FINANZAS PUBLICAS

Summary

The video script delves into public finance, focusing on the state's economic activities, including revenue acquisition, expenditure, and public debt management. It emphasizes the importance of a sustainable public budget and distinguishes between absolute and relative public needs, individual and collective needs, and essential and non-essential public services. The script also explains the role of regulatory bodies in overseeing public services and the classification of public resources, highlighting the non-profit motive of these services aimed at social welfare and equity. It concludes with an overview of public expenditure, distinguishing between current, capital, and transfer expenditures.

Takeaways

• 🏛️ Public Finances: The script discusses public finances, focusing on the economic activities of the state, including income generation and expenditure management, as well as public debt management.
• 💼 Objective of Public Finances: One of the main objectives of public finances is to maintain a sustainable public budget over time, avoiding long-term public debt that may necessitate tax increases or benefit cuts for citizens.
• 🏗️ Public Needs: Public needs are categorized into absolute (internal order, security, justice) and relative (infrastructure, health, education) needs, which are essential for collective life and are addressed by state action.
• 👥 Individual and Collective Needs: Needs are further divided into individual, directly affecting a person, and collective, impacting entire communities or groups, such as education, national defense, and justice administration.
• 🛑 Essential and Non-essential Services: Public services are divided into essential and non-essential, with essential services being those vital for the quality of life and usually provided directly to households.
• 💧 Basic Public Services: Basic services are considered essential for life quality, such as water supply, while administrative services relate to public institution management, like driver's license acquisition.
• 🚨 Auxiliary Services: Auxiliary services are provided in emergency situations when a citizen's integrity or life is at risk, such as police services.
• 🛃 Regulatory Bodies: The script mentions regulatory bodies in Peru, such as the National Superintendency of Sanitation Services and the Regulator of Public Transport Infrastructure, which oversee public services.
• 💼 Public Resources: Public resources refer to all income perceptions received by the state to finance public expenditures, classified into original and derived resources.
• 💼 Original and Derived Resources: Original resources are obtained without state coercion and are patrimonial, while derived resources come from individuals' assets, such as tributes.
• 🏦 Public Expenditure: Public expenditure is the total monetary amount spent by the public sector for its activities, classified into current expenditure (operational costs like official salaries), capital expenditure (acquisition of assets), and transfer expenditure (subsidies to enterprises and families).
• 📈 Investment Expenditure: Unlike capital expenditure, investment expenditure aims to create, increase, or improve existing public capital, which is funded by taxes paid by citizens for public needs.

Q & A

What do public finances primarily deal with?

Public finances primarily deal with the economic activities of the state, including how the state obtains its income, makes expenditures, and manages public debt.

What is the main objective of public finances?

The main objective of public finances is to have a sustainable public budget over time, avoiding the generation of public debt that could force long-term tax increases or benefit cuts for citizens.

What are the needs that public finances aim to satisfy?

Public finances aim to satisfy collective needs through the action of the state, which can be divided into absolute needs like internal order or justice administration, and relative needs such as road construction, transportation, health, and education.

How are public needs classified?

Public needs are classified into absolute or relative needs, individual or collective needs, and essential or non-essential services.

What is the difference between basic and auxiliary public services?

Basic public services are essential for the quality of life and usually reach households directly, such as potable water. Auxiliary services are those provided in emergency situations when the integrity or life of a citizen is at risk, like police services.

Which entities regulate public services in Peru?

In Peru, entities such as the National Superintendency of Sanitation Services, the Regulator of Public Transport Infrastructure, the Telecommunications Regulator, and the Organism for the Supervision of Investment in Energy and Mining regulate public services.

What are public resources and how are they classified?

Public resources are all the income perceptions that the state perceives from any nature to finance public expenditures. They are classified into original and derived, with original resources being those obtained without exercising coercive power and derived resources coming from the property of individuals in favor of the state.

How do modern states receive income from their citizens?

Modern states receive income from their citizens through taxes, fees, and special contributions.

What are the types of public expenditures?

Public expenditures are classified into current expenditures, capital expenditures, and transfer expenditures. Current expenditures are for basic state operations like official salaries, capital expenditures are for acquiring assets, and transfer expenditures are monetary amounts destined for companies and families, such as subsidies.

What is the purpose of investment expenditures compared to capital expenditures?

While capital expenditures are for acquiring assets, investment expenditures aim to create, increase, or improve existing public capital, such as paying for infrastructure projects.

Why do states levy taxes, fees, and contributions?

States levy taxes, fees, and contributions to cover public needs that must be satisfied and as a duty of citizens to contribute to public expenditures.