Common Foreign and Security Policy
Summary
TLDRThe video script delves into the evolution of European foreign and security policy, highlighting key events like the European Defense Community's rejection and the Western European Union's role in integrating Germany. It discusses the impact of the Gulf War and the Bosnian War on European security, the St. Petersburg Declaration's influence on warfare, and NATO's evolving strategies. The script also covers the EU's headline goals for rapid military deployment, the complexities of the Afghanistan conflict, and the first EU-led military operation in the Congo. It touches on the Iraq War, the Treaty of Lisbon's implications for EU governance, and concludes with an analysis of the European neighborhood policy and member states' security stances.
Takeaways
- 🇪🇺 The European Defense Community (EDC) was a plan to create a unified European army, including German units, under a single authority, but was rejected by the French National Assembly in 1954.
- 🏰 The failure of the EDC led to the abandonment of the European Political Community and influenced the creation of the Western European Union (WEU), aimed at integrating Germany into Western European security systems.
- 🔄 The WEU became less relevant after Germany joined NATO in 1955, as NATO became the principal mechanism for security and defense in Europe under US leadership.
- 🌐 Post-Cold War, the European Union (EU) recognized the need for a new security dimension independent of the USA, especially after the Gulf War, which highlighted the importance of international military responses.
- 🛡️ The Bosnian War showcased NATO's first use of force and the eventual implementation of the Dayton Accords, which established a federalized Bosnia and Herzegovina.
- 🚫 The Declaration of St. Petersburg in 1868 was a significant step towards prohibiting the use of inhumane weapons in warfare, setting a precedent for future international agreements.
- 🤝 The Combined Joint Task Force concept was developed for NATO and the WEU to allow for easily deployable multinational military formations for various missions, including peacekeeping and enforcement.
- 🎯 The EU's Headline Goal aimed to deploy up to 50,000-60,000 persons capable of a full range of peace enforcement operations within 60 days and sustain for at least one year by 1999.
- 🕊️ The Doha Agreement between the US and the Taliban in 2020 set a timeline for US troop withdrawal from Afghanistan and pledged Taliban to prevent territory use by terrorist groups, but violence continued.
- 🗺️ The EU's first independently launched military operation was in the Democratic Republic of Congo (MONUSCO) from 2013, demonstrating the EU's capacity for autonomous military engagement.
- 🔄 The Treaty of Lisbon updated EU regulations to establish more centralized leadership and foreign policy, enhancing cohesion and streamlining actions within the EU.
Q & A
What was the European Defense Community and why was it rejected by the French National Assembly in 1954?
-The European Defense Community was a plan to create a unified European army, including German units, under a single military and political European authority. It was rejected by the French National Assembly in August 1954 due to concerns about sovereignty and the potential for German militarization.
What was the Western European Union and how did its role evolve after Germany joined NATO?
-The Western European Union was established as a result of the failure of the European Defense Community. Its main aim was to integrate Germany into the Western European security framework. After Germany joined NATO in 1955, the Western European Union's role diminished as NATO became the principal mechanism for security and defense in Europe.
What was the significance of the Gulf War in shaping post-Cold War international military responses?
-The Gulf War, triggered by Iraq's invasion of Kuwait in 1990, was the first major international crisis of the post-Cold War era. The US-led response set important precedents for the use of military force in international conflicts in subsequent decades.
What were the key outcomes of the Dayton Accords following the Bosnian War?
-The Dayton Accords resulted in a federalized Bosnia and Herzegovina, with 51% of the land constituting a Croat-Bosniak Federation. It was a peace agreement that formally ended the Bosnian War after years of fighting and multiple failed peace proposals.
What is the Declaration of St. Petersburg and why is it significant in the context of international humanitarian law?
-The Declaration of St. Petersburg is an agreement that prohibits the use of certain inhumane weapons in warfare. It originated in 1863 with the invention of an exploding bullet by Russian military authorities. The declaration is significant as it laid the groundwork for international rules against causing unnecessary suffering in warfare.
What is the Headline Goal and what was the agreed timeline for its achievement?
-The Headline Goal was set by the European Council in Helsinki in 1999. It aimed to achieve the deployment of an army for EU-led missions in international crises. The agreement was that member states should be able to deploy within 60 days and sustain for at least one year military forces of up to 50,000 to 60,000 persons capable of a full range of peace operations.
