🥇 Anatomía del ESÓFAGO, Fácil y Rápida
Summary
TLDREste vídeo educativo, presentado por Juan José Sánchez, explora la anatomía del esófago, el tubo muscular que inicia el tracto digestivo y conecta el faringe con el estómago. Se discuten las divisiones cervical, torácica y abdominal del esófago, así como sus estrechos anatómicos y relaciones con estructuras clave como la traquea y la aorta. Se explican su irrigación sanguínea, drenaje venoso y la innvación por el sistema nervioso autónomo, destacando su función en la peristaltic y la secreción de glándulas.
Takeaways
- 🌟 El esófago es un tubo muscular que forma parte del tracto digestivo y conecta el faringe con el estómago.
- 📏 Mide aproximadamente entre 25 a 30 centímetros y es ligeramente más delgado y pequeño en mujeres.
- 🔍 Comienza en el borde inferior del cartílago cricoide, a nivel de la vértebras C6, y termina entre las vértebras D11 y D12 o T11 y T12.
- 📝 Se divide en tres porciones: cervical, intra torácica y abdominal, siendo la intra torácica la más larga y la abdominal la más corta.
- 🚧 Hay estrechos o constrictions anatomicos naturales en el esófago, principalmente en los niveles del cartílago cricoide, la aorta y el diafragma.
- 🔄 La porción cervical del esófago está relacionada con el faringe y el plexo cardíaco, y es donde se forma el primer esfínter del esófago.
- 🔄 La porción torácica está relacionada con la traquea, la aorta y el plexo esofágico, y es donde la musculatura es mixta de estriado y liso.
- 🔄 La porción abdominal es la más corta y termina en la yugular del estómago, formando la unión gastroesofágica.
- 🌐 El esófago está hidratado por varias arterias, incluyendo las arterias tireóideas inferiores, bronquiales, aórticas y diafragmáticas.
- 🔁 El drenaje venoso del esófago es complejo, con la convergencia de la circulación sistemática y portal, pudiendo causar várices en la parte inferior del esófago.
- 💡 La innervation del esófago es de autonomía, con la parasimpatía a través de los troncos del nervio vague y la simpatía a través de la cadena simpática.
Q & A
¿Qué órgano comienza el tracto digestivo y de qué trata el vídeo de Juan José Sánchez?
-El vídeo trata sobre el esófago, que es uno de los órganos que comienza el tracto digestivo.
¿Cuál es la función del esófago según el vídeo?
-El esófago es un tubo muscular que conecta el faringe con el estómago y transporta el bolo alimenticio desde la garganta hasta el estómago.
¿Cuál es la longitud aproximada del esófago en centímetros?
-El esófago mide aproximadamente entre 25 a 30 centímetros.
¿En qué nivel del cuerpo comienza y termina el esófago?
-El esófago comienza en el nivel del borde inferior del cartílago cricoide, específicamente en la vértebral C6, y termina aproximadamente entre D11 y D12 o también conocida como T11 y T12.
¿Cuáles son las tres porciones del esófago que se mencionan en el vídeo?
-Las tres porciones del esófago son: la porción cervical, la porción intratoracólica y la porción abdominal.
¿Qué son las estrías del esófago y cuáles son sus tres lugares donde se estrangulan?
-Las estrías del esófago son lugares donde el esófago se estrecha. Las tres estrías son: la estrecha en el inicio del esófago, la aortobronquial y la diafragmática.
¿Cuál es la relación anatómica entre el esófago y la traquea?
-El esófago siempre está en relación posterior a la traquea y se desplaza hacia la izquierda mientras que la traquea se desplaza hacia la derecha.
¿Cómo se forma el primer esfínter del tracto digestivo en la parte superior del esófago?
-El primer esfínter del tracto digestivo se forma por el tendon del músculo cricofaríngeo, que es la porción muscular del inferior constrictor del faringe.
¿Qué es la línea Z y dónde se encuentra?
