Rahasia di Balik Korupsi 271 TRILIUN

Summary

This video script delves into the intricate world of corruption, specifically a case involving state losses up to 271 trillion. It breaks down the two major stages of utilizing corrupt funds for daily needs: the initial acquisition through illegal mining deals and the subsequent money laundering process involving creative accounting and CSR strategies. The script also touches on the theoretical aspects behind such fraudulent activities, like the Fraud Triangle, and concludes with a call for improved reporting systems and societal awareness to combat corruption.

Takeaways

• 😐 Corruption is a complex process, often involving significant state losses, as illustrated by the 271 trillion mentioned in the script.
• 💰 The script explains that receiving and using corrupt money is not as straightforward as it might seem, involving multiple stages and steps.
• 🔍 The breakdown of corruption into two major phases is highlighted: the initial acquisition of corrupt funds and the subsequent money laundering to legitimize them.
• 🏭 The case study of PT Timah Tbk is used to demonstrate how illegal mining activities can be exploited for personal enrichment through complex deals.
• 🤝 The involvement of intermediaries, such as the suspected individual Harvey Moeis, in facilitating corrupt practices between the company and illegal miners is discussed.
• 💼 The concept of 'placement' in money laundering is introduced, describing how illegal funds are initially introduced into the financial system through methods like CSR donations.
• 🌐 'Layering' is the next step in money laundering, where funds are moved around to distance their origins, making them harder to trace.
• 📈 'Integration' is the final stage of money laundering, where the now-cleansed money is made to appear as legitimate income, such as through business consulting fees or further CSR activities.
• 📊 The script touches on the 'Fraud Triangle' theory, outlining the three factors that typically lead to fraud: pressure, rationalization, and opportunity.
• 🚨 The importance of reporting corruption is emphasized, but the script also points out the challenges due to bureaucratic corruption and a lack of transparent systems.
• 🛡 The script suggests improvements in Indonesia's anti-corruption measures, including better encouragement for whistleblowers and stronger deterrents for potential fraudsters.

Q & A

What is the primary topic discussed in the video transcript?

The primary topic is corruption involving PT Timah Tbk, focusing on how the corruption occurred, the involvement of illegal tin miners, and the process of laundering the illicit funds.

Why does the video consider the process of using illicit money complex?

The video explains that the process involves multiple stages, including corruption, laundering the money, and eventually integrating it into the legal financial system. This requires coordination and manipulation of various financial mechanisms to avoid detection.

What role do illegal tin miners play in the corruption case involving PT Timah Tbk?

Illegal tin miners are central to the scheme. Instead of being shut down, they were involved in a deal where PT Timah Tbk bought tin from them at inflated prices, with the extra money being funneled through a series of financial transactions to enrich individuals involved in the corruption.

How was the additional profit from the illegal tin mining hidden within PT Timah Tbk's financial records?

The extra profit was disguised as rental fees or similar expenses, making it appear legitimate in the company's financial records, despite being used to pay the illegal miners more than the market price.

What is the significance of CSR funds in the money laundering process described in the video?

CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility) funds were used as a vehicle to launder the illicit money. The funds were channeled through a company, PT QSA, and then redirected to the personal accounts of those involved in the corruption under the guise of legitimate expenses.

What is the 'Fraud Triangle' mentioned in the video, and how does it relate to the corruption case?

The 'Fraud Triangle' consists of three factors: pressure, rationalization, and opportunity, which together explain why individuals commit fraud. In this case, Harvey Moeis, one of the suspects, likely experienced these factors, leading to his involvement in the corruption.

Why is the placement stage in money laundering considered the most vulnerable?

The placement stage is when illicit money is first introduced into the financial system, making it the easiest point for authorities to detect and intercept. Successfully navigating this stage is crucial for launderers to avoid early detection.

What is layering in the context of money laundering, and why is it important?

Layering involves moving the illicit money through various financial transactions to obscure its origin, making it harder to trace. This stage is crucial in distancing the money from its illegal source, reducing the risk of it being linked back to criminal activity.

How does the integration stage finalize the money laundering process?

Integration is the final stage where the laundered money is reintroduced into the legitimate economy, often disguised as income from legitimate business activities. This stage allows the criminals to enjoy their illicit gains without raising suspicion.

