Direct - Indirect (Reported) Speech in Under 15 Minutes | Class 9 and 10 | English | BYJU'S

BYJU'S - Class 9 & 10

4 Aug 202315:18

Summary

TLDRThis script is an educational tutorial focusing on the nuances of reported speech, direct speech, and indirect speech in English grammar. It explains the differences between direct and indirect speech, emphasizing the changes in tense and pronoun usage. The tutorial uses examples to illustrate how to convert direct speech into indirect speech, discusses the importance of adhering to these rules in exams, and provides practical advice for students to improve their grammar skills.

Takeaways

🗣️ Direct Speech: The script explains the concept of direct speech, which is represented in quotes within the text, whether single or double.
📢 Reported Speech: It introduces reported speech as the act of conveying what someone else has said to a third party, which does not appear in quotes.
🔁 Differences: The script highlights the difference between direct and reported speech, emphasizing that direct speech is always in quotes, while reported speech is not.
👤 Pronouns: It discusses the change in pronouns when switching from direct to reported speech, such as 'I' becoming 'he/she' depending on who is being reported.
⏱️ Tenses: The script explains the change in tenses when reporting speech, advising to move the tense back by one (e.g., present simple to past simple).
📝 Rules: It provides rules for changing pronouns and tenses in reported speech, emphasizing that these changes depend on the same rules and do not change with time.
🌐 Universal Facts: The script mentions that universal facts and things do not change over time, and one should not apply the rules of reported speech to unchangeable facts.
📚 Examples: It uses examples to demonstrate how to apply the rules of reported speech in different scenarios, such as liking ice cream.
🤔 Exceptions: The script points out that there are exceptions to the rules, especially in conversational English, where one might not strictly follow the rules of reported speech.
🏫 Practical Application: It suggests practical applications of understanding direct and reported speech for English language exams, emphasizing the importance of following rules and remembering exceptions.

Q & A

What is the main topic discussed in the script?
-The main topic discussed in the script is the explanation of the differences between direct speech, reported speech, and indirect speech, with examples and instructions on how to use them correctly.
What is the difference between direct speech and reported speech?
-Direct speech is when you quote exactly what someone said, usually enclosed in quotation marks. Reported speech is when you tell what someone said without quoting them directly, often using verbs like 'said' and changing pronouns and tenses according to the context.
Can you provide an example of how to change direct speech into reported speech?
-If someone directly says, 'I am hungry,' in reported speech, it would be 'He said that he is hungry.' The pronouns and verb tenses are adjusted to reflect that the speech is being reported rather than quoted directly.
What is meant by 'indirect speech'?
-Indirect speech is a form of reported speech where the original speaker's words are rephrased or summarized rather than quoted verbatim. It often involves changing the sentence structure and can include the reporter's interpretation of the message.
How does the tense change in reported speech?
-In reported speech, the tense usually shifts back one step in time. For example, if the original statement is in the present simple tense, it changes to the past simple tense when reported.
What is the significance of the word 'tense' in the context of the script?
-In the context of the script, 'tense' refers to the time-related forms of verbs, which often need to be adjusted when converting direct speech into reported or indirect speech.
Why is it important to change pronouns when converting direct speech to reported speech?
-Pronouns need to be changed to reflect the correct person and perspective in reported speech. For instance, 'I' becomes 'he' or 'she' depending on who is being reported, and 'you' might change to 'him' or 'her'.
What are some common mistakes to avoid when using reported speech?
-Common mistakes include not changing the tense appropriately, failing to adjust pronouns, and incorrectly using reporting verbs. It's also important not to mix direct and reported speech within the same sentence.
How does the script suggest practicing the use of reported speech?
-The script suggests practicing by converting sentences from direct to reported speech, paying attention to tense changes, pronoun adjustments, and ensuring the context remains clear and logical.
What is the role of context in reported speech?
-Context plays a crucial role in reported speech as it helps determine how the original message should be rephrased. It influences the choice of reporting verbs, tense adjustments, and the overall structure of the reported speech.
Why is it necessary to consider time and place when reporting speech?
-Time and place are necessary to consider in reported speech to maintain the accuracy and relevance of the reported information. They help ensure that the reported speech reflects the original speech's intent and circumstances.

Outlines

00:00

🎤 Introduction to Reported Speech

The speaker introduces the concept of reported speech, explaining how it's an everyday occurrence where we relay spoken information from one person to another. The distinction between direct and indirect speech is explained, noting that direct speech uses quotation marks and conveys exact words, while indirect speech requires making certain changes such as pronouns and tense shifts. These changes depend on rules, which will be discussed in the session.

05:04

🔄 Changes in Pronouns and Tense in Reported Speech

This section delves into why pronouns and tenses are changed in indirect speech. Using an example of a person relaying someone else's statement, the speaker explains how pronouns must align with the perspective of the person reporting. Similarly, tense changes follow a concept called 'back-shifting,' where the verb tenses move one step into the past. The speaker emphasizes that some exceptions to tense changes occur when discussing universal facts or personal preferences, which remain unchanged.

10:04

📅 Adjustments of Time, Place, and Demonstratives

Here, the speaker covers how adverbs of time and demonstratives like 'this' and 'these' are adjusted in indirect speech. The changes depend on when and where the reporting happens. For instance, 'today' might become 'that day,' or 'this house' might become 'that house,' depending on the context of the report. The speaker highlights the importance of understanding context to correctly apply these changes during exams, even though real-life reporting may not always follow strict rules.