-La línea Z, también conocida como línea zigzag, es el punto donde el esófago se une al estómago y marca el cambio de epitelio esofágico a epitelio gástrico.
¿Cómo se drenan las venas del esófago y cuál es la importancia de esta drenaje?
-El esófago tiene una drenaje venosa compleja donde convergen dos sistemas venosos: la circulación sistémica y la circulación portal. Esto puede resultar en la formación de várices esofágicas si hay un bloqueo o daño en la vena portal.
¿Cómo se irriga el esófago y cuáles son las principales arterias que contribuyen a su irrigación?
-El esófago está densamente irrigado por varias arterias, incluyendo las arterias tireoideas inferiores, las ramas bronquiales de la aorta, las ramas directas de la aorta, la arteria diafragmática o inferior frenar y la arteria gástrica izquierda.
Outlines
📚 Introducción a la Anatomía del Esófago
El vídeo comienza con Juan José Sánchez presentando un nuevo vídeo sobre Anatomía, específicamente el esófago, que es el órgano que inicia el tracto digestivo. Se menciona que se abordará su estructura macroscópica, incluyendo sus porciones, relaciones anatómicas importantes, irrigación, drenaje venoso e innervation. El esófago es descrito como un tubo muscular que conecta el faringe con el estómago, pasando por el cuello, el torax y llegando al estómago, midiendo aproximadamente 25 a 30 cm. Se detalla que comienza en la cartílago cricoide y termina entre las vértebras D11 y D12 o T11 y T12. Se explica que se puede dividir en tres porciones: cervical, intra torácica y abdominal, y se mencionan las estrictures o puntos de estrechamiento normales que presenta.
🔍 Porciones y Relaciones Anatómicas del Esófago
Se describe la porción cervical del esófago, que comienza en el cartílago cricoide y se extiende hasta el nivel de la vértebras D4 o D5. Se explica que el esófago está en relación posterior con la traquea y se menciona la importancia de la tendon de la musculatura crico-faringea que forma el primer esfínter del esófago. Además, se abordan las relaciones con la glándula tiroides, las arterias carotidas y el nervio recurrente laringeo. Se destaca la importancia de estas relaciones para cirugías del cuello, ya que el esófago es más accesible desde el lado izquierdo. Se menciona la transición de la porción cervical a la intra torácica, donde la musculatura del esófago cambia de esquelética a lisa, y se destacan las relaciones con la aorta y la traquea.
🌐 Irrigación y Drenaje del Esófago
Se detalla la irrigación del esófago, que es un órgano altamente irrigado. Se mencionan las distintas arterias que suministran sangre al esófago, como la arteria tireo-inferior, las ramas bronquiales de la aorta, las ramas directas de la aorta y la arteria diafragmática o inferior frenética. También se habla sobre el drenaje venoso, donde convergen dos sistemas venosos: el sistema venoso sistemico y el portal. Se señala la importancia de la vena gástrica izquierda que drenaje la parte inferior del esófago al sistema portal, lo que puede dar lugar a várices esofágicas en caso de obstrucción en la vena portal.
🚨 Innervation y Conclusión del Vídeo
Se explica la innervation del esófago, que es controlada por el sistema nervioso autónomo. Se menciona la innervation parasimpática a través de los troncos del nervio vague y la función de los ganglios en las paredes del esófago en la peristaltis y la secreción de glándulas. Se también aborda la innervation simpática, que tiene como función oponerse a la acción de la parasimpatía. El vídeo concluye con un agradecimiento y se invita a los espectadores a suscribirse, dar like y compartir el vídeo, así como seguir al presentador en Instagram.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Esofago
💡Portiones del esofago
💡Estrechuras del esofago
💡Muscular
💡Faringe
💡Estómago
💡Sifón
💡Glándulas paratiroides
💡Nervio recurrente laringeo
💡Vaso sanguíneo
💡Drenaje venoso
💡Innervations
Highlights
El esófago es un tubo muscular que inicia el tracto digestivo.
Conecta el faringe con el estómago y mide aproximadamente 25 a 30 centímetros.