What are some of the systemic issues in Indonesia that perpetuate corruption, according to the video?

The video highlights bureaucratic corruption as deeply ingrained in Indonesia, with bribery being commonplace. The lack of strong deterrents, such as asset confiscation laws, contributes to the persistence of corruption.

Outlines

00:00

😲 Corruption and Money Laundering Exposed

This paragraph delves into the complex nature of corruption, especially in cases where state losses are significant. It outlines the two major stages involved in using corrupt funds for daily needs or extravagant spending. The speaker introduces the concept of money laundering, explaining how illicit funds are legitimized through a series of steps. The case study of PT Timah Tbk is presented, detailing how illegal mining activities were exploited for personal enrichment, involving inflated purchase prices and fictitious rental fees. The first phase of corruption is described, where the illegitimate funds are disguised as legitimate expenses, setting the stage for the laundering process.

05:00

💸 The Mechanics of Money Laundering

This paragraph continues the discussion on corruption by explaining the three stages of money laundering: Placement, Layering, and Integration. Placement involves introducing illicit funds into the financial system, as exemplified by the case of PT QSA receiving funds through CSR activities. Layering complicates the money trail by transferring funds through various accounts and assets to obscure their origins. Integration is the final stage where the laundered money is legitimized and integrated into the individual's personal finances, often through services or further CSR activities. The paragraph also touches on the broader implications of corruption, such as the societal costs and the need for improved reporting mechanisms to combat such practices.

Keywords

💡Corruption

Corruption refers to dishonest or fraudulent conduct by those in power, typically involving bribery or the abuse of authority. In the video's context, it highlights the misuse of state funds, where individuals receive money through illicit means. The script discusses a case where state losses amount to 271 trillion, illustrating corruption's significant impact on national resources.

💡Money Laundering

Money laundering is the process of making illegally-gained proceeds (black money) appear legal (white money). The video explains the concept as a way to legitimize corrupt funds, making them usable for everyday needs or investments without detection. It is a critical component in the corruption cycle, as it allows the corrupt to enjoy their ill-gotten wealth without repercussions.

💡Illegal Mining

Illegal mining, as mentioned in the script, involves the extraction of minerals such as tin without proper authorization or in violation of regulations. The video describes how illegal miners, referred to as 'pengepul,' withhold tin that should have gone to PT Timah Tbk, a state-owned enterprise, thereby creating a scenario for corruption.

💡State-Owned Enterprise (BUMN)

A state-owned enterprise, or BUMN in Indonesian, is a business entity owned by the state. In the script, PT Timah Tbk is identified as a BUMN, which should operate transparently and for the public's benefit. However, the video points out discrepancies in its operations that suggest corruption.

💡Fraud Triangle

The Fraud Triangle is a theoretical framework that explains the three elements typically present when fraud occurs: pressure, opportunity, and rationalization. The video uses this concept to analyze the motivations behind corruption, suggesting that individuals may engage in corrupt practices due to financial pressure, the opportunity to do so, and their ability to rationalize their actions.

💡Whistleblower

A whistleblower is an individual who reports misconduct, particularly within an organization. The script suggests improving the whistleblower system as a means to combat corruption, encouraging people to report suspicious activities, such as those described in the video's case study.

💡CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility)

CSR refers to a company's commitment to manage its social, environmental, and economic impacts responsibly. In the video, however, CSR is depicted as a tool for money laundering, where corrupt funds are channeled through CSR initiatives to give the appearance of legitimate business activities.

💡Placement

In the context of money laundering, placement is the initial step where illicit funds are introduced into the financial system. The script describes how, in the case of PT Timah Tbk, the difference in payment to illegal miners is disguised as CSR funding to PT QSA, which is a form of placement.

💡Layering

Layering is a money laundering technique used to distance the illicit funds from their source by moving them through various complex transactions. The video explains that after the placement stage, funds are layered through multiple accounts or investments to obfuscate their origins.

💡Integration

Integration is the final stage of money laundering, where the now-laundered funds are reintegrated into the economy and appear as legitimate assets. The script implies that the funds, after being layered, are eventually made to look like legitimate earnings, such as through business investments or consultancy fees.

