Bertrand Russell qué es y para qué sirve la filosofía
Summary
TLDREl guion explora la filosofía como una especie de especulación sobre temas donde el conocimiento exacto aún no es posible, en contraste con la ciencia que abarca lo que se conoce. La filosofía, según Lord Russell, tiene dos usos principales: mantener la imaginación viva sobre cuestiones que la ciencia no puede abordar y hacernos conscientes de que mucho de lo que parece conocimiento no lo es. Además, la filosofía ayuda a entender el mundo, más allá de simplemente cambiarlo, y promueve la acción basada en probabilidades en lugar de certezas.
Takeaways
- 😀 La filosofía, según Lord Russell, consiste en especulaciones sobre temas donde el conocimiento exacto aún no es posible.
- 🔍 La diferencia entre filosofía y ciencia se puede simplificar como 'ciencia es lo que sabemos y filosofía es lo que no sabemos'.
- 🌐 A medida que el conocimiento avanza, temas que antes eran filosóficos pasan a ser científicos cuando se establece y descubre algo.
- 🤔 Filosofía tiene dos usos principales: mantener la especulación sobre cosas que aún no pueden ser conocidas científicamente y hacernos conscientes de la incertidumbre de lo que parecía conocimiento.
- 🌌 La filosofía nos anima a pensar en el mundo más allá de lo que actualmente se puede conocer, expandiendo nuestra imaginación.
- 📚 La filosofía griega, como el原子假说 de Democritus y la hipótesis heliocéntrica de Aristarco, generó ideas que tardaron en ser confirmadas científicamente.
- 🧐 La filosofía también puede ser una especie de 'serpiente de la ciencia', pero no solo sirve a la ciencia, también aborda temas que la ciencia no puede resolver, como los valores morales.
- 💭 Hay diferentes escuelas filosóficas que pueden enfocarse en entender el mundo, como Platón y Aristóteles, o en la moralidad, como los estoicos.
- 🤨 Marx es considerado un filósofo en cierto sentido, pero hay divisiones entre filósofos que buscan mantener el status quo y aquellos que buscan cambiar el mundo.
- 📉 La actitud hacia la filosofía ha cambiado a lo largo de los años, con algunos filósofos buscando una esfera propia para la filosofía, lejos de la ciencia, lo que llevó al surgimiento de la filosofía del lenguaje.
- 🛣 La filosofía es útil para animar a las personas a actuar con vigor sin certeza total, enseñándoles a actuar sobre probabilidades en un mundo donde la certeza es inalcanzable.
Q & A
¿Qué es la filosofía según Lord Russell?
-Según Lord Russell, la filosofía consiste en especulaciones sobre asuntos donde el conocimiento exacto aún no es posible.
¿Cuál es la diferencia entre la filosofía y la ciencia según Russell?
-La ciencia es lo que sabemos, mientras que la filosofía es lo que no sabemos. A medida que el conocimiento avanza, lo que antes era filosofía puede convertirse en ciencia.
¿Cuál es uno de los usos de la filosofía según Russell?
-Uno de los usos de la filosofía es mantener viva la especulación sobre cosas que aún no son susceptibles de conocimiento científico, permitiendo que la imaginación se expanda más allá de lo que actualmente se conoce.
¿Qué otro uso importante de la filosofía menciona Russell?
-Otro uso importante de la filosofía es demostrar que hay cosas que pensamos que sabemos, pero que en realidad no sabemos, fomentando una conciencia modesta sobre los límites del conocimiento.
¿Puede dar ejemplos de ideas filosóficas que posteriormente se convirtieron en resultados científicos?
-Sí, por ejemplo, la hipótesis atómica de Demócrito y la teoría heliocéntrica de Aristarco fueron ideas filosóficas que luego se demostraron científicamente como correctas.
¿Qué tipo de filósofo se considera Russell a sí mismo?
-Russell se considera a sí mismo un 'atomista lógico', creyendo que el análisis es clave para entender cualquier tema hasta llegar a elementos que no se pueden analizar más, a los que llama átomos lógicos.