Comienza en la base del cartílago cricoide y termina entre las vértebras D11 y D12.
Se divide en tres porciones: cervical, intra torácica y abdominal.
Existen estrechos anatómicos naturales en el esófago donde se estrecha.
El primer estrecho se encuentra en la base del cartílago cricoide.
El segundo estrecho puede ser causado por el arco de la aorta o la bronquio izquierdo.
El tercer estrecho ocurre al perforar el diafragma toracoabdominal.
La porción cervical comienza en la base del cartílago cricoide y se une al faringe.
El esófago está siempre en relación posterior con la traquea.
La relación con la glándula tiroides y las arterias carotidas es lateral.
La porción torácica es la más larga y se caracteriza por su musculatura esquelética.
La porción abdominal es la más corta y desaparece al pasar por el diafragma.
El esófago se irriga por varias arterias incluyendo la arteria tireoinfrarrotunda.
La drenaje venoso del esófago es complejo y incluye la circulación portal.
La innervation del esófago es de autonomía y controla movimientos y secreciones.
El esófago tiene un anastomosis entre la circulación sistémica y portal.
La sangre de la parte inferior del esófago puede causar várices y hemorragias.
El video es una excelente fuente de información sobre la anatomía del esófago.
Transcripts
Welcome to a new easy anatomy video by Juan José Sánchez! Today we will talk
about one of the organs that begins what is the digestive tract. We will talk
specifically then about the anatomy of the esophagus. So,
in this video we will mainly address its macro structure, we will talk about its generalities,
its portions, the most important anatomical relationships. Then, we will talk about its irrigation,
its venous drainage and, of course, its innervation. Don't detach yourself from the video.
[Music]
I invite you to subscribe here in the lower right style, click. [Music]
And don't forget to like the video. So, basically, the esophagus is a muscular tube
that begins the digestive tube that connects an important portion of the neck, such as the
pharynx, with the stomach. So it goes through three important structures of the body,
it goes through the neck, it goes through the thorax to finally reach what is
the stomach and take the bolus. So, from the throat to the stomach,
this tube measures approximately 25 to 30 centimeters, somewhat less thick and smaller
in women since this portion of the body is less developed. It
basically begins at the level of the lower edge of the cricoid cartilage, that is the
anatomical reference for me to say here the esophagus begins and that is specifically at the level of
the C6 vertebra and ends approximately between D11 and D12 or also called T11 and T12 , that is
the length with respect to the spinal column. So, we are going to delimit 3 portions and we are going to
explain each of them separately. First, the portion more proximal than its superior portion is
the cervical portion. Then, the longest portion, which is the intrathoracic portion, and finally,
its shortest portion, which is the abdominal portion. So these are then going to be the three
portions of the esophagus. It is very important that we know that there are strictures of the esophagus,
they can be places where the esophagus narrows. It is normal that anatomically it narrows in those places
, there are precisely anatomical structures that put pressure on it and that is why it has those
narrownesses that look very good, I repeat, in radiological anatomy. For example,
when we make a barium esophagus, the first place at the first narrowness, which at the narrowest point
of the esophagus is precisely at its beginning, that is, the lower edge of the cricoid cartilage
at the level of C6, that is the first narrowness. There it joins the pharynx and that is why that region is
called the cricopharyngeal region where the tendon of the cricopharyngeal muscle is located. Then, we have the
second construction that some authors vary here. Some authors say that it is the aorta,
the arch of the aorta, that makes this constriction and they call it aortic constriction. Others say
that specifically it is the left main bronchus, the Netter that I took this image from
anatomy, the Netter says or names this second constriction as aortobronchial constriction,
that is, for that author this constriction is made by both the left main bronchus and
the arch of the aorta. And the third stricture is the stricture that occurs when it perforates the
thoracoabdominal diaphragm. So, we are going to call them diaphragmatic constriction. Those are
the three places where anatomically we are going to see that the tube, the esophagus, narrows a little,
basically reducing its lumen. So, let's start by explaining the cervical portion.
