Addressing climate change: A Nobel Prize Dialogue Tokyo 2022 panel discussion - Water Matters
Summary
TLDRThe panel discussion addresses the urgent theme of climate change, highlighting the alarming effects of global warming, such as extreme weather patterns, and the critical need for societal adaptation. Experts from various fields emphasize the importance of understanding and preparing for rising sea levels, rethinking urban infrastructure, and the interconnection between water, energy, and climate resilience. The conversation underscores the necessity for innovative solutions, policy changes, and learning from nature to build a sustainable future.
Takeaways
- 🌡️ Climate change is already causing unprecedented extremes in weather patterns, including rainfall, droughts, and floods, which are impacting infrastructure and taking lives.
- 🏔️ The melting of polar ice, both sea ice and land ice in Greenland and Antarctica, is accelerating and contributing to rising sea levels, posing a significant threat to coastal populations.
- 🌊 Sea level rise is a tangible and serious concern, with potential increases of several meters, affecting over 40% of the global population living in coastal areas.
- 🌍 The redistribution of water due to climate change will necessitate new solutions, such as desalination, but these come with energy costs that contribute to the climate crisis.
- 💧 Access to clean water is becoming increasingly scarce, highlighting the need for more efficient water use and the development of technologies that reduce energy consumption in water production.
- 🌿 The concept of working with nature to increase the resilience of urban areas is crucial, with initiatives like 'Sponge cities' aiming to absorb and manage water more effectively.
- 🔬 Scientific understanding of the mechanisms behind climate change and its effects on ecosystems is essential for developing effective strategies to mitigate and adapt to these changes.
- ♻️ The circular economy approach to water use, reusing and recycling water at various scales, is a key strategy for building resilience against water scarcity.
- 🌿 The importance of green spaces and natural systems within urban planning is highlighted as a means to increase a city's flexibility and adaptability to climate extremes.
- 🌱 Learning from past ecosystems' responses to climate changes, such as the PETM event 55 million years ago, can inform current strategies for adapting to rapid temperature increases.
- 🔄 The interconnection between water, energy, and climate resilience is emphasized, with the need for innovative solutions that consider the environmental impacts of transitioning to renewable energy sources.
Q & A
What is the main concern expressed by the director of the Alfred Wagner Center regarding climate change?
-The main concern is the speed of change and the extremes of weather events, such as droughts and floods, which are already causing significant damage and loss of life, and the rapid approach towards a 1.5-degree global warming increase.
What are the effects of global warming on the polar regions as mentioned in the script?
-Global warming is causing the melting of sea ice and ice masses on land, like in Greenland and Antarctica. This melting reduces the Albedo effect, which is the Earth's natural climate buffer that reflects sunlight and prevents overheating.
What is the significance of Albedo in the context of climate change?
-Albedo refers to the measure of the reflectivity of a surface, such as ice and snow. The melting of polar ice reduces Albedo, leading to more sunlight being absorbed by the darker surfaces like rocks and ocean, which in turn accelerates warming.
How does the melting of polar ice contribute to rising sea levels?
-As the polar ice melts, it contributes to the increase in sea levels because the ice that was previously on land is now entering the oceans, causing them to rise.
What is the potential impact of rising sea levels on coastal populations?
-Rising sea levels pose a significant threat to coastal populations, as many people live close to the coast. It could lead to displacement, loss of habitable land, and increased vulnerability to storm surges and flooding.
What is the role of CO2 emissions in the context of climate change as discussed in the script?
-CO2 emissions are identified as a major contributor to global warming. The continued emission of CO2 is pushing the Earth towards exceeding the 1.5-degree global warming boundary set by the Paris climate goals.
What are the challenges associated with desalination as a solution to water scarcity?
-Desalination is energy-intensive and can contribute to higher carbon emissions if not powered by renewable energy sources. It also requires significant infrastructure and can have environmental impacts on marine ecosystems.
How is the transition from fossil fuels to renewable energy sources impacting water resources?