¿Cómo se relaciona la filosofía con la ciencia, según Russell?
-Russell argumenta que, en parte, la filosofía actúa como un sirviente de la ciencia, proporcionando hipótesis iniciales que la ciencia luego puede probar o refutar.
¿Por qué Russell cree que la filosofía es importante en el mundo actual?
-Russell cree que la filosofía es importante porque nos recuerda que hay preguntas importantes que la ciencia no puede responder y promueve una humildad intelectual respecto a lo que creemos saber.
¿Cómo responde Russell a quienes dicen que la filosofía puede perturbar a las personas al cuestionar sus creencias?
-Russell reconoce que la filosofía puede causar cierta perturbación al cuestionar las creencias, pero considera que esto es una parte esencial del entrenamiento mental, ya que fomenta una mente crítica y flexible.
¿Qué futuro predice Russell para la filosofía?
-Russell predice que la filosofía no tendrá la misma importancia en el futuro que tuvo para los griegos o en la Edad Media, debido al avance de la ciencia, pero seguirá siendo relevante para abordar preguntas que la ciencia no puede responder.
Outlines
😀 La naturaleza de la filosofía y su relación con la ciencia
El primer párrafo explora la definición de la filosofía y su diferencia con la ciencia, según Lord Russell. La filosofía se considera como especulaciones sobre temas donde el conocimiento exacto aún no es posible, mientras que la ciencia se asocia con lo que ya se conoce. Russell enfatiza que la filosofía tiene un papel importante para mantener la especulación sobre temas que aún no están dentro del ámbito de la ciencia, y para mantener a las personas conscientes de que mucho de lo que parece conocimiento no lo es realmente. También menciona ejemplos de cómo la filosofía ha dado pistas sobre ideas que más tarde se validaron científicamente, como el atomismo y la teoría heliocéntrica.
🤔 La filosofía como herramienta de comprensión y cuestionamiento
El segundo párrafo discute el propósito de la filosofía según la perspectiva de Russell. Él argumenta que la filosofía no debe ser utilizada para cambiar el mundo, sino para entenderlo. Russell critica tanto a los filósofos que buscan mantener el status quo como a aquellos que buscan cambiarlo, como Marx, y afirma que su propia etiqueta como lógico atomista se enfoca en el análisis para llegar a conceptos fundamentales que no pueden ser descompuestos más, denominados átomos lógicos. Además, Russell reflexiona sobre la tendencia actual de la filosofía hacia la lingüística y cuestiona si es la verdadera función de la filosofía o si es simplemente un intento de encontrar un lugar para ella fuera de la ciencia.
🧐 La importancia de la filosofía en el mundo actual y su futuro
En el tercer párrafo, Russell reflexiona sobre el valor y el futuro de la filosofía en el mundo contemporáneo. A pesar de que reconoce que el surgimiento de la ciencia ha disminuido la importancia de la filosofía, insiste en su importancia actual, ya que mantiene la conciencia de preguntas importantes que la ciencia no puede abordar y promueve la humildad intelectual al recordar que muchas certezas han resultado ser incorrectas. Además, Russell sugiere que la filosofía puede animar a las personas a actuar con vigor, aun en la incertidumbre, y a aprender a vivir con la probabilidad más que con la certeza.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Filosofía
💡Ciencia
💡Especulación
💡Conocimiento
💡Atomismo
💡Copernico
💡Imaginación
💡Ciencia exacta
💡Lógico Atomismo
💡Incertidumbre
Highlights
Philosophy is about speculations where exact knowledge is not yet possible.
The difference between philosophy and science is that science is about what we know, and philosophy is about what we don't know.
As knowledge advances, some subjects transition from philosophy to science.
Philosophy serves to keep alive speculation about things not yet within the realm of scientific knowledge.
Philosophy also helps us remain aware that much of what seems like knowledge isn't actually knowledge.
Historical examples of philosophical hypotheses that later became scientific truths, such as the atomic hypothesis by Democritus.
Philosophy can inspire scientific imagination by suggesting possibilities that may be true.
