56

populasi manusia kan ada banyak banget

play07:57

dong Harusnya kan gen kita kan sekarang

play07:59

lebih variatif dong karena ya nenek

play08:02

moyang kita kan banyak tapi yang aneh

play08:04

variasi genetik di manusia modern tuh

play08:05

ternyata tuh sedikit banget loh jauh

play08:07

lebih sedikit kalau dibandingin sama

play08:09

hewan jadi Walaupun manusia yang bukan

play08:11

manusia purba Tuh udah ada sejak 200.000

play08:13

tahun yang lalu tapi ternyata gen kita

play08:15

tuh enggak variatif atau kalau dibikin

play08:17

silsilah keluarga sampai 100.000 tahun

play08:19

yang lalu itu semua manusia yang ada

play08:22

sekarang itu tuh bakalan ketemu di satu

play08:24

titik yang sama titik yang berasal dari

play08:27

beberapa ribu orang doang pada padahal

play08:29

harusnya kalau emang udah ada dari

play08:31

200.000 tahun yang lalu itu tuh gen

play08:33

manusia sekarang tuh harusnya tuh jadi

play08:34

lebih variatif daripada yang ada

play08:36

sekarang tapi kan ini kan nyatanya kan

play08:37

Enggak kan Makanya jadinya jadi kayak

play08:40

ada bagian yang kurang tuh dari

play08:41

perkembangan evolusi manusia makanya

play08:43

bingung tuh peneliti tuh ini Kenapa

play08:45

manusia gennya gitu doang ya padahal

play08:47

umurnya tuh lumayan panjang Loh wah itu

play08:49

bingung banget tuh bingung bingung

play08:51

bingung sampai akhirnya ditemuin Kalau

play08:53

ternyata sekitar 74.000 tahun yang lalu

play08:56

populasi manusia tuh pernah menurun

play08:58

secara drastik loh bahkan sampai hampir

play09:00

punah atau berarti spesies manusia tuh

play09:03

sempat hampir punah di sekitar waktu

play09:05

yang sama di waktu letusan Gunung Toba

play09:09

nah nah kenapa bisa hampir

play09:13

punah jadi gini semua manusia Tu kan

play09:16

diyakini berasal dari Afrika ya Nah

play09:18

kalau menurut si nn di zaman dulu

play09:20

manusia tuh sempat beberapa kali keluar

play09:22

dari Afrika dan menjelajahi bumi mereka

play09:25

nyebar ada yang ke wilayah Eropa wilayah

play09:27

Asia segala macam tapi tetap ada juga

play09:29

yang bertahan di Afrika dan yang nyebar

play09:31

ini mereka kan harusnya kan udah

play09:32

beranakpinak dong Harusnya kan jumlah

play09:34

mereka kan udah banyak banget dong nah

play09:36

menurut teori bencana Toba letusan

play09:38

Gunung Toba tuh ngebikin semua populasi

play09:40

manusia yang ada di luar Afrika itu

play09:42

meninggal dan cuma nyisain antara 1.000

play09:45

sampai 10.000 orang aja jadi yang

play09:47

Survive tuh cuma yang tinggal di Afrika

play09:49

doang yang 1000 sampai 10.000 orang tadi

play09:51

itu tuh benar-benar yang tinggal di

play09:52

Afrika doang sisanya yang udah keluar ke

play09:55

mana-mana itu udah tuh meninggal semua

play09:57

tuh semuanya Wipe Out semua udah nah

play09:59

manusia yang ada sekarang kita-kita ini

play10:01

itu diyakini berasal dari Yang bisa

play10:03

bertahan yang cuma ribuan tadi tuh

play10:06

makanya gara-gara itu variasi genetik

play10:08

manusia tuh jadi kehambat soalnya ya

play10:10