-The transition to renewable energy, such as the use of lithium for batteries, still requires water for extraction and processing, indicating that water-intensive processes are not eliminated but rather shifted.
What is the concept of Sponge cities as mentioned in the script?
-Sponge cities are urban areas designed to be more resilient to climate change by incorporating green spaces and water-absorbing infrastructure to better manage water during heavy rainfall and prevent flooding.
What are the potential benefits of using microbes in the context of CO2 reduction as discussed by the panel?
-Certain microbes can utilize protons and electrons to convert CO2 into methane or other useful fuels. This process, known as electron microbiology, can contribute to CO2 reduction and the development of innovative, natural ecosystem-based technologies.
What is the importance of understanding past ecosystems in preparing for future climate changes?
-Studying past ecosystems can provide insights into how they adapted to and evolved through climate changes. This historical understanding can inform strategies for building resilience and adapting to current and future climate challenges.
What is the concept of 'climate trading' as suggested by one of the panelists?
-Climate trading is a hypothetical market-based approach where individuals or entities could trade 'climate credits,' potentially influencing local climates based on their consumption or conservation of resources like water and energy.
Outlines
🌡️ Climate Change Impacts and Global Warming
The first paragraph introduces the overarching theme of climate change, highlighting the urgency of the situation with current global warming at 1.2 degrees Celsius. The speaker emphasizes the unprecedented extremes in weather patterns, such as rainfall, droughts, and floods, which are already causing loss of life and damage to infrastructure. The rapid pace towards the 1.5-degree threshold is a major concern, with the effects being felt globally. The discussion also touches on the human impact on climate through fossil fuel usage and the need for immediate action to mitigate the emission of CO2.
🌊 Sea Level Rise and Coastal Vulnerability
This paragraph delves into the specific issue of sea level rise, a critical consequence of climate change, with the potential for rapid ice dissolution in polar regions. The speaker, a professor from Tohoku University, underscores the seriousness of this issue, as it affects over 40% of the world's population living in coastal areas. The potential for sea levels to rise significantly, possibly more than 4 meters, poses a substantial threat to human sustainability and ecosystems. The need for a scientific understanding of these changes and their impacts on freshwater systems and marine life is highlighted, as well as the importance of exploring solutions to this looming crisis.
💧 Water, Energy, and Climate Nexus
The third paragraph explores the intricate relationship between water, energy, and climate change. The discussion points out that while we focus on decarbonizing our energy sources, there is a lack of consideration for the water and environmental footprint of these transitions, such as the water-intensive process of lithium extraction for batteries. The panelists emphasize the need for local solutions, such as desalination and energy production that do not exacerbate climate change, and the importance of rethinking our urban planning and infrastructure to adapt to the new climate reality.
🔬 Geoscience and Sociocultural Perspectives on Climate Change
This paragraph brings in the perspectives of geoscience and sociocultural settings in understanding and addressing climate change. The importance of balancing local and global scales is stressed, as well as the need to understand fundamental mechanisms of climate systems. The discussion also touches on the potential for new technologies, such as those involving electrophilic microbes, to contribute to CO2 reduction and the utilization of natural ecosystems in innovative ways.
🌿 Building Resilience Through Circular Economy and Green Spaces
The focus of this paragraph is on building resilience in the face of climate change. The panelists discuss the importance of implementing circular economy principles in water management, such as reusing and recycling water at various scales. They also highlight the need for urban areas to be more flexible and adaptive to climate extremes, suggesting the creation of green spaces and sponge cities as ways to increase resilience and work with nature to better handle the impacts of climate change.