Philosophy's role as a 'serpent of science' and its relationship with scientific progress.
Philosophy's importance in dealing with values and ethics, which science cannot address.
The evolution of philosophy from understanding the world to focusing on morality in different philosophical schools.
Marx as a philosopher who aimed to upset the status quo rather than uphold it.
The role of a philosopher is to understand the world, not necessarily to change it.
Logical atomism as a philosophical approach to understanding the nature of subject matter through analysis.
The trend in philosophy to consider it as incomplete science and the emergence of linguistic philosophy.
The practical use of philosophy in helping individuals navigate uncertainty and make decisions based on probability.
Philosophy's role in encouraging people to act with vigor despite incomplete certainty.
The potential disturbance caused by philosophy in challenging certain beliefs and fostering intellectual modesty.
The future of philosophy and its diminishing importance with the rise of science.
The enduring value of philosophy in recognizing the limitations of scientific knowledge and promoting intellectual humility.
Transcripts
Lord Russell what is
philosopher well that's very
controversial question I think no two
philosophers would give you the same
answer my own view would be that
philosophy consists
of
speculations about matters where exact
knowledge is not yet possible but that
would be my answer not anybody else's
what's the difference between philosophy
and science answer well roughly you say
science is what we know and philosophy
is what we don't know that's a simple
definition and for that reason
Christians are perpetually passing over
from philosophy into science as
knowledge
advances when something is established
and discovered it ceases to be
philosophy and becomes science yes and
all sorts of questions that used to be
labeled philosophy are no longer so
labeled what G is
philosopher I think philosophy has
two uses
really one of them is to keep
alive speculation about things that are
not yet meable to scientific
knowledge after all scientific knowledge
covers a very small part of the things
that interest Mankind and ought to
interest them
there are a great many things of immense
interest about which science at present
it didn't really have nothing to say and
I don't want people's
imaginations to be limited and enclosed
within what can be now known and I think
to enlarge your imaginative perview of
the world into the hypothetical realm is
one of the uses of
philosophy but there's another use which
I think is equally
important which is to
show that there are things we thought we
knew and don't
know on the one hand to keep us thinking
about things that we may come to know
and on the other hand to keep us
modestly aware of how much that seems
like knowledge isn't knowledge could you
give some illustrations of the sorts of
subjects which have been speculated
about and and then to produce the
material result
later yes it's quite easy to do so
especially from Greek philosophy the
Greeks invented a whole lot of
hypotheses which turned out valuable
later but which in their day couldn't be
tested take for example the atomic
hypothesis democratus invented the
atomic hypothesis that matter consists
of little atoms and
after about 2,000 years rather more than
that it turned out that this was the the
right scientific view but in his day it
was merely a suggest him or take
again aristas arus was the first person
who suggested that the Earth went around
the Sun and not the sun around the earth
and that the apparent revolution of the
heavens every day was due to the Earth
rotating and that remained
an almost buried and forgotten
hypothesis until the time of Copernicus
2,000 years later but cernus probably
never have thought of it if it hadn't
been for stus how is this done by some
sort of
intuition oh no
because the people who first think of
these hypocrisies can't say this is the
truth they only say this may be the
truth and if you have a good scientific
imagination you can
think of all sorts of things that might
be true and that's the essence of
science you first think of something
that might be true and then you look see
whether it is and generally it isn't
didn't didn't P think that democracies
ought to be speculating in this way at
all oh yes PLO was horrified by him said
all his books ought to be burnt because
PLO didn't like science he liked
mathematics but he didn't take anything
else that was
scientific now in this way philosophy a
sense becomes a kind of Serpent of
science well that's part of it but of
course it isn't only a servant of
science because there are a number of
things that science can't deal with all
Christians of values for
example science won't tell you what is
good and what is
bad tell you what is good or B as an end
not just as a means but what change has
there been over the years in the
attitude of philosophers and the public
to philosophy would you say well that
depends upon the school of philosophy
that you're thinking
of
in kto and in
Aristotle both of them there was the
main thing was an attempt to understand
the world and that I should say
