Ewa Ficek: Kupić i robić. Jak rozpoznać aspekt?

Summary

The video script delves into the complexities of the aspect category in the Polish language, highlighting its importance as a grammatical and semantic category. It explains the distinction between non-executed and accomplished aspects, using verbs like 'learn' and 'study' to illustrate the difference. The speaker provides practical tips for recognizing aspect, discusses the relationship between aspect and time, and emphasizes the role of prefixes, suffixes, and irregular forms in conveying aspect. The script also explores exceptions, such as verbs that are exclusively imperfect or perfect, and encourages further exploration of the topic through exercises and literature.

Takeaways

• 📚 The script discusses the grammatical category of aspect in Slavic languages, particularly focusing on Polish, and its relation to verbs and time.
• 🌐 The term 'aspect' originates from Latin, meaning 'appearance', and is a significant feature in the linguistic study of verbs in Slavic languages.
• 📉 Aspect is primarily a semantic and syntactic category, indicating how an action is viewed in relation to its completion or process.
• 🔍 The script differentiates between the imperfect (non-executed) and perfect (accomplished) aspects, with the former showing ongoing or incomplete actions and the latter showing completed actions with effects or results.
• 📘 The aspect is closely tied to the verb's tense and is used to convey the duration, repetition, or completion of an action.
• 📖 The script provides practical tips for recognizing aspect in verb forms, especially in cases that may be challenging due to the verbs' behavior in different tenses.
• 📌 The aspect is often indicated by prefixes and suffixes in Polish verbs, with prefixes typically denoting the accomplished aspect and suffixes indicating the imperfect aspect.
• 🔑 The script mentions 'pure aspect pairs' where the prefix does not change the verb's meaning but alters its aspect, and 'impure' pairs where the prefix adds additional meaning.
• 🔍 There are exceptions to the aspect rules, with some verbs being aspect-specific (im perspectum tantum or tantum perspective) and not having a counterpart in the opposite aspect.
• 📝 The script suggests using inflectional and syntactic tests to determine a verb's aspect, such as trying to form different tenses or combining the verb with time adverbs.
• 📚 Dictionaries are a valuable resource for understanding verb aspects, providing patterns, variations, and aspect information for both native and borrowed verbs.
• 🕒 The relationship between time and aspect is highlighted, showing how the choice of aspect can signal the sequence or equivalence of two situations in the past tense.

Q & A

What is the origin of the word 'aspect' in the context of linguistics?

The word 'aspect' in linguistics comes from the Latin word 'aspectus', which means appearance. It is a concept that has been adopted into the field of language science, particularly in the study of verbs and their grammatical properties.

How is aspect related to the verb in Slavic languages?

In Slavic languages, aspect is a grammatical and verbal category that is characteristic and important for conveying the nature of an action, whether it is completed or ongoing, and it is also a semantic and syntactic category.

What does the aspect category generally represent in terms of values?

The aspect category generally takes on two values: non-executed (or imperfect) aspect, which portrays an action as not completed and ongoing, and the executed (or perfect) aspect, which shows an action as completed with an effect or result.

How does the aspect of a verb relate to the concept of time?

The aspect of a verb is closely related to the concept of time as it indicates how an action is situated in time—whether it is ongoing, completed, or has specific temporal boundaries. This relationship is also emphasized by language historians.

What is the difference between the imperfect and the perfect aspect in terms of the action they portray?

The imperfect aspect portrays an action as not completed, ongoing, and possibly recurring, capturing the action from the inside. The perfect aspect, on the other hand, shows the action as completed with a result or effect, capturing the action holistically from the outside.

Can you provide an example to illustrate the difference between the non-executed and accomplished aspect using the verb 'learn'?

Yes, the non-executed aspect can be seen in the sentence 'I am learning for the exam,' which shows an ongoing, incomplete action. The accomplished aspect is shown in 'I learned for the exam,' indicating that the learning process has resulted in a new state of knowledge.

What are the formal components of the aspect category in verbs?