What were the key points of the Doha Agreement between the US government and the Taliban?
-The Doha Agreement, signed in February 2020, set a timeline for the withdrawal of US troops from Afghanistan. In return, the Taliban pledged to prevent territory under its control from being used by terrorist groups and to enter negotiations with the Afghan government. However, no official ceasefire was put in place.
What was the significance of the US invasion of Iraq in 2003 and its aftermath?
-The US invasion of Iraq in 2003, also known as the second Persian Gulf War, resulted in the rapid defeat of Iraqi military forces. However, it was followed by a longer phase of insurgency against the US-led occupation. The conflict led to significant US military casualties and a gradual reduction of US presence, culminating in the withdrawal in December 2011.
What is the European Defense Agency and what role does it play in the European Union's defense capabilities?
-The European Defense Agency is a European defense cooperation hub. Its expertise and network enable it to cover a broad defense spectrum, including harmonizing requirements, delivering operational capabilities, research and innovation, developing technology demonstrators, training and exercises, and maintenance to support the EU's common defense and security policy operations.
What changes did the Treaty of Lisbon bring to the European Union's structure and governance?
-The Treaty of Lisbon updated the regulations of the European Union by establishing a more centralized leadership and foreign policy, a proper process for countries wishing to leave the union, and a streamlined process for enacting new policy. It aimed to enhance cohesion and streamline actions within the EU, and it replaced the previously rejected constitutional treaty.
Outlines
🏛️ European Defense Community and Western European Union
The first paragraph discusses the European Defense Community (EDC), a plan in the 1950s to create a unified European army including German units under a single authority. The proposal was rejected by the French National Assembly in 1954, leading to the abandonment of the European political community plan. Subsequently, the Western European Union (WEU) was established following the 1954 Paris conference, integrating Germany into the Western European security framework. However, with Germany's NATO membership in 1955, the WEU became redundant under NATO's dominance, making the US-led NATO the principal security mechanism in Europe.
🌐 Post-Cold War European Security and the Gulf War
The second paragraph outlines the shift in European security and defense policy following the end of the Cold War, emphasizing the need for a new dimension independent of the USA. It highlights the Gulf War, triggered by Iraq's invasion of Kuwait in 1990, as a significant international crisis of the post-Cold War era. The UN's swift response with economic sanctions and the deployment of US troops marked a precedent for future military engagements. The paragraph also touches on the Bosnian War, a multiethnic conflict in the former Yugoslavia, and NATO's involvement, including its first use of force to enforce a no-fly zone and air strikes against Bosnian Serb targets.
📜 Historical Military Treaties and European Security Cooperation
This paragraph delves into the Declaration of St. Petersburg, an agreement from 1868 that prohibited the use of certain inhumane weapons in warfare. It traces the evolution of international humanitarian law through subsequent declarations and the inclusion of such rules in the Hague Regulations on Land Warfare. The summary also covers the development of the European Security and Defense Identity (ESDI) within NATO, the establishment of a Joint Task Force for multinational military operations, and the Headline Goal of the EU to deploy a rapid reaction force for international crisis situations.
🛡️ Conflicts in Afghanistan, Iraq, and European Military Operations
The fourth paragraph provides an overview of the US and Allied Forces' invasion of Afghanistan in 2001, which ousted the Taliban regime following the 9/11 attacks. It discusses the subsequent insurgency, the challenges faced by the Afghan National Defense and Security Forces, and the Doha Agreement of 2020 between the US government and the Taliban. The paragraph also touches on the Iraq War, the conflict's two phases, and the subsequent insurgency that led to a gradual US military withdrawal by 2011. Additionally, it mentions the EU's first independently launched military operation in the Democratic Republic of Congo and the US invasion of Iraq in 2003.
🏙️ Old Europe vs. New Europe and European Security Strategies
The final paragraph examines the division between 'Old Europe' and 'New Europe,' as characterized by US Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld, particularly in the context of European responses to US foreign policy and the Iraq War. It also discusses the European Security Strategy, the European Defense Agency's role in defense cooperation, and the Treaty of Lisbon's impact on the EU's centralized leadership and foreign policy. The paragraph concludes with a look at the European Neighborhood Policy as a tool for addressing security threats and providing stability to Europe.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡European Defense Community
💡Western European Union
💡European Security and Defense Identity (ESDI)
💡Persian Gulf War
💡Bosnian War
💡Declaration of St. Petersburg
💡Headline Goal
💡Taliban
💡European Neighborhood Policy
💡Treaty of Lisbon
Highlights
Introduction to the European Defense Community (EDC) and its proposal for a unified European army with German involvement.