🌱 Learning from the Past to Build a Resilient Future
The final paragraph emphasizes the importance of learning from past ecosystems to prepare for future climate changes. The speaker suggests that by understanding how ecosystems adapted to past climate events, such as the PETM 55 million years ago, we can glean insights into how to build resilience today. The discussion also touches on the need for better predictive models and the importance of local observation points to monitor and respond to climate changes effectively.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Climate Change
💡Global Warming
💡Extremes
💡Infrastructure
💡Albedo
💡Polar Regions
💡Sea Level Rise
💡Desalination
💡Decarbonization
💡Resilience
💡Sponge Cities
💡Circular Economy
💡Ecosystem
💡CO2 Capture and Sequestration (CCS)
Highlights
Climate change is causing unprecedented extremes in weather patterns, impacting both developed and developing countries.
Global warming of 1.2 degrees Celsius is already resulting in costly damages and loss of life.
The rapid pace of climate change and its extremes are among the most concerning societal effects today.
Human activities, particularly the use of fossil fuels, are the primary drivers of these changes.
Droughts and lack of clean water access are increasing pressures on people's lives worldwide.
Polar regions are critical for climate regulation, with ice acting as a shield against overheating.
Melting ice from global warming is accelerating sea level rise, posing a threat to coastal populations.
Sea level rise could be more significant than predicted, with potential increases of several meters.
Urban areas are experiencing 'sunny day flooding' due to sea level rise, highlighting infrastructure inadequacies.
The need for reimagining city and community infrastructures in light of climate change impacts.
The importance of linking modeling across different scales to understand and predict climate change effects.
The interconnection between water, energy, and climate, and the need for innovative solutions to address them.
Desalination as an energy-intensive process that contributes to climate change when considering its carbon footprint.
The concept of water trading as a potential economic approach to managing water scarcity.
The importance of learning from past ecosystems to understand and prepare for future climate changes.
Technological advancements in using microbes for CO2 reduction and energy production.
The need for economic and institutional changes to build resilience against climate change.
The role of nature in creating flexible urban environments that can adapt to climate extremes.
The potential of using local production of energy and water to reduce environmental impact and increase resilience.
The importance of understanding and mimicking natural processes for effective climate change adaptation.
Transcripts
next we're coming on to the theme of
climate change although we're already
there of course in all everything we
talk about and in these conversations uh
we're going to have a panel on it but
first I'd like to just um introduce A
short segment from antibiotius we're
going to see from I hear from her twice
in just very short pre-recorded videos
um like more Barlow and here isn't
available this weekend to join us online
but I did speak to her a couple of days
ago and had her thought collected some
of her thoughts on climate change she is
the director of the Alfred Wagner Center
for marine and polar research in Germany
spends a lot of time at the polls and
here once these everything is put out we
will see her thoughts on climate change
the problem with what we call climate
change is that we're experiencing
already now at the global warming of 1.2
degrees on average
extremes that have not been observed
before Extremes in patterns when it
comes to rain when it comes to Drought
when it comes to floods and more that
are not known by people where our
infrastructures be it that we are from
highly developed countries or not we
haven't seen it it costs lives it
creates damages and it's only 1.2 and
we're moving fastly towards 1.5 degrees
so the speed of change and the extremes
that we are facing are to me the most
worrisome effects on society today of
course in human history we have
knowledge of extremes but we are a
high-tech Society in many places and
other places even more vulnerable
because there's so many people affected
just look at this year's catastrophes in
Pakistan for example but also last
year's in Germany so no matter where you
turn you will find observations that say
this is one in a thousand years but we
know it's not a stochastic event to
paths that we can even model and
simulate it is US humans that are on the
wrong track with regards to the use of
fossil fuels and still are on the wrong
track despite all the really good
political goals when we look around us
it is clear that droughts cause an
absence of water and that creates a
pressure on people's lives because
humans need water we cannot go very long
without clean water and there is not
enough access to clean water on Earth
when we go to the polar regions we
observe water in a different form in the
form of ice there's sea ice there is the
ice masses on land Greenland for example