The formal components of the aspect category include prefixes, which often indicate the accomplished aspect, and suffixes, which usually indicate the imperfect aspect. Additionally, some verbs may undergo suppletion, changing their root to express aspect.

What is a 'pure aspect pair' in the context of aspect in verbs?

A 'pure aspect pair' refers to a pair of verbs where the difference between the imperfect and perfect forms is solely due to the aspect, without any significant change in the core meaning of the verb.

How can one determine the aspect of a verb, especially when there is uncertainty?

To determine the aspect of a verb, one can perform tests on the verb's inflectional and syntactic properties, such as trying to form different grammatical tenses, combining the verb with time adverbs, or using base verbs like 'start', 'finish', or 'stop' to see if a grammatically correct construction can be made.

Why is it important to understand the aspect of a verb in relation to its past tense forms?

Understanding the aspect of a verb in relation to its past tense forms is important because it helps convey the correct temporal relationship between actions. It signals whether actions are equivalent or sequential, and it affects the narrative structure of a sentence.

How can dictionaries be useful in determining the aspect of a verb?

Dictionaries can provide valuable information on the aspect of a verb, including its meaning, patterns of usage, variations, and aspect classification. Online dictionaries can be particularly helpful as they are easily accessible and often provide examples of usage.

Outlines

00:00

📚 Introduction to Aspect in Linguistics

The speaker introduces the concept of aspect in language, particularly focusing on its role in Slavic languages. Aspect is portrayed as a grammatical category related to verbs, indicating different ways of viewing an action, such as whether it is completed or ongoing. The discussion includes the aspect's relation to time and its importance in the narrative structure of language. The speaker also sets the stage for practical tips on recognizing aspect in verb forms and understanding its significance in language learning and historical linguistic developments.

05:01

📘 Understanding Aspect through Verb Pairs

This paragraph delves deeper into the aspect category by examining verb pairs that differ in aspect. It explains the formal components of aspect, such as prefixes and suffixes, and how they can change the meaning of a verb to indicate completion or ongoing action. The speaker provides examples of verbs that are pure aspect pairs, where the difference lies solely in the aspect, and those with additional meaning changes. The paragraph also touches on the complexities introduced by aspectual changes that do not align with the typical expectations.

10:02

🔍 Aspect as a Vocabulary and Morphological Category

The speaker discusses the aspect from the perspective of inflection and vocabulary, suggesting that verbs are not conjugated by aspect but rather each verb has an inherent aspect. This paragraph explores the idea that aspect is a lexical category, determined by word-forming morphemes, and that verbs can be classified as having either an imperfect or perfect aspect. It also mentions the existence of verbs that are exceptions to the typical aspect pairings, such as those with no perfect counterpart or those that only exist in the perfect aspect.

15:05

📝 Diagnostic Tests for Verb Aspect

The speaker provides practical advice on determining the aspect of a verb through diagnostic tests. These include inflectional tests, where the ability to form certain grammatical forms can indicate the aspect of the verb, and syntactic tests, which involve the use of adverbs and time expressions that pair specifically with either imperfect or perfect verbs. The paragraph also discusses the limitations of these tests and the situations where they may not provide clear results.

20:05

🕰️ The Interplay of Time and Aspect

In the final paragraph, the speaker ties together the concepts of time and aspect, illustrating how the choice of aspect can signal the sequence or equivalence of actions in a given timeframe. The summary includes examples of how aspect is used in past tense forms to convey different temporal relationships between events. The speaker also encourages further exploration of the topic through exercises and consultation of additional literature, providing a comprehensive view of the aspect's role in language.

Keywords

💡Aspect

Aspect in linguistics, particularly in the context of Slavic languages like Polish, refers to a grammatical category that indicates the completion or ongoing nature of an action. It is central to the video's theme, as it discusses the different ways verbs can be categorized based on aspect. For instance, the script contrasts 'imperfect' and 'accomplished' verbs, such as 'I am studying' versus 'I studied', to illustrate the aspect's role in conveying action duration and completion.