💡Asset Forfeiture

Asset forfeiture is the process by which a court orders the confiscation of property or money acquired through illegal activities. The video discusses the lack of asset forfeiture laws in Indonesia, which may contribute to the persistence of corruption, as the assets gained through corruption are not recovered by the state.

Highlights

Corruption is a complex issue with significant impacts, especially when it leads to national losses amounting to 271 trillion.

The process of using corrupt money for everyday needs or luxury is not as straightforward as it seems.

There are two major stages in utilizing corrupt money: the corruption itself and the laundering process.

Understanding the formula and concept behind large-scale corruption and money laundering is crucial.

The case study of Timah's corruption involves the illegal diversion of tin ore and the involvement of 'pengepul' or middlemen.

PT Timah Tbk's unusual purchase of tin ore at inflated prices is a key point in the corruption scheme.

The role of Harvey Moeis in facilitating the corruption and the subsequent money laundering is highlighted.

The concept of 'placement' in money laundering involves the initial entry of illicit funds into the financial system.

Layering is a technique used to obscure the source of funds by moving them through various accounts and assets.

Integration is the final stage of money laundering, where funds are legitimized and can be used for personal gain.

The case of PT QSA as a money exchanger plays a role in the money laundering process through CSR mechanisms.

The Fraud Triangle theory is introduced to identify high-risk situations for fraud and corruption.

Pressure, rationalization, and opportunity are the three factors that contribute to the occurrence of fraud.

The importance of a robust reporting system and the improvement of the whistleblower system are discussed.

The lack of severe punishment and asset recovery in Indonesia's anti-corruption measures is critiqued.

The deeply rooted culture of corruption in Indonesia and its impact on everyday transactions is highlighted.

The video concludes with a call to action for the audience to consider the true nature of corruption and its consequences.

Transcripts

Sebenarnya korupsi itu unik sih.

Apalagi yang ngelibatin kerugian negara sampai 271 T.

Kebanyakan orang kira, intinya lu terima duit,

mau dari tempat haram mana pun, terus lu bisa pakai untuk beli apa aja.

Ternyata prosesnya tuh gak segampang itu.

Dan di sini gw breakdown ada 2 tahap gede

yang harus dilaluin kalau miaslnya uang hasil korupsi itu

mau dipakai untuk kebutuhan sehari-hari.

Atau misalnya untuk kita beli barang-barang,

jalan-jalan, menjadi crazy rich, dan sejenisnya.

Karena di sini selain dari ngeliput, gw juga mau kasih tahu

rumusnya itu gimana sih orang bisa korupsi uang segede itu

dan konsep cuci uang—

dimana uang haram yang sebenarnya gak bisa diakuin

dan susah untuk dipakai orang

sampai bisa masuk rekening dan diakui sebagai pendapatan yang sah.

Dan masing-masing proses itu ada 3 step.

Cuma biar otak kita refresh—

gw tahu kalian banyak yang udah nonton di video lain

atau di video yang 20 juta views lebih ini.

Kita masuk ke Chapter 1 dulu ya, Penjelasan/Rekap Kasus Korupsi Timah.

Di seluruh kasus ini, bahasa bodohnya,

gimana cara kita pindahin uang dari PT Timah Tbk—

yang selama 5 tahun terakhir pendapatannya tuh di atas 50 T—

masuk ke uang atau kantong pribadi

dari semua yang sampai sekarang tersangka?

Yang orang kira kebanyakan itu, yaudah yang penting kongkalikong

sama yang punya perusahaan gede terus uangnya langsung masuk ke kantong pribadi semua tersangka itu.

Nah ternyata gak segampang itu prosesnya.

Jadi pada suatu hari PT Timah Tbk ini

tiba-tiba ngelihat, 'Loh kok gw produksi timahnya dikit nih?'

Atau "gak kena kuota", padahal lahan mereka gede banget di sana.

Setelah diusut-usut, digali, ternyata problem-nya adalah

dari penambang-penambang ilegal yang timahnya itu gak langsung ke PT Timah Tbk.

Tapi dipegang dulu sama "pengepul".

Nah di sini kita lihat problem-nya kan.

Dari PT Timah harusnya mereka punya timah dengan harga yang oke,

tapi timahnya ditahan sama slaughter-slaughter atau "pengepul"—

penambang-penambang ilegal ini.