and Antarctica and there's the Frozen
soil with snow on top and all of that
whiteness of Earth that reflects the
sunlight we call that Albedo is a
critical Shield a climate buffer a
buffer against overheating and this
buffers against the sunlight that wants
to warm the darker surfaces like rocks
and ocean where the sea ice is smelting
away and the dark ocean comes out the
sun will warm the ocean water more and
the ocean will start melting the ice
from beneath it also the same process
can be observed around the Shelf eyes of
Antarctica and also Greenland where the
ocean gets warm it melts these ice
masses from underneath and they start
sliding and another worrisome news is
that the speed of ice Mass loss to the
oceans increasing sea level to more than
we have predicted in last decades is a
threat to basically all of humanity when
you think that half of the eight
billions that we are live close to the
coast it is something that that we have
to prepare for that we really have to
move people fast out of critical zones
that we have rethink the way we build
infrastructure on course that we have to
understand what coasts do for us and
learn how to protect them some people
speak of the immense complexity of the
climate crisis as to say there is no
chance we can solve that problem today
but when you think about it when you
read your science then it becomes very
clear it's just one factor it's us the
humans that use fossil fuel the emission
of CO2 that we have today brings us
already within seven years across the
1.5 degrees global warming boundary
close to the Paris climate goals and
probably even beyond that when we
continue the way we work today then we
must understand that emission of CO2 to
the atmosphere is our greatest risk and
it's the one factor we need to get a
handle on
thank you okay
please
so
I now have the possibility of welcoming
my panel thank you please join me
[Applause]
so sir
thank you please do sit down please
hello
um so some of you have met before you've
met newsha before because I love who
you've met before I'm have a great
pleasure in introducing fumio inagaki
from tohoko University and kaiko so I'm
sorry
from Target University and kaiko
Takahashi from wasedi University
welcome to this panel
um so uh we've been hearing all day
about the
um
effects on water globally of climate
change is there anything we've missed is
there any aspect of the effect of
climate change on water that we just
need to add to the mix fumio is there
anything yeah the forest I'm I'm a
professor atoku University but I have
long working on the deep sea and
Associates the Japan Agency for money
Earth Science and Technology and I
completely agree with what the Auntie
had just mentioned that the the climate
change is accelerating and tangible
threat for human sustainability and uh
I'm now feeling the maybe the biggest
concern uh caused by climate change will
be the sea level rise the consequence of
sea level lies
uh because
um uh you know that Auntie mentioned the
the global warming accelerating and then
we may expect a rapid
dissolution of ice on the poorer regions
and Greenland ice sheet and the power
frost on land for example and then some
people are expecting maybe the sea level
rise is more than
4 meters or three meters it is not just
a few centimeters it is serious because
and especially series for the coastal
area because
the over 40 percent of our population is
living in the coastal area you know
within the 100 kilometers so it's a big
problem so so we need to solve the issue
and also the consequent effects on
ecosystems that live in water yes yes
right because
um this is not an issue of our human
cities of course the resident is
important but also the the we need to
scientifically understand what is the
you know the land to see a transport
system like a fresh water in the sea
water interaction and also ecosystem so
how ecosystem will change so from the
geoscience point of view so if the four
meter for example if four meters sea
level light occurs the large amount of
air coastal areas the centered on liver
data Maybe it became a you know the
shuttle sea then what happened
what is the impact on biogework and
cycle with war ugly culture you know the
I expect the enormous impact but it is
not yet scientifically solved so we need
to explore it
thank you very much indeed
um I don't know whether anyone else
wants to throw in any other effects feel
free if you do but otherwise
do you
say do you want to talk or you
yeah I just wanted to add something to
it for me I said which is
what cellularizes such an important
issue another part of it is it's not
just sea level is rising we are
experiencing more floods because of sea
level rise your experienced our cities
Urban coastal cities are experiencing
daytime flooding which is you know sunny
sunny day flooding which is that there's
not raining but the sea is rising and
actually showing up in the streets
um so um it is you know our the setup
that we have is really not well equipped
to deal with a lot of these experiences
we are having and Auntie said mentioned
that very eloquently which is like we
really do need to go back and rethink
and reimagine how we build in these
cities and communities that we rethink
and imagine the ones that we have and we