Rejection of the EDC by the French National Assembly in 1954 and the subsequent abandonment of the European political community plan.
Lessons learned from the EDC failure leading to the formation of the Western European Union (WEU) to integrate Germany into the Western European security system.
WEU's role becoming obsolete under NATO's dominance and the shift to NATO as the principal security and defense mechanism in Europe.
The impact of the Cold War's end and the Persian Gulf War on the development of a new dimension in EU and EC security and defense.
Diplomatic and military responses to Iraq's invasion of Kuwait, including the first major international crisis of the post-Cold War era.
The Bosnian War's ethnic roots and the role of NATO in imposing a ceasefire and facilitating peace talks.
The Declaration of St. Petersburg and its significance in prohibiting the use of certain inhumane weapons in warfare.
Development of the European security and defense identity (ESDI) within NATO to strengthen European participation in security matters.
The Combined Joint Task Force concept for easily deployable multinational military formations within NATO and the WEU.
The Helsinki Headline Goal of the European Council to deploy an army for EU-led missions in international crisis situations.
The US and Allied Forces' invasion of Afghanistan in 2001 and the subsequent challenges faced by the Afghan National Security Forces.
The Doha Agreement between the US government and the Taliban, setting a timeline for the withdrawal of US troops from Afghanistan.
The EU's first independently launched military operation in the Democratic Republic of Congo, Operation MONUSCO.
The Iraq War's two phases, including the initial invasion and the subsequent insurgency against the US-led occupation.
The Old Europe versus New Europe debate and the divisions over Turkey's invocation of NATO's Article 4.
The European Security Strategy and the European Defense Agency's role in covering a broad defense spectrum.
The Treaty of Lisbon's impact on updating EU regulations, enhancing cohesion, and streamlining actions within the EU.
The European Neighborhood Policy as a tool for providing stability and security to Europe in the face of new security threats.
France's role as the strongest supporter of a dependent European security and defense initiative and its historical stance on multilateralism.
Transcripts
okay hi guys so today we're going to be
looking at common foreign and security
policy so the European Defense Community
is the first thing we're going to look
at so this plan proposed the creation of
a European army with the eventual
involvement of German units to be placed
under a single military and political
European Authority this proposal sped
the debate particularly in France
although it was accepted by most Western
countries the plan for the European
Defense Community was rejected by the
French National Assembly in August 1954
the refusal of the French National
Assembly to ratify the treaty
establishing the European Defense Comm
Community automatically led to the plan
for the European political community of
which was the institutional coroller
being
abandoned so the next is the Western
European Union so what lessons learned
from European Defense communi failure
Britain put forth an idea on integrating
Germany to the Western European security
system so this occurred in the 1954
Paris conference where Britain suggested
that they expand 1948 Brussels treaty by
including Italy and Germany and together
establish a Western European Union for a
European only type of security action
its main aim was to integrate Germany
into the West European security
framework so when Germany became a NATO
member in 1955 the West European Union's
task was accomplished and the West
European Union became useless under the
dominance of NATO so in other words us
leadership in NATO the Western European
Union have no reason to play an
independent role and therefore Nat was
the principal mechanism of security and
defense in Europe okay next look at fet
plan so there's going to be a few slides
I'm just going to skip through because
there's not much for me to explain you
guys can just read through so this is
one this talks about the European
political uh
cooperation that European Defense
identity this is just a whole lot of
different things that occurred ter of
Europe and the security forces that they
used and how countries were open then
with the end of the Cold War so with the
collapse of the Soviet Union at the end
of the Cold War European security and
defense faced a major turning point and
triggered the development of a new
dimension and in the EU and EC security
and defense so was agre that the
European security needed a new dimension
that should evolve independently on the
USA so now this is important the
outbreak of the gulf crisis right the
Persian Gulf War which is also called
the Gulf War was an international
conflict that was triggered by Iraq's
invasion of Kuwait on August 2nd 1990 so
Iraq leader Saddam Hussein ordered the
invasion and occupation of Kuwait with
the apparent aim of acquiring the
nation's large oil res reserves
canceling a large debt Iraq o to O
and expanding Iraqi power in the region
it was the first major International