💡Imperfect Aspect

Imperfect aspect is used to describe actions that are ongoing, not completed, and may recur. It is a key concept in the video, which explains that imperfect verbs capture the action from the inside and are often used to express activities that are developing over time. The script provides the example 'I am studying for the exam' to demonstrate the use of imperfect aspect, indicating an ongoing and possibly incomplete action.

💡Accomplished Aspect

Accomplished aspect, as discussed in the video, is used for actions that are completed and have a certain result or effect. It is closely tied to the theme of the video, which is to understand the aspect of verbs in Polish. The script uses the example 'I rewrote the letter' to show how accomplished aspect verbs emphasize the completion of an action and can also indicate a change of state.

💡Prefixes

Prefixes are morphemes added to the base of a verb to change its meaning, often to indicate the accomplished aspect. In the video, prefixes are highlighted as a formal component of the aspect category, with examples provided such as 'na-', 'o-', and 'po-', which can transform a verb from imperfect to accomplished, sometimes adding additional nuances to the verb's meaning.

💡Suffixes

Suffixes in the context of the video are the grammatical morphemes that usually indicate the imperfect aspect. They are an important part of the aspect category and are used to form different verb tenses. The script mentions that suffixes can signal the action's indefinite nature, such as '-ać' in the verb 'pisać' (to write), which is an example of an imperfect verb.

💡Inflection

Inflection in the video refers to the way verbs change their form to express different grammatical functions, such as tense, aspect, or mood. The script discusses the debate over whether aspect should be considered an inflectional category, with some linguists arguing that aspect is determined by suffix pairs, while others view it as a lexical category that verbs are inherently associated with.

💡Lexicon

The lexicon in the video is mentioned in relation to aspect being a lexical category, meaning that each verb has an inherent aspect that is part of its dictionary definition. This is contrasted with inflection, where aspect would be indicated through changes in form. The script suggests that dictionaries, including online resources, can provide information on the aspect of verbs.

💡Syntactic Properties

Syntactic properties in the video pertain to how verbs function within sentence structure based on their aspect. The script describes a test of syntactic properties to determine the aspect of a verb, such as whether it can be used with time adverbs that indicate duration or moment, which can help differentiate between imperfect and accomplished verbs.

💡Non-finite Verbs

Non-finite verbs, as discussed in the script, are verb forms that do not indicate person, number, or tense, such as infinitives or participles. The video explains that non-finite verbs can be indicative of the imperfect aspect, as they often do not form present or past tense forms but can form future and participle forms.

💡Perfective and Imperfective

Perfective and imperfective are terms used to describe the aspect of verbs in some languages, including Polish. The script uses these terms to illustrate the difference between actions viewed as a whole (perfective) and actions viewed in progress (imperfective). For example, 'I wrote a letter' is perfective, indicating a completed action, while 'I was writing a letter' is imperfective, indicating an ongoing action.

💡Tense

Tense in the video is related to the time of the action and how it interacts with aspect. The script explains that the choice of aspect forms can signal the sequence or equivalence of two situations in the past tense. It also discusses the formation of future and past tenses in relation to aspect, noting that simple past tense forms are typically formed by accomplished verbs, while compound past tense forms are formed by imperfect verbs.

Highlights

The aspect category is a grammatical and verbal category related to the verb, characteristic of Slavic languages.

Aspect is closely related to the category of time, indicating different ways of capturing an action.

The non-executed aspect portrays an action as not completed, lasting over time, and possibly recurring.

The accomplished aspect shows an action as completed with an effect or result.

An example of aspect distinction is the difference between 'learning' and 'learned', where the latter implies completion.

Aspect generally takes two values: non-executed and accomplished, applicable to almost every event.

Prefixes are important aspect value carriers, often indicating the accomplished aspect.

Suffixes usually bring the meaning of imperfect or indefinite aspect.

There are exceptions where verbs do not have accomplished or non-executed counterparts, known as im perspectum tantum or tantum perspective.

Some verbs are borrowed from foreign languages and may have both imperfect and accomplished aspects.

The aspect of a verb can be determined by its inflectional and syntactic properties.

Imperfect verbs do not form present tense forms for semantic reasons.