15:05

📝 Examples of Changing Direct to Indirect Speech

In this section, the speaker walks through several examples of converting direct speech into indirect speech, focusing on pronoun shifts, tense back-shifting, and removing commas and quotation marks. They explain common reporting verbs like 'said' and 'told,' along with how to modify questions in indirect speech, using 'if' or 'whether' for yes/no questions. The speaker also points out that some universal facts remain unchanged in indirect speech.

✅ Additional Reporting Verbs and Question Handling

The speaker elaborates on alternative reporting verbs that can replace 'said' or 'told,' such as 'inquired' or 'insisted,' depending on the situation. They stress the importance of converting questions into statements when reporting them in indirect speech and ensuring proper changes to pronouns and verbs. More examples are provided, including how to report questions that allow for a 'yes' or 'no' response.

📘 Final Tips and Recap on Reported Speech Rules

This paragraph summarizes the key takeaways from the session. The speaker reminds viewers of essential rules for converting direct to indirect speech: changing pronouns, shifting tenses, and adjusting demonstratives and adverbs of time. They also mention how to handle reporting verbs appropriately, ensuring clarity and accuracy. The speaker concludes with a reminder to practice these concepts, inviting viewers to submit their answers for a quick exercise.

📚 Closing Remarks and Upcoming Lessons

In the final section, the speaker wraps up the session by encouraging viewers to subscribe to the channel for more lessons on grammar, literature, writing, and reading. They mention upcoming live classes focused on exam preparation and invite feedback in the comments for future topics. The speaker ends with a friendly farewell, reminding viewers to take care of their health and study well.

Mindmap

Keywords

💡Reported Speech

Reported speech refers to the act of recounting what someone else has said, usually in a different grammatical structure than the original speech. In the video, this concept is central as it discusses the rules and nuances of reporting what others have said. For example, the script mentions 'Reported speech and direct and indirect speech' and how it differs from direct speech, which is spoken as it is heard.

💡Direct Speech

Direct speech is the exact words of the speaker, quoted directly as they were spoken. The video script uses direct speech to illustrate the contrast with reported speech, as in the example where the speaker says, 'Direct speech is what you always see in quotes, whether it is single or double quotes.'

💡Indirect Speech

Indirect speech is a way of reporting what someone has said by rephrasing it in your own words rather than quoting them directly. The script explains that indirect speech does not appear in quotes and is often used to convey a message without directly quoting the original speaker, as seen in the phrase 'Indirect speech is where you make a change, no change that we make our also dependent on some rules.'

💡Pronouns

Pronouns are used in reported speech to replace the original subject of the quote. The video script discusses how pronouns change in reported speech, such as 'I' becoming 'he' or 'she' depending on who is being reported. For instance, the script says, 'Pronouns change, like if Raju said something, and then Asmita is reporting it, she will say 'he' instead of 'I'.'

💡Tenses

Tenses in reported speech often shift to reflect the time difference between the original speech and the reporting of it. The video explains this with phrases like 'Present simple becomes past simple, present continuous becomes past continuous,' illustrating how the tense of the verb changes when reporting what was said in the past.

💡Time and Place

The video emphasizes the importance of time and place in reported speech, as they can affect the choice of words and tense. For example, the script mentions, 'If I say today, I like eating pasta today, and someone is reporting it, they will say Asmita said she likes eating pasta today.'

💡Universal Facts

Universal facts are truths that do not change over time, regardless of when they are reported. The video script states, 'Universal facts and things are not changed, like preferences,' suggesting that statements of universal facts or personal preferences should not be altered in reported speech.

💡Demonstrative Pronouns

Demonstrative pronouns such as 'this' and 'that' can change in reported speech based on the proximity of the objects being referred to. The video script gives an example: 'If I say, I am standing in front of my house, I will say 'this is my old house,' but if I am telling a story later, I might say 'that was my old house.'

💡Question Formation

The formation of questions in reported speech requires changing the statement into a question form. The video script touches on this by saying, 'If there is a question in direct speech, you can convert it into reported speech by using 'whether' or 'if.'

💡Sequence of Tenses

Sequence of tenses is a grammatical rule that dictates how the tenses in a sentence should align when one action is reported after another. The video script explains this with phrases like 'If someone said something, then you will report it later, you cannot report it at the same time they said it.'

💡Examination

The video script is preparing for an examination, discussing how to handle different grammatical aspects of reported speech in exam scenarios. It mentions, 'For the exam, we will zoom in on the time change,' indicating the importance of understanding how time affects reported speech.

Highlights

Introduction to the importance of reported speech in language learning.

Explanation of the difference between direct and indirect speech.

Visual illustration of how direct speech is always in quotes.

Description of how indirect speech does not use quotes.

Example of direct speech involving a person reporting what someone else said.

Explanation of tense changes in indirect speech.

Guidelines on when to use reported speech in conversation.

Real-life examples of reported speech and its application.

Discussion on the impact of time and place on reported speech.

Clarification on the use of pronouns in reported speech.

Instruction on how to handle tense changes when reporting verbs.

Advice on maintaining consistency in reported speech.

Emphasis on the importance of following rules for accurate reported speech.

Demonstration of how to correctly report questions in indirect speech.

Tips for avoiding common mistakes in reported speech.

Advice on preparing for exams by understanding reported speech.

Encouragement to practice reported speech in daily life and classes.

Conclusion and summary of key points for mastering reported speech.