pernah hampir punah kan

play10:12

kita hoki juga nih ya So In a paper

play10:15

published in 1998 an anthropologist

play10:18

pulled all of these different strands of

play10:20

evidence together he proposed that the

play10:22

Toba eruption initiated a long volcanic

play10:24

Winner that killed off lots of people

play10:26

Across The Planet and only those in

play10:28

relative

play10:34

Nah dari sini mungkin lu penasaran nih

play10:35

kenapa yang bisa bertahan cuma di Afrika

play10:37

ya dan jawabannya kalau menurut

play10:39

everything everywhere disebut

play10:41

kemungkinan besar Gunung Toba tuh

play10:42

meletus waktu belahan bumi utara lagi

play10:44

ngalamin musim panas jadi ya abu

play10:47

vulkaniknya tuh pada ketiupnya tuh ke

play10:49

utara semua sementara di belahan bumi

play10:51

selatan termasuk di Afrika itu jadi

play10:52

enggak terlalu terdampak tuh jadi

play10:55

walaupun gara-gara letusan ini suhu di

play10:57

utara tuh jadi mendingin banget tapi

play10:59

suhu di wilayah Afrika tuh malah

play11:00

cenderung Enggak banyak berubah tapi ya

play11:03

gimanapun walaupun suhunya cenderung

play11:04

Enggak berubah tapi karena atmosfernya

play11:06

ketutupan kan cahaya matahari jadi susah

play11:09

masuk akhirnya ini tuh ngebikin

play11:11

penguapan jadi enggak bisa terjadi Dan

play11:14

ini mengakibatkan terjadinya kekeringan

play11:16

parah Soalnya kalau enggak ada penguapan

play11:18

kan artinya jadi enggak bisa ada hujan

play11:20

tanamannya jadi pada enggak kesiram air

play11:21

tuh endingnya tanamannya mati

play11:23

hewan-hewannya mati manusianya juga

play11:25

ikutan mati karena kekurangan makanan

play11:27

dan air nah jadi ya itu kalau menurut

play11:30

teori ini sangat mungkin penyebab hampir

play11:32

punahnya manusia waktu itu tuh karena

play11:34

beberapa faktor akibat letusan Gunung

play11:36

Toba ketimbun Abu Iya kedinginan Iya

play11:39

kekeringan dan kekurangan makanan juga

play11:40

iya ya macam-macam lah dan selain

play11:43

manusia spesies lain yang ngalamin

play11:45

genetic btleneck juga tuh antara lain

play11:46

simpan se Afrika orang utan sama monyet

play11:49

India dan buat spesies manusia purba

play11:52

kayak nendertol sama Denis sofa mereka

play11:54

tuh masih bisa Survive ya mereka enggak

play11:56

punah karena Toba tapi kemungkinan

play11:58

mereka juga ngalam in genetic battlene

play12:00

terus juga berdasarkan teori bencana

play12:02

Toba tadi erupsi gunung Toba tuh memicu

play12:04

bumi buat masuk ke zaman

play12:06

S soalnya Ya enggak lama setelah Gunung

play12:09

Toba meletus periode glasial bumi kan

play12:11

dimulai kan zaman es di bumi kan dimulai

play12:13

setelah itu jadi masuk nih semuanya nih

play12:16

di 74.000 tahun yang lalu Gunung Toba

play12:18

meletus enggak lama dari situ spesies

play12:20

manusia kan hampir punah ya terus enggak

play12:22

lama dari situ juga itu tuh masuk ke

play12:24

zaman es makanya banyak yang mengaitkan

play12:27

peristiwa-peristiwa ini sama meletusnya

play12:29

Gunung

play12:30

[Musik]