Seharusnya langkah yang baik dan wajar adalah ditindak.

'Lu ilegal nambang di sini, gak boleh dong'

Tapi muncul lah ide untuk memperkaya seorang individual.

Gimana cara mereka bikin kerja sama ini untuk memperkaya diri sendiri?

Jadi sekarang kita masuk ke chart ini.

Jadi yang pertama, yang biasanya PT Timah Tbk ini misalnya

beli timah seharga Rp100.000.

Nah dia bikin deal—daripada matiin penambang ilegal ini,

mereka kerja sama.

Gw beli deh dari lu timahnya seharga 200 ribu.

Aneh dong?

Udah ilegal, tapi kenapa malah dibeli harganya lebih mahal?

Nah di sini kronologinya—makanya tersangka Harvey Moeis

itu telepon direktur-direktur dari PT Timah Tbk

untuk "kerja sama" sama penambang ilegal ini.

Diduga dari tahun 2018-2019.

Nah itu kan uangnya gede banget ya.

PT Timah Tbk membeli dari penambang ilegal ini—

misalnya harganya 2x lipat.

Tapi karena perusahaannya terbuka dan ini BUMN,

pasti gak make sense di pelaporannya.

Jadi ini dugaan gw ya—di catatannya tetap dibeli seharga 100 ribu,

tapi selisih 100 ribu-nya itu dibikin

seolah-olah ada biaya sewa menyewa sama smelter ini.

Padahal gak ada tuh.

Jadi secara gak langsung penambang ilegal ini nih cuan.

Bisa dibilang lumayan gede nah

Nah karena terduga Harvey Moeis ini ngeperantarain mereka,

dari sana pengin hasil keuntungannya dibagi dong.

Tapi gak bisa semena-mana uang dari penambang ilegal ini

langsung ditransfer ke rekeningnya Harvey Moeis.

Nah ini baru fase 1 atau fase korupsi.

Karena uang yang didapetin itu bukan uang yang semestinya.

Karena harus seolah-olah dibikin kayak sewa menyewa.

untuk nutupin profitnya.

Baru masuk ke fase 2 yaitu laundering

atau bahasanya "alat cuci dosa".

Harvey Moeis bilang ke penambang-penambang ilegal ini,

"Lu kan cuan gede nih, cuannya tolonglah keluarin dalam bentuk dana CSR".

Nah CSR ini lumayan tricky nih.

Sebenarnya udah diwanti-wanti sama KPK.

Karena mereka itu sifatnya sedikit bebas

dan susah untuk diatur, jadi dananya itu gampang disembunyiin

atau sering banget dipakai jadi alat gratifikasi.

Terserah mau bilang cashback, atau reward,

atau suapan, atau apapun itu lah.

Jadi semua penambang ilegal ini ya dapat cuan gede dari PT Timah.

Again, karena kongkalikong sama Harvey Moeis dan tersangka lainnya.

Keluarin duitnya dalam bentuk CSR ke PT QSA

dimana tersangka Helena Lim itu sebagai manager di sana.

Nah ini kan sebenarnya udah fase laundering nih.

Dari uang yang gak semestinya melalui mekanisme CSR.

Analoginya jadi semi bersih ke PT QSA.

Baru PT QSA ini—dari yang gw cari ya—

kemungkinan CSR lagi untuk keluarin ke

masing-masing kantong pribadi dari tersangka yang sekarang ada di kasus ini.

Dan QSA ini perusahaan money exchanger.

Jadi ya, gak kagetlah terima atau keluar duit kayak gitu.

Nah jadi gitu, skemanya harus sepanjang itu.

Terjadinya korupsi—yaitu direktur-direktur dari

PT Timah Tbk kongkalikong sama Harvey Moeis sebagai perantara.

Kongkalikong sama penambang ilegal,

uangnya dikeluarin, terus masuk ke fase laundering.

CSR ke PT QSA lalu balik lagi CSR ke individualnya.

Summary-nya kayak gitu.

Nah tapi ini semua tuh sebenarnya ada rumusnya.

Gw sedikit jelasin di chapter selanjutnya ya.

Corruption and Money Laundering.

Korupsi itu bagian gimana cara dapat duit haramnya,

money laundering itu gimana cara bikin duit haram itu

jadi duit bersih yang bisa dipakai untuk keperluan individual itu.

