Reproduction and Brood Development - How are different kinds of bees created?
Summary
TLDRBees' creation involves a complex process where queen bees lay diploid or haploid eggs, determining the sex and role of the offspring. Drones mate with the queen to fertilize eggs, resulting in female bees. Larvae fed worker jelly become workers, while queen jelly results in queens. The queen's spermatheca stores sperm for egg fertilization, and the caste of a bee is influenced by diet and hormones, with a 21-day development cycle from egg to adult.
Takeaways
- 🐝 Queen bees have a specialized reproductive system that allows them to lay diploid or haploid eggs.
- 🍯 Worker bees play a crucial role in determining the caste of the bee by feeding them either worker jelly or queen jelly.
- 🌞 Drones gather at a specific location for the queen to mate, aiming to minimize inbreeding.
- 🐝 The queen bee stores sperm in a spermatheca, which she uses to fertilize eggs throughout the season.
- 🌟 Honeybee sex determination is based on fertilization status, with fertilized eggs becoming females and unfertilized eggs becoming males.
- 👑 A diploid egg can develop into either a worker bee or a queen bee, depending on the type of jelly it is fed.
- 🏰 Worker bees make the decision to create a new queen when the hive needs to swarm and establish a new colony.
- 🕒 It takes approximately 21 days for an egg to develop into an adult bee, including stages of larval growth and pupation.
- 🍲 The larvae's diet is closely monitored by worker bees, who provide food every 15 minutes and adjust the quantity based on the larvae's needs.
- 🧠 The corpus allatum in the bee's head acts as a primitive brain, controlling growth through the release of juvenile hormones.
Q & A
How does the queen bee's reproductive system allow her to make choices about the type of eggs she lays?
-The queen bee's specialized reproductive system enables her to decide whether to lay diploid or haploid eggs. She can choose to release sperm from her spermatheca to fertilize an egg, resulting in a female (diploid), or not release sperm, resulting in a male (haploid).
What role do worker bees play in determining the caste of a bee?
-Worker bees are responsible for feeding the larvae. They decide whether to feed a larva worker jelly or queen jelly, which determines whether the bee will develop into a worker or a queen.
Why do drones gather at a specific location in the sky, and how does the queen bee mate?
-Drones gather at a specific location, typically 60 to 70 feet high, to mate with the queen bee. The queen will mate with 15 to 25 different drones to minimize inbreeding and gather a large quantity of sperm for later use.
How does the queen bee store sperm for future use?
-Queen bees have a spermatheca on their side where they store thousands of sperm for later use when they lay fertilized eggs.
What is the significance of the number of eggs a queen bee lays in spring and summer?
-The queen bee lays about 2,000 eggs during spring and summer, which is significant for the growth and population of the hive.
How is the sex of a honeybee determined?
-In honeybees, sex is determined by the fertilization or non-fertilization of eggs. Unfertilized eggs become males (drones), while fertilized eggs become females.
What is the difference between a haploid and a diploid egg in bees?
-A haploid egg is an unfertilized egg that develops into a male (drone) and contains only one set of chromosomes. A diploid egg is a fertilized egg that can develop into either a worker or a queen bee and contains two sets of chromosomes.
How do worker bees decide to create a new queen?
-Worker bees decide to create a new queen when their hive has too many workers and they need to swarm to a new hive. They feed a larva queen jelly, which is richer in nutrients than worker jelly.
What is the developmental process of a bee from egg to adult?
-An egg hatches into a larva after about three days, the larva grows and feeds for five days, and then it becomes a pupae for 13 days. The entire process from egg to adult takes about 21 days.
How do worker bees ensure the larvae receive enough food during their development?
-Worker bees check on the larvae every 15 minutes to see if they need more food. They produce an excess of jelly and feed it directly onto the larvae's head.
What are the main structures in the head of a bee larva that contribute to its growth?
-The corpus allatum in the head of a bee larva acts as a primitive brain, sending out juvenile hormones into the bloodstream, which cause growth.
Outlines
🐝 Bee Reproduction and Development
The script explains the intricate process of bee reproduction and development. Queen bees possess the ability to decide whether to lay diploid or haploid eggs, influenced by the type of jelly fed to the larvae by worker bees. Drones from different hives mate with the queen at a specific aerial location to ensure genetic diversity. The queen stores sperm in a spermatheca and lays about 2,000 eggs during spring and summer. The fertilization status of the eggs determines the sex of the bee, with fertilized eggs becoming females and unfertilized eggs becoming males. Worker bees decide the fate of a larva by feeding it either worker jelly, resulting in a worker bee, or queen jelly, leading to a queen bee. The queen larvae consume significantly more jelly than others. The script also covers the 21-day development cycle of a bee, detailing the stages from egg to larva to pupae and finally to an adult bee, including the physiological changes and the role of hormones in growth and development.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Reproductive system
💡Diploid
💡Haploid
💡Mating flight
💡Spermatheca
💡Fertilization
💡Non-fertilization
💡Worker jelly
💡Queen jelly
💡Corpus allatum
💡Pupa
Highlights
Queen bees have a specialized reproductive system that allows them to lay diploid or haploid eggs.