crisis the post Cold War era and the US
Le response would set important
precedence for the use of military force
over subsequent decades uh the
Diplomatic response to the invasion was
swept so on the 6th of August the United
Nations security Council passed
resolution 661 which opposed a ban on
all trade with Iraq and called on UN
member countries to protect the assets
of the legitimate government of Kuwait a
day later the first US troops were sent
to Saudi Arabia while Mubarak invited
Arab leaders to Ciro for an emergency
Summit so this talks about the
atlanticist europeanist divides and how
they were divided based that how certain
countries fall into category now we're
going to look at the bosan war right so
this was an ethnically rooted war in
Bosnia and
herina pleas my my words
um so this that was a Former Republic of
Yugoslavia with a multiethnic population
comprising bosniacs which are Bosnian
Muslims serbs and CS so after years of
bitter fighting that involved the three
Bosnian groups as well as the OSL Army
wested countries with backing from NATO
imposed a final ceas fire negotiated by
Dayton Ohio Us in 1955 so several peace
proposals during the war failed largely
because the bosnians servs who
controlled about 70% of the land by 1940
refused to concede any territory so in
1944 in NATO's first ever use of force
its Fighters shut down four bosan Ser
aircrafts that were violating the UR
impos no flies all over the country
later that year at the un's request NATO
launched isolated at ineffective air
strikes against Bosnian sub targets
following
theica Massacre and another bosan and
sub attack on a seval Marketplace so
NATO undertook more counter more
concentrated air strikes late in
1955 combined with a large scale bosan
cro land offensive this action led to
bosan S Forces to G to us sponsor peace
talks in Dayton in
November so uh this resulted the
resulting dayon Accord called for a
federalized bosia and
her Z in which 51% of the land would
constitute a cro bosan
Federation a republic should force the
agreement formally signed in December
1955 okay so the Declaration of St
Petersburg is the first form agreement
prohibiting the use of certain weapons
in War it had its origin in the
invention in 1863 by Russian military
authorities of a bullet which exploded
on contact with a hard substance and
whose primary object was blow ammunition
wagons so in 1867 the projectile was so
modified as to explode a Conta with a
soft substance as such the bullet would
have been an inhumane instrument of war
the Russian government unwilling to use
the bullet itself or to allow another
country to take advantage of it
suggested that the use of the bullet be
prohibited by International agreement
for the Declaration to do that effect uh
the Declaration to that effect adopted
in 1868 which has the force of law
confirms the customary rule According to
which the use of arms projectiles and
material of nature to cause unnecessary
suffering is prohibited this rule was
later on laid down in article 23 of the
uh hog regulations on land Warfare in
1899 and 1907 so the Declaration of St
Petersburg prompted the adoption of
further Declaration of a similar nature
at two HW p peace conferences in 1899
and 1907 so so the hog declarations
relating to the discharge of projectiles
and explosives from Bots and the use of
asting gases and the use of expandable
refer in their uh Preamble Declaration
of the of same
P the next few slides you guys can read
through this talks about common foreign
and
secury you're looking at the interg
governmental pillar of CSF
CFS looking at the document ass
membership then we're looking at the
development of the European security and
defense identity right so the identity
within the alliance is designed to
strengthen European participation in
security matters while reinforcing
transatlantic cooperation right the esdi
is being developed in the context of
complimentary initiatives being
undertaken by other mutually reinforcing
institutions such as the Western
European Union so ler the Western
European union and developing close
links through joint meetings and
exercise and regular consultations
cooperation between NATO and West
European councils facilitates the
implementation of a combined Joint Task
Force concept develop to respond to the
need for easily Deployable MTI
multinational multi-service military
formations so the combined Joint Task
Force operate within NATO and could be
used for operations led by the West
European Union this task force provides
the command and control Arrangements
needed to allow military forces to
operate effectively by creating
integrated headquarters composed of
military elements suited to the task to
be undertaken the military task include
humanitarian relief peacekeeping and
peace enforcement as well as collective
defense then we will look at the next
thing which is the Treaty of right so
you guys can read through the Treaty
of
Declaration
the Declaration then we have decoupling
dation and discrimination so this as
what you guys can read through it talks
about how is the expression of the leg
indispensable transatlantic link it
should remain an organization of
sovereign allies right then you have the
bement there just a whole lot of
