APUSH Review: Video #21: The Market Revolution And Its Impacts
Summary
TLDRThis video covers the Market Revolution, emphasizing key transformations in transportation, agriculture, and production in antebellum America. Innovations such as canals, steamboats, railroads, the cotton gin, and interchangeable parts fueled growth. It highlights the shift from subsistence to cash crop farming and the emergence of factories, creating a growing middle class and an unequal distribution of wealth. The video also discusses changes in gender and family roles, including the cult of domesticity and the limited career opportunities for women. These developments profoundly impacted the U.S. economy and society before the Civil War.
Takeaways
- 🚂 The Market Revolution involved major changes in transportation, farming, and production, with key innovations like canals, roads, and railroads.
- 🌽 Farmers shifted from subsistence farming to cash crop farming, growing goods for sale rather than just for personal use.
- 🏭 Goods began to be produced outside of homes, especially textiles, marking a shift towards factory-based production.
- 💡 Key inventions like the cotton gin by Eli Whitney, the steel plow, and the McCormick Reaper revolutionized agriculture and production.
- 📞 Innovations such as the Telegraph and interchangeable parts, also by Eli Whitney, enhanced communication and manufacturing efficiency.
- 💼 Corporations emerged, allowing companies to sell stock and raise capital, leading to the growth of factories and large-scale production.
- 🌍 The North and Midwest benefited from improved infrastructure, while the South lagged behind due to its reliance on plantations and cotton farming.
- 👩🏭 The Lowell Factory system employed young women from farming families, offering them temporary factory jobs and a structured lifestyle.
- 👨👩👧 The Market Revolution led to the rise of a middle class and a business elite, but also deepened wealth inequality between the rich and poor.
- 🏡 Gender roles during this time became more rigid, with middle-class women expected to stay home under the 'cult of domesticity' while poor families, including children, worked in factories.
Q & A
What was the Market Revolution and why is it significant?
-The Market Revolution was a major transformation in the U.S. economy during the early 19th century, characterized by advances in transportation, agriculture, and production. It led to a shift from subsistence farming to cash crop farming and from home-based production to factory-based production, significantly changing the economic landscape of the nation.
What role did transportation innovations play during the Market Revolution?
-Transportation innovations such as roads (e.g., the Cumberland Road), canals (e.g., the Erie Canal), steamboats, and railroads were crucial during the Market Revolution. They facilitated the movement of goods and people, connected different regions, and helped spur economic growth by improving trade and communication.
How did the cotton gin, invented by Eli Whitney, impact slavery in the South?
-Eli Whitney's invention of the cotton gin was intended to reduce the need for slave labor by speeding up the process of separating cotton fibers from seeds. However, it had the opposite effect, making cotton production more profitable and increasing the demand for slaves in the South to keep up with the booming cotton industry.
What is the significance of interchangeable parts during the Market Revolution?
-Interchangeable parts, introduced by Eli Whitney, allowed for mass production of goods with parts that could easily be replaced if broken. This innovation was crucial for the development of factories and manufacturing, as it simplified the production process and reduced costs.
How did the Market Revolution affect the different regions of the United States?
-The North and Midwest were more closely linked through infrastructure projects like roads and canals, which benefited their economies. The South, focusing on cotton production, lagged behind in industrial and infrastructural development. Each region became increasingly specialized and dependent on the others for goods and resources.
What is the significance of the Lowell Factory in Massachusetts during the Market Revolution?
-The Lowell Factory was a notable example of the factory system during the Market Revolution. It employed young women, often farmers' daughters, who worked in textile mills. These women lived in boarding houses, followed strict rules, and saved money to either marry or return home, marking a shift in gender roles and labor practices.
What was the ‘cult of domesticity,’ and how did it affect gender roles during the Market Revolution?
-The ‘cult of domesticity’ was the belief that middle-class women should focus on domestic responsibilities, raising children, and instilling values in them rather than working outside the home. It reinforced traditional gender roles, limiting women’s opportunities to professions like nursing or teaching, considered ‘feminine’ jobs at the time.
How did corporations and the selling of stock emerge during the Market Revolution?
-Corporations emerged as companies began forming charters by paying fees. Owners were not personally liable for company losses, only for their investment. This led to the selling of stock, allowing businesses to raise large amounts of cash, which fueled the growth of factories and the industrial economy.
What were some of the impacts of the Market Revolution on the social class structure?
-The Market Revolution led to the growth of a middle class and an increase in prosperity for many people. However, it also widened the gap between the wealthy factory owners, who formed a business elite, and the poor workers, many of whom remained in poverty despite economic growth.
How did the Market Revolution influence family dynamics and child labor?
-As poor families moved from farms to cities to work in factories, entire families, including children as young as six, worked in factories alongside their parents. This shift in family dynamics, where children contributed to the household income, reflected the economic pressures of the time.