Worker bees play a role in determining the caste of larvae by feeding them worker jelly or queen jelly.
Drones gather at specific locations for mating flights, aiming to minimize inbreeding.
Queen bees mate with multiple drones to gather a large quantity of sperm for storage in their spermatheca.
The queen bee's decision to release sperm determines the sex of the offspring in honeybees.
Unfertilized eggs become males (drones) with haploid chromosome sets.
Fertilized eggs become females, which can develop into either workers or queens based on nutrition.
The type of jelly fed to larvae by worker bees determines whether they become workers or queens.
Queen larvae consume significantly more jelly than other larvae due to their developmental needs.
Worker bees decide to create queens when the hive has a surplus of workers and needs to swarm.
The development from egg to bee takes approximately 21 days, including hatching, larval growth, and pupation.
Eggs are laid in a specific orientation within the chamber, and larvae consume food provided by workers.
The larval digestive system is simple, consisting of a mouth, digestive tract, and rectum.
The corpus allatum in the larvae's head acts as a primitive brain, controlling growth through hormone release.
In fully developed bees, the internal organs include a nervous system, a complex digestive system, and blood vessels.
The nature of hormone release and gene development in queen larvae is complex and not covered in this class.
Transcripts
How are different kinds of bees created?
Queen bees have a specialized reproductive system which lets them make some choices in
the sort of eggs that are laid, diploid or haploid, but some final choices are
also made by the worker bees who feed the emerging larvae, worker jelly or queen jelly.
On a sunny day, drones from various hives will gather and hover around a specific location
about 60 to 70 feet high in the sky. The queen will arrive and mate with 15 to 25
different drones. The goal of so much interaction is to minimize the amount
of mates from her own hive. Hopefully, 14 of 15 mates will be from the other hives.
Another goal of this mating session is to gather a large quantity of sperm.
Queen bees have a spermatheca on their side where they store thousands of sperm for later use.
She will go on to lay about 2,000 eggs in spring and summer. The queen decides whether or not to
release sperm from the spermatheca organ, where she releases an oocyte from her own ovaries.
In honeybees, sex is determined by the fertilization or non-fertilization of eggs
rather than the presence of sex chromosomes. If no sperm is released, the unfertilized egg will
become a male or drone. This is called a haploid egg because it only has one set of chromosomes.
If sperm is introduced, the fertilized egg will become a female.
This is a diploid egg because it has two sets of chromosomes.
A diploid egg can go on to become either a worker bee or a queen, depending on what it is fed.
A queen doesn't feed her own offspring. She just lays eggs.
Workers handle all the feeding in the hive, including feeding the queen. Each worker bee
has glands in their head which can produce two kinds of creamy white food or jelly. Worker jelly
will turn a diploid egg larvae into a worker bee, while the thicker and denser queen jelly, which
is rich in sugar, would turn that same larvae into a queen bee. A queen larvae will consume 15 to 20
times more jelly than the other larvae. The worker bee makes this decision to create queens
when their hive has too many workers and they need to swarm to a new hive with the old queen.
It takes about 21 days for an egg to grow into a full bee. The egg will hatch about three days
after being laid. At this point, the outer layer basically melts off and becomes food.
For five days, the emergent larvae will grow and feed. Workers will check the
larvae every 15 minutes to see if they need more food. The larvae tends to eat in spurts,
so the worker will produce an excess of jelly directly onto their head close to their mouth.
Then, the chamber will be capped and the larvae becomes a pupae for the remaining 13 days.
Eggs are laid in the center of the chamber and point straight out away from the chamber floor.
The larvae's digestive system is simpler than the final bee, basically consisting of just a mouth,
digestive tract, or stomach, and rectum. Two small structures in the head, the corpus allatum,
act as a primitive brain, receiving impulses from receptors along stretched portions of the gut
and respond by sending out juvenile hormones into the bloodstream,
which will cause growth. Queen-specific hormones may also be released in a developing queen larvae,
but the nature of hormone release and gene development is beyond the scope of this class.
In a fully developed bee, the internal organs will look more like this,
with a nervous system running along the bottom, a more complicated digestive system directly above,
and the rest filled mostly with blood vessels.
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