КАК ЭФФЕКТ ВЛАДЕНИЯ И ЭГОИЗМ РАЗРУШАЮТ ВАШУ ЖИЗНЬ

Summary

The transcript discusses the rise of cognitive psychology in the latter half of the 20th century and its application in various fields, particularly economics. It highlights the discovery that human decision-making is not always rational, contrary to previous assumptions. The speaker delves into the concept of cognitive biases, including the 'endowment effect', which makes people value things more once they own them. This is illustrated through an experiment by Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky, where students were more willing to sell a university mug for higher prices than they were willing to buy it. The text also touches on cultural and biological automatisms that influence our behavior, and how these evolved to help us survive rather than to make us rational. The speaker expresses concern about the increasing egocentrism in modern society, where children are growing up with more access to material goods and less social pressure, leading to a sense of entitlement and a lack of understanding of fairness and cooperation. The importance of empathy and understanding others' perspectives to reduce egocentrism and foster a more harmonious society is emphasized.

Takeaways

• 📚 Cognitive psychology emerged in the second half of the 20th century, focusing on how people process information and make decisions, often not as rationally as previously thought.
• 💭 The field of cognitive psychology has found applications in various domains, including economics, where it has been used to understand why people rarely make purely rational decisions.
• 🏆 Notable cognitive psychologists like Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky have won Nobel Prizes in Economics for their work on behavioral economics and decision-making.
• 🧠 Humans are wired with cognitive biases and 'rational automatisms' that are not based on rational calculations but on cultural and biological instincts.
• 🤝 The 'endowment effect' experiment by Kahneman, Knetsch, and Thaler demonstrated that people value things more once they own them, even if they received them for free.
• 💰 The discomfort of giving up an item (endowment effect) can lead to people demanding more money to part with an item than they would be willing to pay to acquire it.
• 🏋️‍♂️ The value of an item increases for us after we have expended effort (calories, time) to obtain it, reflecting a biological mechanism of effort justification.
• 👕 The phrase 'better a shirt in hand than a goose on the roof' illustrates the preference for certain ownership over potential gain, which is a part of cognitive biases.
• 🥊 An experiment where children were asked to hit each other with the same force ended in a fight, showing how our perception of harm done to us can escalate conflicts.
• 👪 Changes in upbringing and societal values have led to a more individualistic and less authoritative approach, possibly contributing to increased egocentrism.
• 🌐 The rise of virtual worlds and social media has further fueled egocentrism, as individuals can exist in a self-focused online environment without the need for social interaction.
• 🤔 The speaker questions how the 'endowment effect' and egocentrism will function in a society that increasingly values individualism over collective well-being.

Q & A

What is the cognitive psychology and when did it start to develop actively?

Cognitive psychology is a branch of psychology that focuses on mental processes such as thinking, memory, and language. It started to develop actively in the second half of the 20th century.

How has cognitive psychology been applied in the field of economics?

Cognitive psychology has been applied in economics to understand decision-making processes. It has revealed that people often do not make rational decisions and has led to the recognition of cognitive biases in economic behavior.

Who are some notable cognitive psychologists that have received awards in the field of economics?

Notable cognitive psychologists who have received awards in the field of economics include Daniel Kahneman and Richard Thaler.

What is the 'endowment effect' and how was it demonstrated in an experiment?

The endowment effect is a cognitive bias where people ascribe more value to things simply because they own them. It was demonstrated in an experiment where students were given a mug with their university's logo and then asked how much they would be willing to sell it for, compared to how much they would pay to buy one.

What are some cultural and biological automaticisms that influence our decision-making?

Cultural automaticisms are habits or behaviors we have adopted from our culture, such as social norms or traditions. Biological automaticisms are deeper, evolved behaviors that are part of our survival instincts, like the tendency to avoid risks or the desire to maintain what we have.

How has the concept of ownership influenced the value we place on items?

The concept of ownership significantly influences the value we place on items due to the endowment effect. Once we own something, we tend to value it more highly than before we owned it, even if there is no change in the item's objective value.

What are some societal changes that have contributed to the rise of egocentrism?

Societal changes that have contributed to the rise of egocentrism include increased availability of goods and services, changes in parenting and authority figures, smaller family sizes, and a shift in social pressure and expectations.

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Why is it important for individuals to understand and empathize with others?

Understanding and empathizing with others is important because it helps to reduce egocentrism, promotes social cohesion, and allows for a more equitable and satisfying social environment. It also fosters a sense of community and shared responsibility.

How does the 'endowment effect' manifest in a social world where egocentrism is prevalent?

In a social world where egocentrism is prevalent, the 'endowment effect' can lead to conflicts and misunderstandings, as individuals may overvalue their contributions and undervalue those of others. This can result in perceived unfairness and dissatisfaction.

What is the significance of cognitive biases in shaping our economic and social behaviors?

Cognitive biases significantly shape our economic and social behaviors by influencing how we make decisions, perceive value, and interact with others. Understanding these biases can help us make more rational choices and foster better social relationships.

How can the understanding of cognitive distortions contribute to personal and societal well-being?

Understanding cognitive distortions can contribute to personal and societal well-being by promoting self-awareness, empathy, and fairness. It can help individuals make better decisions, improve interpersonal relationships, and create a more equitable and harmonious society.