Adverbs of duration are combined with non-finite verbs, while words like 'suddenly' connect with accomplished verbs.

The relationship between time and aspect is interdependent, influencing each other.

The choice of aspect forms over time can signal equivalence or sequence of two situations.

Only accomplished verbs form simple past tense forms, while imperfect verbs form compound past tense forms.

Dictionaries, including online resources, can provide valuable information on verb aspect, including patterns and variations.

Practical exercises and consulting literature can help expand knowledge on the aspect category.

Transcripts

Today I will talk about the category of aspect

Interesting category, but they pose some difficulties for her.

During our meeting

We will try to establish the aspect of

such lexes as buy and do, but not only those.

I will also try to suggest some

Practical tips on how we can recognize the aspect of selected forms,

especially those that may cause us some difficulties.

I will also point out how and why the non past tenses depend on aspect.

I hope you are ready.

We will begin with the key question for the presented issue, and the

namely, from what aspect it is at all.

Dear Sirs, The word aspect comes from the Latin aspect which means appearance?

Of course, we can find this word in

Polish language dictionaries, check its meaning.

Us, on the other hand, today most

is interested in this understanding, which

is perpetuated within the science of language.

And here the aspect is seen as

Grammatical, verbal, verbal category, i.e..

Related to the verb of the favored verb.

These linguists further add that this

category characteristic of Slavic

languages, that it is an important category of

Semantic, dependent on reality outside of language, but secondarily.

Secondary is also a syntactic category

dependent, and still an important narrative category.

I think, however, let's leave all these terms, all these quasi definitions

aside, and let's emphasize, first of all,

that the aspect points to different ways of capturing the

that thinking about what the verb is pointing to vs. the verb

dear states, calls the activity write, dig process, sing and state sleep.

As I signaled earlier, the aspect is closely related to the category of time.

This is also emphasized by language

historians, who recognize that it is the binding of the aspect to the

the subject of the verb and replacing the

opposition of the completed imperfect tense with the opposition.

This aspect was an important one, quite significant

innovation of the Slavic community, but we will return to this thread.

The aspect category generally takes on two values.

After all, almost every event we can

present in the aspect not made or in the aspect made.

Now let's try to look at these

all the determination, all the specification of values that most often

appear in grammar studies.

Let's start with the non-executed aspect.

Linguists mostly recognize that

The imperfect aspect portrays the action, and the aspect.

Theologians would say rather action, because the word action

is rather ambiguously applied in linguistics after all, and therefore

portrays an action not completed, not complete, lasting a stretch in time,

Developing, possibly recurring.

This action is captured from the inside, so to speak.

It is different for the accomplished aspect, which is richer in terms of

transmitted information and shows us the activity as completed with the

some effect, result as complete.

This action is captured holistically, point by point.

Accomplished verbs emphasize, accentuate the completion of some action.

Examples will appear in a moment.

I rewrote the letter, but they can also accentuate some beginning.

I settled in a new house, well, and then I lived there for a while.

The action is shown from the outside, with the outside complete.

The differences between the aspect not made and

accomplished is well illustrated by a school anecdote.

But I was learning, after all, explains the student.

You may have studied, but you didn't learn answers the teacher.

We have probably encountered such a situation as well.

So here we have, ladies and gentlemen, the opposition

two forms, two verbs learn and learn.

Now let's put together all the content I presented earlier.

For these two examples

Of course, I can say I am studying for the exam, showing that this action is ongoing,

develops over time, is incomplete, infinite.

Well, because I don't know if I will learn or get a passing grade on the exam.

I can also say I studied for the exam.

I will study for the exam, but here too I am not sure of the result.

I don't know if I have learned or will learn.

I can still show with this verb that some action is repeated.

Zosia often learns.

He usually learns a little differently.

In the case of the learn form.

Dear all, with the verb made

proper is a change of state that results in a new state.

If I say that I learned to

exam, that is, I didn't know how to do something, and now I do.

Well, and at some ease I can approach this exam.

If I say that I will study for the exam, I also know what I want to achieve.