Dan ini modus yang juga udah diakuin sama ketua KPK ya.

Karena mayoritas orang yang korupsi itu yang pendidikan tinggi.

Ada yang S3, doktor bahkan.

Untuk bisa ngelakuin penipuan ini, biasanya harus ada 3 faktor.

Atau teori yang terkenal itu namanya The Fraud Triangle.

Ini buat kita nge-spot situasi-situasi high fraud kayak gini.

Ada pressure, rationalization, sama opportunity.

Nah hal pertama itu pressure.

Ini gw lihat dari sisi pandangnya Harvey Moeis ya.

Pressure itu motif pertama yang bikin orang "mau curang".

Karena ada tekanan—mau itu dari pihak apapun—

misalnya terlilit hutang, kepepet,

atau bahkan yang paling sering itu greedy.

Itu yang paling sering terjadi kalau di kasus korupsi.

Untuk tiap orang itu beda-beda.

Sesimpel kalau greedy—ya siapa orang yang gak mau makin kaya?

Yang kedua rationalization.

Jadi tergantung dari subjeknya.

Pas mereka udah punya motifnya, baru mereka mulai mikir

apa tindakan yang mereka mau lakuin dan apakah itu bisa dirasionalisasikan.

Dimana pelaku-pelaku ini ngerasa perbuatan

yang bakal mereka lakuin itu bisa dibenarkan.

Nyatanya itu enggak.

Contohnya untuk perusahaan yan pendapatannya triliunan,

ya ngambil berapa miliar juga gak bakal kerasa.

Baru yang terakhir itu opportunity.

Kesempatan —dimana misalnya ada celah

yang memungkinkan untuk kita ngelakuin fraud itu.

'Oh ternyata kita kenal nih orangnya.' yang memungkinkan untuk kita ngelakuin fraud itu.

'Oh ternyata kita kenal nih orangnya.'

'Oh, ternyata mereka lagi ada masalah.'

Oh ternyata bisa diajak kerja sama.

Jadi bisa dibilang untuk bidang korupsi atau fraud,

ini tuh segitiga kematian.

Rantai yang gak bakal putus—sampai orang-orang tuh takut ngelakuinnya.

Tapi kalau misalnya udah dapat duit haramnya,

tetap butuh dilakuin yang namanya money laundering.

Gimana cara mencuci uang itu?

Karena buat apa gw bisa dapetin duit sebanyak itu kalau gw gak bisa pakai?

Kalau gak bisa diakuin di rekening gw misalnya—

Untuk aset gw, untuk investasi gw.

Dan money laundering pun itu ada 3 tahap.

Placement, layering, sama integration.

Nah yang pertama tuh placement.

Giamana cara uang haram tadi yang "belum" kepemilikan para koruptor

itu bisa masuk ke rekening pribadi mereka.

Step 1 Placement adalah uang haram itu harus

masuk ke financial system atau pencatatan keuangan yang sah atau jelas.

Kalau di sini, kasus placement pertamanya itu pas

uang kotor yang masuk ke smelter ilegalnya

mereka keluarin lewat CSR ke PT QSA.

Itu jelas tuh aliran uangnya, tercatat.

Contoh lain dari placement misalnya kalau orang jual beli narkoboy,

semuanya kan cash tuh.

Ya kita gak mungkin kan selamanya beli barang-barang tuh pake cash.

Jadi diputar atau dimasukin ke bisnis yang

gak dicurigain kalau mereka terima banyak cash.

Contohnya ya bisnis laundry beneran.

Orang datang cuci baju, baju masuk-baju keluar,

cash-nya masuk ke bisnisnya.

Dan ini kalau dilakuin di skala gede,

ya bikin aja invoice-invoice palsu.

Cash-nya masuk terus setiap hari misalnya 100 juta.

Lama-lama jadi real cash-nya.

Bisa dicairkan ke rekening bisnis laundry ini.

Maksud gw laundry benar cuci baju ya.

Fase selanjutnya itu layering.

Layering itu tujuannya untuk bikin

uangnya tuh jauh lebih susah untuk di-trace asal usulnya dari mana.

Fase placement itu fase yang paling rentan,

biasanya orang sering ketangkep.