also need to seriously think have your
building the future cities
uh considering all these impacts of
climate change thank you newsha so can I
code that that reimagining depends very
much on the ability to link our modeling
of the what we see happening on
different scales right so
yeah I'm either in the computational
stimulation for the prediction and uh we
are caused about the very importance
between the scale differences so City
scales is very important for the people
but not also the that is a very
important things to the influence to the
global so that is between with
balance of the scale is a very important
thing so that is a same things in the
water whatever matters
female you you might want to comment on
that also this transition from the local
to the global or the human time scale to
the I mean you're a Geo microbiologist
to the geologic time scale oh yeah the
logo is of course very important because
uh geological setting cultural setting
socioculturals element is also very
important sociocultural setting and
climate systems all our different local
but on the other hand I think it is
important to understand the growth of
the fundamental mechanisms of our system
as a driver so for instance
the the many people working on the you
know the
tomorrow's sustainability but on the
other hand
if we don't have the you know the
fundamental mechanism uh understanding
uh in the mid to long term time scales
it is very difficult to you know
understand if the immediate action is
correct or not so the both the short and
long time scale investigation is
necessary in my opinion the a word that
anti-use was transparent
important word we need to see where
we're going sorry Costa please yeah I
think this this transition between
Global and local is is extremely
important and it's going to be even more
more important in the future we need to
realize that in fact we don't have
Global shortage of water so the amount
of water is is still the same with the
global with the climate change and
global warming what we're going to have
is a new
redistribution and maybe more severe
distribution of uh of of water and it
will it will it will force us to invent
new solutions for for this and
unfortunately every new solution comes
it doesn't count for for free we have to
use energy for this and energy and that
and that just goes goes back into the
into the climate change so we've been
talking uh this morning about
desalination desalination
problem is that those discriminations is
extremely expansive in terms of in terms
of energy you basically trade your fresh
water for uh for your for your carbon
credits so we really have to we really
have to think about how to get it uh
without the the use of of of of extra
extra energy and without without cost of
the of the of the transportation so
local production of energies
simultaneously with the local
desalination is one possible way even
better would be and and then and and
there are ways how to do it getting
energy from the ambient getting energy
from the evaporation of water as well
but then maybe there are I mean there
are Technologies which which allow your
local Water Production without the use
of use of electricity you use the uh
operation you you use algae for example
and so this local production would be
extremely important in the future that's
a
it's such an important point to bring
the the connection between water and
energy and I mean antia said the key is
simply is decarbonization and that's
true but this water lies at the very
heart of our efforts to decarbonize and
I see a nusha nodding there so please
yes I think I just wanted to touch on
that because the interlinks between
water energy and climate is quite real
and I think we are putting a lot of
energy and resources into carbonizing
and reimagining our energy portfolio
however there is very limited thought is
going into what are the water and
environmental footprint of that
transition for example we talk about
having batteries as a storage space that
requires lithium what does lithium
requires water
so that means that all of a sudden we
are actually having a we have you're
transitioning from uh carbon fossil fuel
extraction
to lithium extraction
we are changing one water intensive
process to another in water intensive
process
and that is actually not going to solve
our problem in a sense that because our
demand is growing exponentially so there
is no way we can meet future demand the
way we are going
and be able to decarbonize and replace
everything with Renewables and not
impact the environment in a negative way
so it's very important I think going
back to the comment that was brought up
on a city scale local scale I think that
that is a building block of the society
so if you really want to have a
long-term solution for climate we
actually need to start from the building
block and figure out what is if you're
doing that's not working and how can we
how can we change that for example
um I'm switching topic a little bit but
I think it's very important because it
goes back to the comment I made earlier
as well
in in developed countries we flush down
toilet drinkable water
right
or views in California we use drinkable
water to water our lawns
um we are building we are building new