Outlines
📈 The Market Revolution: Key Changes in Transportation, Farming, and Production
The Market Revolution refers to a transformative period in American history, involving major changes in transportation, agriculture, and production methods. Key developments included the rise of canals (e.g., Erie Canal), roads (Cumberland Road), and new transportation like steamboats and railroads. Farming shifted from subsistence to cash crops, with goods increasingly produced in factories rather than homes. These innovations occurred during antebellum America, the period before the Civil War. Notable inventions like Eli Whitney’s cotton gin and interchangeable parts, along with the McCormick Reaper, revolutionized agriculture and manufacturing, while communication improved with the invention of the telegraph.
🏗️ Government Involvement in Infrastructure and Regional Development
State and federal governments played a significant role in funding infrastructure projects, depending on whether the projects benefited a single state or multiple states. The Erie Canal, funded entirely by New York State, is an example of intrastate development, while the Cumberland Road exemplifies interstate cooperation. The North and Midwest regions benefited more from infrastructure improvements, strengthening their economic ties. Meanwhile, the South remained focused on cotton production and saw less development. This period also marked the rise of corporations and factories, where men and women worked outside their homes, creating new social dynamics and regional trade patterns.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Market Revolution
💡Erie Canal
💡Steamboats
💡Subsistence to Cash Crop Farming
💡Textiles
💡Cotton Gin
💡Interchangeable Parts
💡Telegraph
💡Corporations
💡Lowell Factory System
💡Cult of Domesticity
Highlights
The Market Revolution involved changes in transportation, farming, and production of goods, shifting the U.S. economy significantly.
Increased use of canals, roads, steamboats, and railroads improved transportation, connecting regions and enhancing trade.
Subsistence farming gave way to cash crop farming, with more farmers growing food to sell rather than for personal sustenance.
Goods, especially textiles, were increasingly produced outside the home, often in factories, marking a shift toward industrialization.
Key transportation innovations included the Erie Canal, Cumberland Road, and the steamboat, popularized by Robert Fulton.
Eli Whitney's inventions, the cotton gin and interchangeable parts, revolutionized agriculture and manufacturing.
The cotton gin led to increased demand for slavery in the South, despite initial hopes of reducing it.
Agricultural innovations such as the steel plow and McCormick Reaper greatly increased farming efficiency in the Midwest.
Technological innovations like the telegraph improved communication across regions.
Government actions during the Market Revolution varied, with state and federal governments funding different infrastructure projects.
The South lagged behind the North and Midwest in infrastructure development, leading to economic disparities.
Corporations emerged, allowing companies to raise large amounts of capital through selling stock, and led to the rise of factories.
The Lowell Factory system employed young women from farms, offering them opportunities to earn money while living in boarding houses.
The Market Revolution contributed to the growth of a middle class, increased prosperity, and also led to a business elite and unequal wealth distribution.
The cult of domesticity emphasized traditional gender roles for middle-class women, focusing on raising families and avoiding political involvement.
Transcripts
what's going on a push peeps video
number 21 the market revolution you must
be familiar with this term great short
answer / essay topic especially if it's
a topic on the economy
alright so let's give a shout out to mr.
Pell's class thank you for your support
miss repeal your students oh you're a
great teacher and amazing at guitar too
so best of luck to you and your students
this year alright so the market
revolution it was a revolution in
transportation farming and production of
goods so we have a lot going on in this
definition we also have an increased use
of canals such as the Erie Canal here
which connects Albany to Buffalo roads
such as the National Road or Cumberland
Road and then you have steamboats and
railroads which are becoming popular
during this time too and we have a
switch from subsistence to cash crop
farming so more farmers are growing food
to sell not necessarily just to grow for
themselves to live off of goods were
produced increasingly outside the home
and this is especially true for textiles
the idea that Goods are no longer being
made in home at home they're being made
outside at places like factories and
this occurs prior to the Civil War in
that time period is called antebellum
America everybody Circle Antebellum for
me this means it is prior to the Civil
War okay so what are some innovations
during the market revolution well for
transportation we have roads as I
mentioned such as the Cumberland Road
canal such as the Erie Canal and the
steamboat popularized by Robert Fulton
pictured here for agricultural
improvements for farmers we have things
like the cotton gin invented by Eli
Whitney the goal of this was to separate
cotton at a much faster rate from its
seeds and he actually envisioned that
this would decrease the need for slavery
but unfortunately this is going to make
slavery that much more significant in
the south the steel plow will benefit
the met Midwest where farmers could
break the soil and grow more food and
the McCormick Reaper will be used to
increased harvesting efficiency they
will get the crops out of the ground at
a faster
technological innovations include
interchangeable parts again by Eli
Whitney think of cookie-cutter parts
that are identical so if a part breaks
on a good you can just easily replace it
as opposed to going back to the
blacksmith and having that person make
you a new part and the Telegraph which
will increase communication between
areas okay so some government actions
during the market revolution well state
and federal governments would often help
fund roads canals and railroads but it