Well, and most likely I will be studying for so long,

Until I learn, until this action is

complete, finished, comprehensively covered.

There are more such verbs, such equivalents of aspect, in Polish.

I present here some more selected examples of read imperfect verb, read

made, but also those verbs that appeared in the title of my speech.

I can't help but refer to them.

Make The imperfect verb make,

The indefinite verb buy the indefinite verb buy the accomplished verb.

I think, for the most part, Polish speakers would have no difficulty

distinguish the aspect of these verbs, but

it is nevertheless worthwhile at this point

Recall the most important formal differences.

So what are the components of the aspect category?

The formal components of the aspect category are, first.

Prefixes, prefixes, prefixes say grammar linguists, that is, such

particles, such morphemes, which we add before the subject of the verb.

In some simplification, we can again say that the prefix

added to the subject of this verb brings meaning, accomplishment,

brings the importance of the accomplished

aspect, but sometimes also with some additional

meaning values, that is, it adds a prefix aspect of the verb changes

from made to made, but sometimes there are also some modifications

the meaning of the verb itself, which can present some difficulties.

If between such a pair of differing

aspect does not have differences of

significance, then we are talking about a pure aspect pair.

Linguists look for such pure pairs of aspect and here they probably also use the

hints of grammar, they use hints of semantics.

I put together such verbs here, in

Of which there are purely point prefixes.

Following Mark, a Latin linguist who devoted his entire book to the category of

aspect, which shows that you can talk about aspect for a long, long time.

So these clean sports couples are write, write, shave, shave, grease,

lubricate, use, travel, read, read, etc.

Here there are such prefixes as na, o, after will sign,

agreements that do not fundamentally change the meaning,

But let's look at this change in meaning for a moment more,

because we said a moment ago that pure steam ready to write it and write it.

But we also have such couples after all.

How to write, add, write, write, write, write, write down.

And here prefixes also bring the

importance of the accomplished aspect, but precisely with certain

probably, however, with additional meaningful values.

What Latin Mark

hints that we can recognize by trying to form a prefix from these derivatives

real secondary prefixes, incremental derivatives

add, add, write down, write down, write down, write down.

Note that such a derivation of the

secondary suffix I can not form from the form.

Write, because I won't say write it down.

This would, after all, be unacceptable in Polish.

So, the first important point aspect value carriers are prefixes and they

usually bring the importance of the accomplished aspect.

The exponents of aspect are also suffixes.

And here again it is worth remembering that the suffix

usually bring the meaning of imperfect, indefinite.

I left selected suffixes here, which rather signal multiples.

Dear Sirs,

That is, that the action has no end, that

it performs often, always from time to time such

Prefixes like by and blow, rwać, blow, which you will find in the forms, by.

Listen to him watered, gave.

These increments bring the importance of

the aspect not made, but emphasize the Grammar are

Also increments that are not aspect-oriented, those that can

occur in both unmade and made verbs.

Well, and this complicates the situation somewhat you admit.

For we have, for example.

such a suffix unique carry,

yell is an indefinite verb, but to shout, jerk, but to jerk.

This suffix signals mentality, so it also uniquely introduces here

the accomplished aspect, but sometimes it also appears in other forms.

Pull comes to mind.

And here he brings in the meaning of Dura

with the fact that pull is an indefinite verb after all.

So, that's it.

The situation is not always as simple as we might expect.

I already said from the prefix suffix, or suffix.

I will also say that the aspect of the

verb is also sometimes expressed in the following ways

irregular, using either side or subtle themes.

This is another difficult word, which I am already explaining.

Supplements certain, ie.

based on different cores.

If the topic, for example.

The verb in question changes dramatically,

then we are talking about the suple phenomenon.

This time, let's take a look at such a pair

Aspects like take an imperfect verb and take an accomplished verb.

Lay an indefinite verb, but lay

is an accomplished verb that is very different from the original verb.

You could tell from what I have presented so far.

You could draw this conclusion that

Verbs in Polish usually occur in pairs.

They can be ordered by pointing to the verb

The imperfect and the accomplished verb, but here again there are some exceptions.