In this sagittal cut, we are going to see that it begins at the level of the lower edge of the cricoid cartilage,
this is the anterior part of the cricoid, this is the posterior part. See that at the
lower edge there it begins. I say that the esophagus begins, that is at the C6 level and you count the
vertebra. This would be that one that circles c2 c3 c4 c5 and see that at c6 the esophagus begins. It is
a continuation, as I told you, of the pharynx but let's be more specific, it is a continuation of
the lowest part of the pharynx, which is called the laryngolarynx. Then,
after the laryngopharynx, when it reaches the lower edge of the cricoid, it
becomes the esophagus and begins the muscular tube already called the esophagus. As you can see in this image,
this would be the inferior constrictor muscle of the pharynx. Notice, the lowest part
This one that is shaded here in green from the lower concept of the pharynx is called the
cricoesophageal tendon because it comes from the cricoid cartilage to the esophagus. Some authors call them
cricopharyngeal tendon. This cricopharyngeal tendon is the muscular part of the inferior constrictor
that is attached to what is the beginning of the esophagus and there is so much pressure on this muscle when it contracts
that it is what forms the first sphincter that I We find it in the digestive tract, which is the
upper esophageal sphincter, you know, and then the upper esophageal sphincter is formed by the
tendon of the cricopharyngeal muscle. A sphincter is nothing more than a valve, that is, it closes
the beginning of the esophagus so that the bolus, once it passes, cannot be returned. We are going
to see here how the esophagus is always in posterior relation to the trachea, so much so that it is joined by
this fibroelastic tissue to the posterior part of the trachea. Here we basically see the tendon
of the cricopharyngeal fiber forming the upper esophageal sphincter and delimiting me from the beginning of the
esophagus. So, there is a very important relationship between the esophagus and the trachea, the trachea
is always in front of the esophagus, this is a relationship that never changes. Now the trachea begins to
deviate towards the right side of the midline and the esophagus does the opposite, the esophagus begins
to deviate towards the left side. There is also a very important relationship with the
primitive carotid arteries, this primitive carotid is so lateral to what is the esophagus
and with the thyroid gland, specifically its anatomical lobes that have a lateral relationship
with respect to the esophagus. Let's see it well in this image, we see that the esophagus is always
posterior to the trachea and is always anterior to the spinal column. In fact, they describe it as
if it were a bow with its string, the esophagus with respect to what is the spinal column. Now,
there is something quite important that at the cervical level, as I told you, the trachea moves towards
the right side and the esophagus a little more towards the left side. This means that at the
cervical level only the trachea covers the right half of the esophagus. But it does not cover the
left half because they are not both precisely in the midline. This is why when a surgeon
is going to approach the neck to reach the esophagus, it is easier for him to reach the esophagus by cutting through the
left side of the neck than to cut through the right side, because he knows that if he cuts through the
right side The trachea is obtained first, then the esophagus. On the left side it is free,
on the left side the esophagus is free, so it is easier to access it from the left side of the
neck. Here we can also see the relationship that exists with the common carotid arteries that
are lateral. In this posterior view we basically see the pharynx that is the beginning of the esophagus,
this would be the cricopharynx tendon and see how the anatomical lobes have a lateral relationship.
He talked about the anatomical lobes of the thyroid gland, which is the beginning of the esophagus.