cities with with a high speed right now
and especially in global South and a lot
of those cities are being designed and
built the same way the r series and the
developed world is being was designed
and built so not only we are
decarbonizing and rethinking how to do
um use generate and use energy we are
also so that we are not doing that in
the water side so we are actually
re-emphasizing the bad habits that we
had on the water side as you're going
from location to location so for example
we are not looking at how people use
water we want to have more water so we
bring desalination
to create water abundance
and without necessarily thinking how
that impacts a long-term need
propagating the current model absolutely
yes absolutely thank you thank you very
much indeed I'd like to bring everyone
in costaire you did want to come in on
this lithium I'm just I'm sorry that if
I'm just keeping on on and on on this
and uh but I would like to pick up the
button from new show again so this and
we we this morning again we discussed
exactly that that we really need to to
put to descale the the the Water
Production and just and and bring it
bring it closer to the to to people on
the local level because it would really
allow you to save a lot of a lot of
energy on uh on the on the on the water
cleaning on the water the desalination
then but then uh talking about this this
story about about the relation between
energy and water so we spend uh
huge amount of of energy on on creation
of the of the of the fresh water it's
simply because the hydration energy of
uh of uh of sodiums which is really huge
uh hundreds of of kilojoules per per
mole so we we have to provide this
energy in order to withdraw water
molecules from uh from from sodium but
then at the end of the day we just we
drank it we we just we we flushed be
told it and then this water end UPS in
the uh in in Sea again releasing the the
same amount of energy so just energy is
not going it's not going anywhere so
maybe we need to learn how to use this
and in say in Japan in uh in in Israel
in Singapore most of our Wastewater goes
back into the into the ocean so and the
right technology which allows you to
gain this this energy back which you
previously spent on the uh on on the
desalination and I think a technology is
like this which which allows you to
reduce dramatically reduce the the
energy consumption on on the Water
Production especially locally would be
very important thank you very much thank
you
first
oh yes I think in order to prepare to
climate change in a short time scale I
think it is also important to understand
the past ecosystem past is a key for
eliminating the future because we have
already experienced you know some
climate changes for example roughly 55
million years ago there was a global
event of petm the player thing else in
summer maximum at the Times us was
pretty much warm so the CO2
concentration is over
2000 PPM which is five times uh you know
the larger than the current CO2
concentration and there is no ice in the
applicator but the there's diverse
ecosystem and the the temperature change
will be 5 to 9 degrees C then the
ecosystem response to such a changes the
temperature increase or decrease then we
can learn from the past and how
ecosystem
adapted to those changes and evolved and
established some new functions of life
and then we can learn from them then how
we can prepare it so because you know
the increasing speed as Auntie asset the
temperature is increasing after you're
increasing so so that brings us very
nicely onto the topic of resilience
which I wanted to address now but kaiko
please all right
former lady defined point of the view so
we do we'd like to the
take a simulation for the global global
warming and predictable overwhelming and
due to the
workers and but but we have to thinking
about the uh of the patients very very
important things to to predict over the
to control of the water and the
temperature it was a in the seas and
some kind of the energy from the to the
seeds so that is a very important things
to predict and over the world
observation and the global and localized
local areas though so that we have to
thinking about some kind of the lack of
the observation point so that not only
is uh satellite but also the our our
very
uh fine in other patient point is a very
important thing to do with the uh create
you know our very good activities
are you pleased with the progress in the
prediction predictive models uh yeah
yeah yeah so and uh very important
things to predict and promote of the
model of what the Futures predictions
thank you very much okay I'd like to
turn we don't have too long but I'd like
to turn to the topic of resilience and
how we build resilience
I suppose let's
let's ask are we ready are we able to
build resilience are we prepared
um new show do you want to go first are
we are we well set up oh yeah so
well I I lovely to have too many
panelists wanting to answer a question
it's a moderator's dream thank you let's
have Nisha first and then from here
so I would say we have all the tools
but we might not have the right
institutional and policies in place to
help us to sort of become more resilient
and for example I think the topic again