play12:32

Toba tapi gimana Lu percaya engak sama

play12:34

Teori ini teori yang bilang kalau

play12:36

letusan Gunung Toba tuh hampir bikin

play12:37

manusia punah dan menyebabkan zaman S

play12:40

gimana gimana gimana percaya apa enggak

play12:42

silakan komen like neanderols surviv

play12:45

just fine in Eurasia Where the cooling

play12:47

effects might have been the most Extreme

play12:50

they didn't disappear until around

play12:51

40,000 years ago nah tapi terus kalau

play12:53

menurut the conversation walaupun selama

play12:55

beberapa dekade teori bencana Toba ini

play12:57

sangat diyakini dan dipegang sama S para

play12:59

ilmuwan tapi baru-baru ini ditemuin

play13:02

update kalau ternyata dampak dari

play13:04

letusan tobat tuh ternyata sebenarnya

play13:06

enggak segede itu jadi walaupun

play13:08

erupsinya masif banget tapi muntahan

play13:10

yang dikeluarin tobat Tuh kebanyakan tuh

play13:11

magma sementara kandungan sulfurnya tuh

play13:14

jauh lebih sedikit daripada letusan

play13:15

Gunung Tambora yang waktu itu ngebikin

play13:18

bumi setahun tanpa musim panas jadi

play13:20

gara-gara update temuan tadi para

play13:22

ilmuwan tuh ngerasanya ini enggak

play13:24

mungkin nih letusan tobba bisa

play13:26

menyebabkan musim dingin berkepanjangan

play13:28

apalagi sampai memicu zaman es tuh

play13:29

Enggak mungkin orang banyaknya keluarnya

play13:32

makma doang dan walaupun jarak antara

play13:34

latusan Gunung Toba sama dimulainya

play13:36

zaman es tu berdekatan tapi ya

play13:37

dianggapnya Ini tuh cuma kebetulan aja

play13:40

terus soal utusan Gunung Toba yang

play13:41

dianggap jadi penyebab manusia hampir

play13:43

punah juga ini juga banyak yang

play13:44

ngebantah nih katanya tidak ada bukti

play13:47

bahwa penurunan populasi dan genetick

play13:49

battleneck disebabkan oleh erupsi toba

play13:53

Jadi kita tidak bisa memastikan apa-apa

play13:57

patah aja tuh satu tuh teorinya tuh

play13:59

terus juga asumsi soal semua manusia di

play14:01

luar Afrika tuh musnah gara-gara letusan

play14:03

Toba itu juga tuh terbantahkan kenapa

play14:07

terbantahkan soalnya Belum lama ini di

play14:09

India ditemuin sisa-sisa peradaban

play14:11

primitif yang usianya tuh ada di sekitar

play14:14

waktu letusan Toba dan lokasinya dia tuh

play14:17

ada di sekitar lembah jureru Nah dari

play14:20

temuan ini diperkirakan karena mata air

play14:22

yang ada di situ tuh melimpah banget

play14:24

jadinya manusia yang ada di sana waktu

play14:26

itu mereka tuh bisa Survive dari

play14:28

kekeringan dan kemungkinan banyak juga

play14:30

Survivor yang migrasi ke sana dari

play14:32

beberapa tempat di sekitarnya soalnya Ya

play14:34

tempat itu emang dianggap aman buat jadi

play14:36

tempat tinggal jadi coret juga tuh teori

play14:39

yang bilang kalau manusia bisa bertahan

play14:41

waktu itu Cuma yang ada di

play14:42

Afrika Ya soalnya Ya ini dari temuan

play14:45

terbaru ini ketahuan kalau di India juga

play14:47

ternyata ada yang bisa bertahan waktu

play14:51

[Musik]