Also lateral to the esophagus are the parathyroid glands. Look at these nerves, which is
why I brought up this image and are the recurrent laryngeal nerve. This nerve,
apart from innervating the upper portion of the esophagus, which is a branch of the vagus nerve, is a very intimate relationship
, it enters its way up between the trachea and between the esophagus, it is a very important relationship
that the esophagus has. We see this axial short at the level basically between c5 or c4 c6 and what I
shade in red is the esophagus so it is in the trachea. See here the relationship it
has with this nerve, which is the recurrent larynx, with this gland that is half seen here, which is the
parathyroid, and with all of this, which are the anatomical lobes of the thyroid. See that it is posterior
to the esophagus so there will be the vertebral column and these muscles that are the
prevertebral muscles. What we see here is basically the primitive carotid also as a
lateral relationship to the esophagus and this would be the sympathetic chain also as a posterolateral relationship to
the esophagus. As I always say, the trachea in front of the esophagus, that never changes. So
with respect to the cervical portion, we are going to move on to the thoracic portion, which is the
longest of the esophagus. This thoracic portion is characterized because its beginning, like the
cervical portion, is clearly striated muscle, that is, we can contract at will,
when we swallow it is at will that we move the pharynx muscles. However,
the most distal portion of the thoracic region, when the esophagus reaches the abdomen,
is smooth muscle so that we can no longer control it at will
but it is only controlled by the autonomic nervous system. So, basically, the trachea in
its descent through what is the thoracic cavity is crossed, although it is not seen in this image,
by the left main bronchus. The left main bronchus is anteriorly related, as
is the trachea itself. As I already explained, the esophagus theoretically comes to the left and the
trachea to the right, while the right main itself has nothing to do with the
esophagus, the other quite important relationship you have with the aorta. Note that the beginning of the
aorta, that is, the ascending aorta, is first anterior to the esophagus. The arch of the aorta is rather
lateral, while the descending aorta is first lateral, but then suddenly
becomes posterior, so posterior that when both structures, I mean the esophagus and the aorta,
pierce the thoracoabdominal diaphragm, the esophagus pierces it. In front, it passes through the
esophageal hiatus, while what is the aorta does so behind. So, imagine the very
important relationship that the esophagus has with the aorta, now we are going to see it in a much
better image. Another quite important relationship with this plexus, the esophageal plexus, formed mainly
by the vagus nerve. Ok? See that the vagus nerve has both an anterior and posterior relationship with
the esophagus. This artery here, which is the famous pulmonary artery, is also an
anterior relation to the esophagus. We see here the relationship, so important, is a posterior view of
the vagal trunks. This would be the posterior vagal trunk, since the anterior vagal trunk that
innervates and turns the esophagus. In this image you can see very well the relationship that exists,
as I explained, anterior ascending aorta, arch of the lateral aorta and the descending aorta first
laterally, but then it becomes posterior in what is the esophagus. An also important relationship with
the heart, in fact, there is a space that is seen radiologically between the heart and the esophagus,
the retrocardiac space, which is very important for you to know. Now let's
move on to the abdominal portion, the nominal person which is the shortest, appears
when the esophagus perforates the esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm. This abdominal portion is very
important for you to know what to disappear, you were like that which disappears, because in swallowing,
when we swallow, the trachea rises and the pharynx rises. As the esophagus is
attached to the pharynx, the esophagus also ascends so that when I swallow this
abdominal portion to become part of the thoracic portion and it simply disappears, even a
part of the stomach also ascends to the thorax, I am going to explain how that mechanism occurs.
So in this abdominal portion is where the esophagus ends, approximately at the
level of the D11 vertebra, emptying into the cardia portion of the stomach. This junction
is called the gastroesophageal junction. The line you see indicates the change from the esophageal epithelium to the
gastric epithelium, and is known as the Z line or zig-zag line because of its shape.
Now, see that there is a thickening in the distal part of the esophagus and that forms the
lower esophageal sphincter, so we have an upper one that forms the
cricoesophageal muscle and a lower one that is basically formed by a thickening of the
walls of the esophagus itself, See that in this esophageal hiatus, this is the diaphragm, okay? It is
joined by a ligament that is the brake ligament, brake is an adjective that means diaphragm,
so this ligament is called the phrenoesophageal ligament. It is what makes it so that when
you swallow and the abdominal portion of the esophagus disappears because it rises, since it is quite elastic, it
quickly pulls it downwards and the esophagus returns to its abdominal portion again.
What you see in the image is a cushion of fat that is inside the phrenoesophageal ligament.
