5. Kritis menanggapi perumpamaan
Summary
TLDRIn this fifth episode of 'Latih Logika,' Andhyta introduces the concept of analogical reasoning, a form of inductive reasoning that uses similarities between examples and the topic at hand. The video explains the practical use of analogies in daily life, such as explaining why cheating is wrong by likening it to stealing. It outlines two key steps for creating strong analogies: ensuring the example is factual and has sufficient similarities to the topic. The script also warns against relying solely on a single analogy without supporting premises, emphasizing the importance of critical thinking in argumentation.
Takeaways
- 😀 The video is part of a free online critical thinking course called 'Latih Logika!'.
- 🔍 The presenter, Andhyta, introduces the concept of 'analogy' as a type of inductive reasoning.
- ✅ Analogies are used to draw similarities between examples and the topic being discussed, often using words like 'like', 'as if', 'for example', etc.
- 🌐 Analogies are practical in daily life for explaining complex ideas to those who may not understand them.
- 🚫 Siska's example uses the analogy of a 'thief' to explain why plagiarism is wrong, making it relatable to a young child.
- 📚 To create a strong analogy, the example used must be factually accurate and serve as a solid premise for the argument.
- 📉 The use of fables or proverbs as analogies can be weak if the story is not based on real events, as it may not be convincing.
- 🤔 The example in an analogy doesn't need to be identical to the topic but should share significant similarities.
- 🔗 The more differences there are between the two items being compared in an analogy, the weaker the analogy becomes.
- ⚠️ A single analogy should be treated as just one premise and should be supported by additional premises for a strong argument.
- 👉 The video concludes by encouraging viewers to be cautious of arguments that rely solely on a single analogy without further support.
Q & A
What is the main topic of the fifth video in the 'Latih Logika' series?
-The main topic of the fifth video in the 'Latih Logika' series is 'analogy,' which is another type of inductive reasoning.
How is analogy defined in the context of the video?
-In the video, analogy is defined as the use of examples that have similarities with the topic being discussed.
What are some words that might indicate the use of analogy in an argument?
-Words such as 'seperti', 'bagaikan', 'ibarat', and similar expressions might indicate the use of analogy in an argument.
Why is analogy useful in everyday life?
-Analogy is useful in everyday life because it helps explain something to someone who doesn't understand it by drawing a comparison.
Can you provide an example from the video where analogy is used to explain a concept?
-In the video, Siska uses an analogy to explain to her younger sibling why cheating is wrong by comparing a cheater to a thief.
What are the two steps to consider when making or checking an analogy according to the video?
-The two steps are: first, ensuring the example used is factual, and second, making sure the example has enough similarities with the topic being discussed.
Why is it important that the example used in an analogy is based on facts?
-The example used in an analogy is the premise of an argument, and for the argument's conclusion to be strong, the premise must be true or factual.
What is an example of a weak analogy provided in the video?
-A weak analogy provided in the video is comparing patience when bullied to the story of 'Bawang Putih Bawang Merah', which is not a real occurrence.
How does the video illustrate the importance of having enough similarities in an analogy?
-The video illustrates this by comparing a thief, who takes physical items, with a cheater, who takes intellectual property, highlighting that both take something for their own benefit.
What is the main caution the video gives about relying solely on an analogy in an argument?
-The video cautions that one should be careful of arguments that rely on a single analogy without support from other premises.
What is the next topic to be covered in the 'Latih Logika' series after analogy?
-The next topic to be covered in the 'Latih Logika' series is how to quote opinions of figures to strengthen arguments.
Outlines
📚 Introduction to Analogical Reasoning
This segment introduces the concept of analogical reasoning, a type of inductive reasoning, through the guidance of Andhyta in the fifth video of the 'Latih Logika' series. Analogical reasoning is explained as the use of examples that share similarities with the topic being discussed, often indicated by words like 'like', 'as if', 'for example', etc. The segment emphasizes the practical use of analogies in everyday life, such as explaining why cheating is wrong by comparing it to stealing, which is easier for a young child to understand. The importance of using factual and relevant examples in creating a strong analogy is highlighted, with the example of the 'Bawang Putih' fable being critiqued for its lack of factual basis. The segment concludes with a reminder that an analogy is just one premise and should be supported by other premises for a strong argument.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Inductive reasoning
💡Analogies
💡Premises
💡Facts
💡Similarities
💡Examples
💡Critical thinking
💡Cheating
💡Theft
💡Educational purpose
💡Strength of an analogy
Highlights
Introduction to the fifth video in the 'Latih Logika' series, a free online critical thinking course.
Andhyta guides the session, focusing on inductive reasoning through analogy.
Definition of analogy as a reasoning method using similar examples.
The importance of using words like 'like', 'as if', 'for example' in analogical arguments.
Analogies are useful for explaining complex ideas in everyday life.
An example of using analogy to teach against cheating by comparing it to stealing.
Explanation of why cheating is wrong by drawing a parallel to the concept of theft.
The importance of using accurate and factual examples in analogies.