play14:53

itu of

play15:07

jadi ya daripada disebut sebagai pembawa

play15:09

malapetaka banyak ilmuwan yang nyebut

play15:11

kalau letusan tobat tuh justru ngebikin

play15:14

manusia jadi berinovasi justru ngebikin

play15:17

manusia jadi lebih maju kayak contohnya

play15:20

kalau menurut University of Texas news

play15:22

di wilayah yang sekarang jadi Ethiopia

play15:24

di sana tuh ditemuin artefak mirip mata

play15:27

panah dari batu gitu dan ini jadi

play15:29

artefak zaman batu tertua yang pernah

play15:31

ditemuin yang umurnya tuh sekitar 74.000

play15:35

tahun pas lagi nih umurnya nih dan

play15:38

diyakini mata panah ini ini tuh

play15:40

digunainnya tuh buat nangkap ikan ya

play15:42

Soalnya waktu itu setelah kekeringan

play15:44

panjang banyak banget tuh kan hewan sama

play15:46

tumbuhan yang mati jadi ya mau enggak

play15:48

mau manusia waktu itu ya mereka harus

play15:49

nyari sumber makanan lain dan Ya udah

play15:52

mulailah mereka dari situ nyoba buat

play15:54

nangkap ikan dan di sisi lain kekeringan

play15:57

ini juga tuh ngebikin sungai-sungai tuh

play15:58

jadi pada surut sungai-sungai tuh jadi

play16:00

pada dangkal dan ini memudahkan mereka

play16:02

buat nyari ikan terus selain itu

play16:05

ditemuin juga kalau setelah letusan

play16:06

Gunung Toba konsumsi ikan di sana tuh

play16:09

meningkat sampai empat kali lipat

play16:11

sedangkan konsumsi hewan daratnya itu

play16:13

berkurang drastis jadi ya berasa banget

play16:16

tuh ya peralihan sumber pangannya ya dan

play16:19

akhirnya biar nangkap ikannya lebih

play16:20

efisien manusia waktu itu mereka tuh

play16:22

pada ngebikin alat-alat dari batu dan

play16:25

salah satunya ya mata panah ini jadi

play16:28

yaitu kalau menurut beberapa ilmuwan

play16:30

ratusan Gunung Toba tuh malah ngedorong

play16:32

manusia buat nyiptain alat-alat malah

play16:35

ngedorong manusia buat berinovasi buat

play16:38

selangkah lebih maju jadi kebagi dua nih

play16:41

pandangan ilmuwan nih antara yang

play16:42

percaya letusan tobba ngebikin manusia

play16:44

hampir punah sama yang percaya kalau

play16:46

letusan tobat tuh malah ngedorong

play16:48

manusia buat makin maju dan buat yang

play16:50

yakin kalau letusan tobat tuh ngebikin

play16:52

manusia hampir punah Mereka bilang

play16:54

kalaupun di India Emang ditemuin

play16:56

sisa-sisa peradaban primitif dan manusia

play16:58

yang ser

play16:59

tapi itu enggak menutup kemungkinan

play17:01

kalau yang Survive tuh emang cuma

play17:03

segelintir aja sisanya tetap mereka

play17:05

enggak bisa bertahan jadi silang

play17:07

pendapatnya tuh sampai segitunya tuh

play17:08

emang segitu kebaginya jadi para ilmuwan

play17:10

tentang letusan Gunung Toba ini tapi ya

play17:13

manapun yang benar yang pasti Gunung

play17:14

Toba tuh sekarang tuh udah enggak ada ya

play17:16

karena kan letusannya kan benar-benar

play17:17

gede banget kan sampai ngebikin

play17:19

gunungnya hancur dan sekarang sisa

play17:21

gunungnya jadi ngebentuk Danau Toba sama

play17:23

Pulau Samosir dan Danau Toba sendiri dia

play17:26

juga jadi danau vulkanik terbesar di

play17:28

dunia tapi kalau lu lebih percaya yang

play17:30

mana nih yang hampir punah apa yang

play17:32

enggak silakan

play17:36

komenree that we can't theottene the

play17:39

volcano what we can say for sure is that

play17:42

some Humans live through that

play17:44

particularocalypse and we here today

play17:46

surval oke sekianing kali ini tentang

play17:49

letusan Gunung Toba yang dianggap

play17:51

sebagai letusan gunung berapi paling

play17:53

parah dalam sejarah atau kalau menurut

play17:56

forb tadi dalam 28 juta tahun

play18:00

terakhir segitunya Lu gila lo ya kalau

play18:03

lu merevisi kayak gua udah salah atau lu

play18:04

mau nanya atau lu mau nambahin engak di

play18:06

video bisa tulis di komen kita diskusi

play18:08

kayak biasa sekali lagi Thank you nonton

play18:10

jangan lupa like comment subscribe bye

play18:12

sekali-kali diriku kau

play18:17

hujan padahal ini semua

play18:22

kodrat ku melawan bukan berarti terbuat

Rate This

5.0 / 5 (0 votes)

الوسوم ذات الصلة
Mount TobaVolcanic EruptionClimate ChangeHuman SurvivalSuper VolcanoHistorical EventGenetic BottleneckIce AgeArchaeological FindingsEvolutionary Impact
هل تحتاج إلى تلخيص باللغة الإنجليزية؟