agreements and enement that exist that
you guys need to read then you have your
headline gr right so in December 1999
the European council meeting in Helsinki
MO a headline goal to achieve the
deployment of an army for EU leg
missions in situations of international
crisis so it was agreed that cooperating
voluntary in EU Le operations member
states must be able to buy 2 to deploy
within 60 days and sustain for at least
one year military forces of up to 50,000
60,000 persons capable of the full range
of the PE to which we spoke about
previously War so uh so we all know that
Taliban is a Sunni Islamic
fundamentalist and predominantly pan
movement control most of Afghanistan
from 1986 to 2001 so in 2001 us and
Allied Forces invaded the country and
Qui out of the Taliban regime following
its refusal to hand over terrorist
leader Bin Laden in the wake of Al
qaeda's 911 attacks following the US Le
Invasion ton leadership relocated to
Southern Afghanistan and across the
border to Pakistan from where they wed
Insurgency against the Western back
government in Kabul afan National
Security forces and International
Coalition troops when the US left
Coalition formally ended its combat
mission in 2014 the Afghan National
Defense and security Force PR Char
Afghanistan security which we just spoke
about however the forces face
significant challenges in holding
territory and defending population
centers Taliban continued to attack
rural districts and Carry Out suicide
attacks in major cities with the a andsf
suffering heavy casualties the war
largely remained is St made for nearly
six years despite a small us troop
increase in
2017 continuing combat missions and a
shift of US military strategies Target
talian Revenue sources which involve air
strikes against drug labs and opium
production site so Taliban briefly
seized the capital of far province in
May 2018 and in August 2018 it captured
the capital of gazi Province holding the
city for nearly a week before us and
Afghan troops regain control so in
February 2020 after more than a year of
direct negotiations the US government
and Taliban find a peace
deal uh so this was called the Doha
agreement right so we spoke about the
peace deal that they reach right that
set a timeline for the withdrawal of US
troops from Afghanistan under the
agreement the United States pledged to
draw down US troops to approximately
8,500 within 135 days and completed full
withdrawal within 14 months in return
Taliban pledged to prevent territory
under its control from being used by
terrorist groups and to enter
negotiations with the afan government
however no official ceas fire was put in
place after a brief reduction in
violence the Taliban quickly resumed
attacks on Afghan security forces and
civilians direct talk between the afan
government and Taliban began months
after the agreement upon the start of
March 2020 however multiple however the
multiple
negotiations however the negotiations
faced multiple delays and ultimately
made little progress violence across
Afghanistan continued in 2020 and 2021
as the US increased air strikes and rids
targeting the Taliban Taliban in turn
attacked Afghan government
andsf targets and made gain and made
significant territorial G civilian
casualties across Afghanistan have
remained High over the past several
years the United Nations documented a
then record high of
10,993 Civilian casualties in 2018
although 2019 saw a slight decline
civilian deaths and injuries exceeded
10,000 for the sixth year in a row
bringing the total un documented
civilian casualties from 2009 to 2020 to
more than 100,000 despite another slide
despite another slide decline that's
that year the first half of 2020 saw a
record high number of Civilian casual
as the Taliban ramped up the military
offense am the withdrawal of
international troops in addition to the
Taliban
offens uh forces Afghanistan faces a
threat from the Islamic State of kisan
which is Isis um which has also expanded
its presence to several Eastern
provinces increased activity in Kabul
and targeted cilian with suicide attacks
okay this looks at the first military
operation
then you have the operation uh in Bosnia
H very hard word to say the new otus
operation okay so when we look at the
otus operation it was carried on in the
Democratic Republic of Congo from June
September 2013 on the request of the
United Nations and was the first
European un and this was the European
Union's first independently launched
military operation and its first
operation in Africa France supported by
Britain
was the driving political framework to
secure eu's engagement as well as the
main uh military contributor to the
operation looking at the US invasion of
Iraq in March 201 right so the Iraq War
also called the second Persian Gulf War
from 2013 to 2011 was a conflict in Iraq
that consisted of two phases so the
first phase of these was a brief
conventionally fought war in March to
April 2003 in which a combined force of
troops from the United States and Great
Britain with smaller uh and several
other countries invaded Iraq and rapidly
defeated Iraqi military and Par
paramilitary forces it was was followed
by a longer second phase in which a US
Le occupation of Iraq was opposed by an
Insurgency after violence began to