We are going to talk about the irrigation of the esophagus, a densely irrigated organ like
all the organs of the target tube. From top to bottom, first is the
inferior thyroid artery with its esophageal branches. Then, we see that the aorta gives off bronchial branches and,
through that bronchial branch, it also takes advantage and gives branches to the esophagus. So, those are the
bronchial branches of the bronchial artery. Then, some branches that are direct from the aorta, that is,
the aorta, as it comes out, allows direct branches to give to the esophagus, to a branch, then,
aortic. And in its final part, this artery that is here, which is the branch of the abdominal aorta,
that diaphragmatic artery, also called the inferior phrenic artery, that inferior phrenic artery.
See that it also gives some twigs to what is the esophagus, as you can see here. Now,
another artery that is also responsible for supplying the esophagus is the diaphragmatic or
inferior phrenic artery. Not seen in this image. But like this, as this is lower diaphragmatic, there is one that gives
the aorta before perforating the esophageal hiatus, the aortic hiatus gives it up here and that also
helps to irrigate the esophagus. Lastly, this branch of the celiac trunk, which is the
left gastric artery, also called the coronary stomatal artery, helps to irrigate the
lower portions of the esophagus. So you see that it is a densely irrigated organ. Venous drainage
is very important since two venous systems of the body converge in the esophagus. Notice
that what you see like this, here in dark blue, are basically the azygos vein that drains part
of the esophagus, the hemiazygos vein and the accessory hemiazygos vein upwards, the
posterior intercostal or posterosuperior veins drain what is the most esophagus, as
does the inferior thyroid vein. So, all of this venous drainage searches
in some direct or indirect way for what is the superior vena cava to reach what is the
right chamber of the heart. That is the famous systemic circulation, that of the entire body,
it is the one you see here in dark blue. But something very important is that the lower part of the esophagus
formed by the left gastric vein, this left gastric vein, you will see that they drew it
here in a more blue and that is because it drains not into the systemic circulation system
but into the of the portal circulation of the portal vein. So it drains into the
portal vein. This means that in the lower part of the esophagus there is an anastomosis, that is,
a union between both circulations is the systemic and the portal and somewhere, as you can see here,
the portal systemic anastomosis, where the veins can dilate, forming the famous
esophageal varices. Well, and that would be clinical, it is not part of the video, but just so you know why
there is often bleeding from varicose veins in the lower part of the esophagus when there is blockage or
damage to the portal vein, basically it is because there is an anastomosis between the two systems .
Finally, the innervation of the esophagus is an organ of the digestive system. Obviously,
it is controlled by the autonomic nervous system. The peripheral cannot control it because we
move the esophagus at will. Its parasympathetic innervation is given as I told you, but
the anterior and posterior vagal trunks are the precarious holm oaks and moles in the ganglia
that are on the internal walls of the esophagus and from there the post ganglionic cells come out
to innervate the esophagus itself. . They are the ones that are basically in charge of peristalsis,
that is, esophageal movement, and they are also basically in charge of the secretion of the
glands. While the sympathetic innervation is given by the trunk or sympathetic chain,
the pre-ganglion fibers come from the spinal cord, reach these vertebral ganglia
and from there are entangled in the sympathetic area and then the esophagus. The function of the
sympathetic is to do the opposite, that is, to stop the movement of the esophagus and stop the
secretion of the glands. So friend, this has been the entire video. Do not forget
Subscribe to the little circle that appears here and like and share it too. You can follow me
on Instagram at @ juan_sánchez1315. Thank you for your attention.
浏览更多相关视频
🥇 Anatomía de la MAMA. GLÁNDULA MAMARIA. ¡Fácil Explicación!
HISTOLOGÍA del ESÓFAGO
Desarrollo embriológico del esófago
🥇 Anatomía de los BRONQUIOS - (Principales, Lobulares y Segmentarios). Fáciles y Sencillos
🥇 SISTEMA NERVIOSO SIMPÁTICO 1/3 - Generalidades - ¡Explicación Sencilla!
HISTOLOGÍA del ESTÓMAGO
5.0 / 5 (0 votes)