There are curiosities that I would also like to mention.

For we have such verbs as must, for example.

To have.

Which have no accomplished counterparts.

We call these verbs im perspectum tantum.

Now if we wanted to be tempted to create forms from such verbs

accomplished, then we will most likely fail.

There are also accomplished verbs, which

in turn have no non-accomplished counterparts.

This is a tantum perspective.

Let's pay attention to such forms as for

not to talk about you, prove, collapse, deplete.

But there are also sports verbs, such,

Which have both an imperfect and an accomplished aspect.

This is especially true of words of foreign, borrowed origin.

And I have compiled for you such examples as abdicated.

Advance, arrest, Be able to manage.

Here depending on the context.

Dear all, the verb will show us exactly what aspect is involved.

Finally, I would also point out

On the use of the term native verbs indefinite term native, that is, similar

to a meaning that conveys the imperfect aspect.

Well, because I can ask a friend if you have seen the movie?

But in essence, I guess what I mean is this

meaning related to the second sentence Did you watch the movie?

And here the meaning of the statement does not change.

When the indefinite verb first, we will

replace the first sentence with an accomplished one.

So much for exceptions, for curiosities.

Let's move on to another important issue.

We have not yet been able, Ladies and Gentlemen, to answer one thing so far

An important question that may have already appeared in your minds.

We talk about aspect as a proper category of the verb.

Is the verb conjugated by aspect at all?

Here again, two positions.

The verb aspect of speech is sometimes

interpreted from the point of view of inflection and vocabulary.

The latter position seems to prevail.

But if we were to accept

the former interpretation, aspect as inflectional categories are

We would have to agree with some linguists who variety of verbs

by aspect limit only to suffix suffix pairs.

These I have already presented to you, pointing out that these verbs, unlike par

prefix real, do not differ in meaning.

But with this approach, the aspect was characterized by a low degree of

category of freedom, and because of this

very thing, a different interpretation probably prevails.

We probably recognize more often that

aspect is a vocabulary category, that the information of the

aspect introduce word-forming morphemes precisely.

And additionally still that aspect is a category they classify it which means that

Verbs do not conjugate by aspect, but that each verb lex

top-down aspect, we can assign a

non-documented aspect or a non-documented aspect.

Likewise with the noun.

Ladies and Gentlemen, we also recognize that a noun is not conjugated by a genus,

AND that each lex noun has a genus.

What else? Would I like to show you today?

These practical hints.

How can you determine the aspect of a verb?

Whenever, Ladies and Gentlemen, we have a

doubts about which verb we are dealing with.

I presented the exceptional forms a while ago.

We should hint to the specialists,

perform a test of the inflectional and syntactic properties of the verb.

Let's start with this test of inflectional properties.

What should we do?

Let's use this table, which I am presenting to you now.

We should from the verbs in question.

I here wrote down the verbs read imperfect and read accomplished.

Try to create these grammatical forms,

that we are able to form, conjugate these verbs, create different forms.

For what will transpire?

Perhaps now you are trying to create such forms.

What will it turn out to be?

This is already shown in the next slide.

Dear Sirs!

It will turn out that for semantic reasons

Imperfect verbs do not form present tense forms.

I, for one, can't say that I'm reading the book now, that Jan has read the book.

I can only say that he will read the book.

They form accomplished verbs.

The future simple tense does not form the past compound tense,

form still the participle of adverbs prior read and that's all.

Non-finite verbs behave a little differently From a non-finite verb

read I am able to derive forms of the present tense.

I read, you read, he reads. I am able to.

Also create the future compound tense.

He will read, he will read.

But I will not create a past tense,

simple, I will form besides, participles for ąc and ąc, participle,

Adverbs, present participle, new adjective, active adjective.

But regardless of this test, I may have

doubts what verb I'm actually dealing with, because it's also already

I signaled that there are such contexts, there are such sentences in which I can

use and non-final present tense and non-final verb.

Future simple tense. And here again, there will be some difficulty.

I can say, for example.

Every morning I drink, I drink a glass of water.