decline in 2007 the United States
gradually reduced its military presence
in Iraq formerly completing its
withdrawal in December 20
2011 American Military casualties in the
conflict included some 4 500 service
members killed and some 2,000 others wed
so Iraq's invasion of Cu in
1990 ended in Iraq's defeat by a us
Coalition in the Persian Gulf War which
was between which was what we spoke
about initially right so 1990 to 1991
however the Iraqi brand of
the can't say these words B party headed
by Saddam Hussein managed to retain
Power by harshly suppressing uprisings
of the country's minority Kurds and its
majority Shia Arabs to stem The Exodus
of Kurds of Iraq the Allies establish a
safe haven in Northern Iraq's
predominantly Kurdish reasons an all an
Allied War ples patrolled no fly zones
uh in northern and southern Iraq that
were of limit to Iraqi aircraft more
over to restrain future Iraqi aggression
the UN implemented uh economic sanctions
against Iraq
in order to among other things hinder
the progress of its most lethal arms
programs including those for development
of nuclear biological and chemical
weapons right so un inspections uh
during the mid 1990s uncovered a variety
of prescribed weapons and PR technology
throughout Iraq so know there was a
motion previously like a few years ago
that
was this I think this house would
recognize independent cish stat that's
where information like this would come
in handy
um then we're at Old Europe versus new
Europe so in reaction to France and
Germany the US Secretary of Defense
Donald rumsfield said that uh the United
States could ignore Old Europe because
new Europe was on their side furthermore
France Germany and Belgium veto turkey's
invocation of NATO's
article uh 4 and requesting Aid in case
of an imminent attack from Iraq three
decline turkey's request as a sign off
their displeasure with US foreign
policy then you have uh this talking
about the divisions over turkey you guys
can read through this we looking at the
European security strategy right so uh
you guys can also then you have your
headline and your European Defense
Agency right so the agency is a European
Defense Corporation Hub its expertise
and network enable it to cover a broad
defense Spectrum including harmonizing
requirements to delivering operational
capabilities research and Innovation to
developing technology demonstrators
training and exercises to maintenance to
suppor in community common defense and
security policy operations right then
you have the Treaty of Lisbon right so
the Treaty of Lisbon also known as the
Lisbon treaty updated regulations of the
European Union establishing a more
centralized leadership and foreign
policy a proper process for countries
that wish to leave the union and a
streamlined process for enacting new
policy so the Lisbon treaty updated
European Union regulations establishing
more centralized leadership and War
policy a process for countries that want
to leave the EU and oh no I just said
this right sorry so the treaty was built
on H existing treaties but adopted new
rules to enhance cohesion and streamline
actions within the EU the Lisbon treaty
also replaced the previously Reed
constitutional treaty which attempted to
establish a union Constitution those who
supported the Lisbon treaty argued that
it enhanced accountability by providing
a better system of checks and balances
and that it gave more power to the
European Parliament which help major
influence the Union's legislative branch
major critics of the Lisbon treaty argue
that it pulled influence uh towards the
center forming a unequal distribution of
power that ignore the de of small
countries there the Russia Georgia War
guys can through
this then you have the European
neighborhood policy as you face new
security threats the situation led to
Europeans to find new tools such as the
European neighborhood policy in order to
cope with the challenges that were
mentioned in the strategy document its
objectives included to bring economic
and Security benefits to countries in
the periphery of the European Union
without a membership perspective does it
meant that the European Union relied
upon its economic power to pursue its
interest concerning security issues the
constitutes an important tool for in
common foreign and security policy of
the EU and providing stability and
security to
Europe the next few slides goes to each
individual country and what they
classify
as dets about it and I think would be
very important and as well as like the
specific uh treaties and documents and
Poli used so country United Kingdom
France has been the strongest supporter
of the creation of depend European
security and Defense Initiative France
has traditionally been the europeanist
camp and favored
multiple
terrorism
multilateralism wow I said that so
incorrectly with the aim of curbing out
the United States uh hegemonic has
always sought to to develop power as uh
a super power where France takes the
lead along with other European mes St
right next one we're looking
at you have a few another
Oney you
have you have withraw of the US from
Europe and you have the eu's military
capacity to be just not going to do it
you guys can read through the
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