going back to desalination we use the
same technology for desalination as we
used for recycling
we actually talk about
um circular economy at every scale at
every on every commodity or topic that
we are interested in think about
Plastics or anything circular economy is
a big topic right now but when it comes
to water people cannot really imagine
what this how does that look like but
imagine your home
would uh you know take the water from
your shower use it for trashing your
toilets or for example in a building you
can capture all the waters that you can
get and treat it and reuse it and then
that can actually scale up to the city
scale and then the regional scale and
beyond that so we can do this but it
requires willingness requires the right
institutional setup and requires a you
know local interest and capacity to do
something like this and
um and another piece of this is also
working in nature I think for me has
brought up something very important what
we have learned in the cities we have
right now is that they don't have enough
flexibility in them they are not
resilient because they can't handle the
changes they're experiencing they can
adapt fast enough and I think what we
are trying to do is work with nature to
create that flexibility trying to create
more green spaces or this effort in
China on Sponge cities they're all meant
to kind of create that flexibility in
our three existing urban areas to work
with nature and adapt faster and respond
to the extremes we are experiencing in a
more
um in a in a time scale that can be
practical and help us to kind of be able
to function in this new Extremes in a
new sort of setup that we are in
thank you fumia oh yes in upcoming
decades I think as it is important for
us to monitor CO2 reduction as well uh
the uh I I think we need to keep we need
to keep the effort on the CCS the the
CO2 capture and the sequestration but on
the other hand uh of course we need to
secure the safe and Innovative way more
Innovative way to secure security safety
and uh you know contribute to the CO2
reduction but on the other hand uh I
think that circulation is important and
actually we had a very good conversation
with uh in this morning about the
membrane and membrane and the electron
transfer so the micro is a brilliant
some microbes can eat instead of
hydrogen the proton and electron and
directory and the combust CO2 to methane
or other useful fuels this is so-called
electron microbiology or electrophilic
electrophilic microbes and then that
reaction occur on a cathode and what is
the effective cathode materials now
maybe you can say something that I we
sometimes tested glutathione the gluten
is brilliant material I think so such a
technology development contribute to how
you know that we can utilize a natural
ecosystem effectively by human
technology so they say I like to ask I
can I can only I mean thank you so much
for uh for for giving this just feeding
this line to me I mean it will require a
full a full lecture on how you can
basically grow your your your your
batteries from graphene polymers and and
bacteria and it's a very exciting and
and and and very and very promising area
but just coming back to uh to to Adam's
questions I'm not sure if we actually if
actually if God if God's Harrison
because I mean with my communist
background I don't believe in in
institutional approaches so I'm actually
much more excited about the previous
talk by by Poland and and and Nisha and
I think the the economical approaches
are by far more more effective here and
it was really exciting to to listen
about so after car after carbon trading
so about water trading but maybe we need
to think a bit more globally and and
think about climate trading because say
if if Bob is trading his water for uh or
just consuming less water trading it to
to to Alice than the local climate would
would be a little bit hotter we have to
switch our air conditioning a little bit
more in the area where Bob who is doing
his uh his his agricultural activity we
just bring those aircons a bit down
where where Alice's is doing this so I
think taking it into account and
bringing it to a regular household that
we actually feel responsible for the for
the climate change would be an
interesting solution
thank you very much indeed kaiko I must
give the last word to you because we're
out of time so all right okay
um I'm feel that some kind of the uh
important things of the art as
homeostasis
some some kind there was a means
secretion of the life and that is a very
important things the energy and water
and some kind of the CO2 in the size
these things is a very uh the means that
that's a stock with nature so that is a
very important things to segregation
meaning is a very important thing for
the earth I think thank you very much
indeed
uh listening to Nature seems to be one
of the lessons before we started this
fumio advised me not to get too
pessimistic in this panel and I think
it's not been too bad I think we've
there's there's been tinges of Hope in
there as well so that's nice it's a good
thing before our coffee break so we're
out of time and I just just remains for
me to thank all my panelists very much
into your thinking
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