The role of examples as premises in building a strong argument.
The weakness of using fables or proverbs as analogies without factual basis.
Ensuring the examples used in analogies have sufficient similarities to the topic.
Comparing the act of cheating to theft as a strong analogy due to the shared concept of taking for personal gain.
The weakness of comparing food to fuel due to the multiple functions of food beyond energy provision.
The significance of not relying solely on one analogy without supporting premises.
Advice to be cautious of arguments that depend on a single analogy without additional support.
Conclusion of the fifth 'Latih Logika' video with a teaser for the next topic on quoting authorities to strengthen arguments.
Invitation to continue learning with a prompt to click 'continue' for the next lesson.
Transcripts
Halo, selamat datang kembali di Latih Logika!
Seri kursus online gratis, tentang berpikir kritis.
Saya Andhyta, yang akan memandu video kelima ini.
Di video sebelumnya, kita mempelajari generalisasi —
salah satu jenis penalaran induktif.
Kali ini, kita akan berkenalan dengan penalaran induktif lainnya yaitu analogi.
Analogi adalah penggunaan contoh yang memiliki kemiripan dengan topik yang kita bicarakan.
Jika ada kata-kata yang menunjukkan kesamaan antara dua hal, misalnya “seperti”, “bagaikan”, “ibarat”,
dan sebagainya...
kemungkinan argumen tersebut menggunakan analogi.
Analogi sangat berguna dalam kehidupan sehari-hari.
Dengan analogi kita bisa menjelaskan suatu hal ke orang yang belum mengerti.
Misalnya, Siska ingin membuat adiknya yang baru masuk SD paham kenapa menyontek itu tidak baik.
Siska berkata,
“Kita tidak boleh menyontek karena penyontek itu seperti pencuri."
"Ia mengambil milik orang lain diam-diam,"
"...ia pakai untuk diri sendiri, tapi pemilik aslinya tidak dapat apa-apa.”
Argumen Siska tadi menganalogikan perbuatan menyontek sebagai pencurian
untuk menjelaskan mengapa menyontek adalah perbuatan buruk.
Jika Siska menerangkan bahwa menyontek bertentangan dengan tujuan pendidikan,
tentu adiknya tidak akan mengerti.
Tapi, anak yang baru masuk SD
akan lebih mudah memahami kenapa mencuri itu tidak baik.
Untuk membuat analogi yang baik dan mudah dipahami,
mari kita simak langkah-langkah berikut:
Pertama, contoh yang digunakan harus sesuai fakta.
Pada dasarnya, contoh adalah premis dari sebuah argumen.
Agar kesimpulan argumen kuat, maka premis harus benar atau sesuai fakta.
Banyak orang memakai peribahasa atau dongeng sebagai contoh dalam analogi, misalnya:
“Kita harus tabah jika ditindas orang lain."
"Ketabahan akan berbuah baik,"
"Seperti Bawang Putih yang menerima mukjizat..."
"...karena selalu sabar walau dizalimi Bawang Merah dan ibu tirinya.”
Analogi ini lemah,
karena cerita Bawang Putih Bawang Merah
tidak benar-benar terjadi.
Akibatnya, kita sulit untuk percaya
bahwa ketabahan betul-betul akan berbuah baik.
Kedua, pastikan contoh kita punya cukup banyak
kemiripan dengan topik yang kita bicarakan.
Contoh tidak harus sama persis dengan topik argumen.
Lihat kembali argumen Siska yang menganalogikan penyontek sebagai pencuri.
Orang yang menyontek mengambil hasil pemikiran orang lain,
sedangkan pencuri mengambil benda fisik.
Tapi, keduanya sama-sama mengambil milik orang lain untuk kepentingan sendiri.
Karena itu, analogi Siska bisa dibilang cukup kuat.
Bandingkan dengan contoh berikut:
“Makanan itu seperti bahan bakar. Tanpa makanan, tubuh kita tidak bisa beraktivitas.”
Analogi ini sangat populer.
Padahal, ini adalah analogi yang lemah,
karena terlalu banyak perbedaan antara fungsi makanan untuk tubuh manusia
dan fungsi bahan bakar untuk mesin.
Makanan tidak hanya berpengaruh terhadap energi tubuh.
Makanan juga bisa mempengaruhi berat badan, kesehatan, bahkan hormon
sehingga berdampak pada emosi.
Semakin banyak perbedaan antara dua hal yang dibandingkan,
semakin lemah pula analogi kita.
Itu tadi dua langkah yang harus kita perhatikan
sebelum membuat atau memeriksa sebuah analogi.
Perlu diingat satu analogi berlaku sebagai satu premis saja.
Jadi, hati-hati terhadap argumen
yang hanya menggunakan satu analogi saja,
namun tidak didukung oleh premis yang lain.
Terima kasih sudah menyimak video kelima Latih Logika!
Berikutnya, kita akan belajar cara mengutip pendapat tokoh untuk memperkuat argumen.
Klik tombol “lanjut” di bawah ini untuk terus belajar.
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