mattered what type it was and where the
funding would come from so the Erie
Canal was paid entirely by New York
State because it is solely in New York
State that is an example of intra int
are a state trade that means it's within
a state so if a construction project
only benefits one state oftentimes that
state would pay for if it benefited
multiple states
that would be paid by the federal
government the Cumberland Road connects
many different areas of the country and
that's an example of interstate trade
often the north and Midwest were more
closely linked together than the south
with its large plantations the south was
really kind of left behind with these
infrastructure projects each region
became more reliant on each other and
traded more with each other in the
Midwest places like Cincinnati develop
they're gonna focus on pigs in
particular and the nickname for the city
will be porkopolis so they will grow
pigs and really ship it throughout the
country the south is going to focus on
cotton and then send that cotton to the
north and textile factories and the
north will focus on manufacturing goods
and we will have trade between these
three regions but because infrastructure
was built up more in the Midwest and the
north we'll see them benefit more than
the South does so talk about
corporations and the emergence of them
these are when companies form a charter
by paying a fee and the owners are not
liable for the losses of the company
they would just lose their investment so
if you buy stock in a company you are an
owner of the company but you're not
liable for what the company does you're
just liable for the money you invest it
and this led to the selling of stock and
Panisse could raise large amounts of
cash by selling portions of their
company
this will help lead to the emergence of
factories where men and women began to
work outside the home in factories in
large numbers you see cities popping up
around factories they're no longer
reliant on sub semi subsistence farming
because so many farm goods are being
produced especially in the Midwest
textile mills were often located near
water and these goods were often traded
to distant markets as specifically in
Europe it's not just the u.s. are
trading goods with but also Europe make
sure you know that phrase distant
markets okay so an example of a factory
system is the Lowell Factory in
Massachusetts this is where farmers
daughters would work in the Lowell
factory system so if you're a farmer and
you have a young daughter you may be
working on the farm all day but your
daughter would go and work at the Lowell
factory for a couple years these are
often young late teens early 20s single
women and here are a couple pictured
here they would work for a short time
couple years and they would save money
at which point that many of them would
either get married or moved back home
but they would be able to have some cash
from working those couple years so life
outlaw was very organised women lived in
boarding houses when they weren't
working they were maintained by their
owners and the workers had a curfew and
they were required to attend church so
there were strict guidelines for women
to follow while they were working
outside the home and they often did the
same tasks over and over in the factory
so they would have one simple job and
they would do that over and over so
where the impacts of the market
revolution in manufacturing well we have
a growing middle class an increase in
prosperity and standard of living for a
good portion of the population so we
have a growing middle class people are
getting wealthier and a lot of people
see their prosperity increasing we also
have an emergence of a business elite
these factory owners in these managers
of factories become very wealthy that
will help lead to an unequal
distribution of wealth where we still
have a lot of poor workers and a large
portion of the population still remain
poor whether there are poor farmers or
poor workers in a factory so let's talk
about gender and family roles
poor family stopped farming and moved to
cities and to work in factories you
would see children as young as six to
eight working new factories alongside
their parents so if they were too poor
to afford a farm they would pack up
their whole family and move to work in a
factory married middle-class women were
not expected to work outside the home so
if you were married to your expectation
if your middle-class was to stay in the
home and raise your family that is an
example of the cult of domesticity
here's a book that helped her reinforce
it this magazine it was called Gatti's
ladies book which reinforced this notion
of the cult of domesticity so everybody
circle and star cult of domesticity for
me please this is the idea that upper
middle class women were expected to
focus on their families and instilling
American virtues and their children they
were not expected to work outside the
home they were not expected to be
involved in politics they were expected
to take care of the house and live in a
separate sphere from men so they would
join voluntary clubs and organizations
we'll talk about that in a future video
in which women will join organizations
to protest slavery and alcohol and women
would often stay out of politics and
they would just focus on domestic issues
at least that was the expectation under
the cult of domesticity if women did
work there options would be limited to
professions such as nursing and teaching
things that were seen as feminine during
that time what was the market revolution
know some impacts on the economy
transportation systems and gender and
family roles very important that gender
and family roles aspect and innovations
during the market revolution be able to
identify several of them alright guys
thanks for watching look forward to see
you back here for video number 22 best
of luck this year and have a good day
浏览更多相关视频
The MARKET REVOLUTION in America—INDUSTRIALIZATION [APUSH Review Unit 4 Topic 5] Period 4: 1800-1848
America's Industrial Revolution and Market Revolution
APUSH America's History: Chapter 9 Review Video
Industrial Revolution Overview
The Market Revolution: Crash Course US History #12
The MARKET REVOLUTION'S Effect on SOCIETY [APUSH Review Unit 4 Topic 6] Period 4: 1800-1848
5.0 / 5 (0 votes)