Tapi kalau udah lewat itu, layering itu untuk bikin lebih susah lagi.

Dipindah-pindahin uangnya, ditaruh di rekening luar negeri,

dipindahin ke aset-aset, terus diperjualbelikan.

Pokoknya uangnya harus gerak-gerak terus.

Baru step terakhir Integration.

Itu uang yang di-layering tadi baru masuk ke kantong pribadi pelakunya.

Ini pun harus keren.

Misalnya pelakunya jasa konsultasi lah ke bisnis itu,

atau dalam bentuk dana CSR tadi.

Intinya harus jelas pendapatannya itu dari mana.

Jadi seluruh proses itu kalau kalian perhatiin dari awal sampai akhir,

itu gak gampang.

Harus kenal orang di setiap titik tertentu

sampai di tahap mereka percayain duitnya itu gak akan dibawa ke mana-mana.

Harus dikawal tuh duit dari awal sampai akhir.

Baru kita masuk ke chapter terakhir deh.

Kalau udah jelas rumusnya begitu dan solusinya apa,

sebenarnya step 1-nya itu tetap dari pelaporan.

Pelaporan korupsi kita tuh masih gak segencar itu lah.

Karena kita tuh udah tenggelam di namanya bureaucratic corruption.

Udah rame banget dari zaman VOC.

Sesimpel suap menyuap.

Gampang disuap untuk pelaporan-pelaporan gitu, 'Lu diem aja deh'.

Tapi kalau misalnya itu udah lewat pun—

dari Sula Penindakan atau dari KPK—

menurut gw harusnya bisa improve sistem whistle blower mereka.

Tujuannya lebih mendorong masyarakat kalau ngelihat tanda-tanda yang tadi gw jelasin,

mereka langsung laporin.

Kalau di kasus korupsi timah ini yang ngelaporin itu MAKI.

Masyarakat Anti Korupsi Indonesia.

Nah yang kedua menurut gw adalah—

balik lagi ke penjelasan gw di Chapter 2 tadi.

Gimana caranya di segitiga kematian itu—

pelaku-pelaku tuh udah jera duluan sebelum mereka

even consider di masing-masing fase itu?

Kalau di negara-negara lain yang lumayan ekstrim

itu ketakutan hukuman mati dan kalau kasusnya dimiskinkan.

Nah di Indonesia dua-duanya itu gak ada.

Kalau korupsi atau fraud yaudah,

aturannya harta yang dirampas itu cuma sebatas

dari yang dikorupsiin dan sampai ngegantiin kerugian negara.

Emang gak ada.

RUU perampasan aset itu belum disahkan

dan gak tau bakal disahkan atau gak.

Dan menurut gw mau gak mau ini tuh kayak budaya yang melekat banget di Indonesia.

Karena gw pernah bikin video ini sebelumnya.

Semuanya serba suap menyuap.

Sekarang aja kita bikin KTP sama SIM—jujur aja kalian pasti sering dengar cerita

karena sistemnya susahlah, harus tes ini itu yaudah mending bayar aja.

Dan itu udah dilazimkan.

Ya sayang aja sih menurut gw.

Soalnya kalau misalnya kejadian-kejadian korupsi kayak gini,

yang kena kerugian negara—kalau sampai harta yang dirampas itu

gak nutupin semua kerugiannya, yang harus bayar kemungkinan besar ya duit masyarakat

Kita sebagai pembayar pajak.

Summary-nya gitu sih.

Biar videonya gak kepanjangan—oalnya ini menurut gw udah lumayan panjang

dan informasinya jujur masih banyak yang belum dibahas.

Bahas Dewi Sandra—

korban yang ga ada hubungannya sama korupsi, itu Sandra Dewi—

Belum lagi apa dia bakal baik-baik saja?

Apa ada perjanian pra-nikah sebelumnya?

Again, kasus ini tuh masih early

dan informasi yang gw cari di publik juga belum 100% transparan.

Jadi ya mungkin gw bisa salah.

Harusnya di awal video ada disclaimer.

Tapi menurut kalian gimana?

Faktanya with korupsi ya begitu.

Merugikan pihak tertentu untuk memperkaya diri sendiri.

I'll see you guys on the next video, bye-bye!