personally is what philosophy ought to
be doing but then you come on to the STS
and their emphasis was mainly on on
morality the
you ought to be stoical you ought to
endure misfortunes
patiently and that came to be the
popular use of a philosopher would you
say that Marx was a
philosopher well he was in certainly in
a sense a philosopher but now there you
have an important division among
philosophers there are some philosophers
who exist to uphold the status quo and
others who exist to upset it and Marx of
course belongs to the second block for
my part I should reject both those as
being not the true business of a
philosopher and I should say the
business of a philosopher is not to
change the world but to understand it
what kind of a philosopher would do say
that you
are well the only label I've ever given
myself is logical atomist but I'm not
very keen on the label I've rather
avoided labels it means in my mind that
the way to get
at the nature of any subject matter
you're looking at is
analysis and that you can analyze until
you get to things that can't be analyzed
any further and those would be logical
atoms I call them logical atoms because
they're not little bits of matter
they're the so to speak ideas out of
which a thing is built up what is the
main trend of philosophy
today in what I was saying a moment ago
it would appear that philosophy is
merely incomplete science and there are
people who don't like that view they
want to have science have aere
philosophy have a spere to
itself that has led them into what you
may call linguistic
philosophy that the important thing for
the philosopher is not to answer
questions but to get the meaning of the
questions quite C I can't myself agree
to that view but I could give an
illustration I was once bicycling to
Winchester and I lost my way and I went
to a village shop and I said can you
tell me the shortest way to Winchester
and the man I asked called to a man in a
back region whom I couldn't see
gentleman wants to know the shortest way
to Winchester and the voice came back
Winchester
I way to winest I shortest way I don't
no so I had to go on without getting an
answer well that is what Oxford
philosophy thinks one should do the
Continental approach is well it's more
full blooded I I don't agree with it
anymore but in a sense it's much more
full blooded and much more like
philosophies of earlier times there are
various kind
the philosophy that comes from kard
existentialism and then there there are
philosophies designed
to provide apologetics
for traditional religion there are
various things of that sort I don't
think myself that there's anything very
important in all that but now what
practical use is your sort of philosophy
to a man who wants to know how to
conduct it
himself well I find it useful because I
get letters very often from people
saying I'm completely perplexed I don't
know what to do and I can't see a reason
for doing this rather than that well I
say to these people now this world is
not one in which certainty is possible
if you think you've achieved certainty
you're almost certainly mistaken that's
one of the few things you can be certain
about and therefore you have to learn to
act upon something that you still more
or less doubt you have to learn to act
on
probability after all there's nothing
very new about that suppose you're a
general preparing a plan for a battle
you don't know exactly what the enemy
will do you guess and if you're a good
General you guess right if you're a bad
General you guess wrong but one has in
Practical life to act upon
probabilities and what I should look to
philosophy to do is to encourage people
to act with Vigor without complete
certainty yes but now how about this
business though of um making people so
uncertain about things they' sort of
believe and have faith in uh doesn't
that rather disturb
them well it does for a time of
course and I think a certain amount of
disturbance is an essential part
of of mental training
but if they have any knowledge of
science they get a ballast which enables
them to avoid being completely upset by
the doubts that they ought to
feel now what sort of future would you
think that philosophy is got I mean is
it going to run
out yes I I don't think philosophy
can in the future have anything like the
importance that it had either to the
Greeks or in the Middle Ages I think the
rise of science inevitably diminishes
the importance of philosophy but now how
do then summarize the value of
philosophy in the present world and in
the
future well I think it's very important
in the present world
first because as I say it keeps you
realizing that there are very big and
very important questions that science at
any rate at present can't deal with and
that scientific attitude by itself is
not
adequate and the second thing it does is
to make people a little more modest
intellectually and aware that great many
things which have been thought certain
turned out to be
untrue and that there's no shortcut to
knowledge and that the understanding of
the world which to my mind is the
underlying purpose that every
philosopher should have that that is a
very long and difficult business about
which we ought not to be dogmatic
5.0 / 5 (0 votes)