So, in this situation, I can still

Use the syntactic properties test of the verb.

A test of syntactic properties, aspect

Whether the verb is adverbs as circumstances of time.

Here let's turn our attention to the selected circumstances of the time.

Circumstances of duration are the first group, circumstances of the moment, a

also the circumstances of the designated segment of time with a preposition.

In the simplest terms, only such words, such adverbs as

long, short, hour, moment are combined with non-finite verbs.

Well, because let's pay attention I can write a letter,

an hour, but I won't say that I wrote a letter an hour.

I can write a letter briefly, a while, a long time,

But I will not say that I wrote a letter briefly, a moment, etc.

In contrast, the words suddenly, momentarily or

The phrase in 5 minutes tends to connect with accomplished verbs.

He suddenly wrote to her, not suddenly to her

wrote, he wrote a letter 5 minutes, not wrote a letter in 5 minutes.

The diagnostic value of this test, which

I now present, slightly lower again some contexts.

Presence Historic and such, for example, do not come to mind.

notice as he leaves for Wroclaw in the

three years, earns a doctorate and is suddenly offered a job at the university.

What else, then, can I do to make sure of the aspect of the verb?

They hint to us grammarians that much

more certain results are given by

combining the studied form of the verb of this reduced

to the infinitive with base verbs such as start, finish, stop?

If I get a grammatically correct construction,

It means that I am dealing with a non-finite verb.

After all, I can only say.

It started raining, finished raining,

stopped raining, and did not start raining.

Such a statement would not make sense of such tests.

I can do several more such experiments.

Here I still draw your attention to the passive constructions of which become

there is only a past participle from an accomplished verb.

I will also hint that in situations

emergency, situations of uncertainty we can always glance at the dictionary.

Today, dictionaries are also available online at

Internet space, such as this dictionary.

A great dictionary of the Polish language, which I used in this dictionary.

Ladies and Gentlemen, you will find not only

The meaning of the words read, read, but also patterns, variations, hints

regarding the variety of these forms along

with information on the aspect of the verb.

I have highlighted this for you on my slide

arrow Read the nonfinal aspect, read the accomplished aspect.

Also, those questionable verbs, such as

abdicate, advance and others can be found in dictionaries.

You can still look for example.

In the grammatical dictionary of the Polish language,

which is entirely subordinated to the issue of variety precisely.

What else would I like to add?

What else should I add to my statement?

This also appeared in the title of my speech.

She pointed out that time and aspect are

dependent on each other, they are interrelated.

Of this she represented.

You could also derive such a conclusion that both verbs

The accomplished and the imperfect form forms of the past tense.

And here, too, by the way, we find an interesting

relationship, because it turns out that it is the choice of aspect forms over time

past is a signal of equivalence or sequentially of two situations.

Let's compare such statements as When I ate breakfast, Mary washed versus

While I ate breakfast, Marysia washed up.

But let's pay more attention to the relationship of past tenses and the verb.

Let's start with the forms of the future tense, which means most often.

Here I am leaving out some emergency situations that

The activity takes place simultaneously with the moment of speaking.

These emergencies are information,

the use of forms of this tense to express

an action that will take place in the future, such as.

I am going to Warsaw tomorrow.

Or in scientific claims, in proverbs, in recipes.

That said, I think let's leave that aside and focus on these situations,

Where the activity takes place

simultaneously with the moment of speaking.

So, ladies and gentlemen, let us just remind you of the imperfect verbs

form the present tense forms write, write, write, etc.

How are these forms constructed?

They are based on the theme of time

Present and we create them using the endings

personal of the first, second or third conjugation.

If this differentiation of conjugation is accepted.

Now let's move on to the future tense,

which indicates an activity that will only take place after the moment of speaking.

We distinguish between the simple future tense and the compound future tense.

And here let's say again that rather generally only verbs

made form forms of the simple past tense.

The unique non-finite verb that such forms create is rather be.

It is just that only accomplished verbs form

forms of the simple past tense and these forms are in synthetic form.

They consist of one word.

We create them, incidentally, using present tense endings.

I write, you write as I write, you write.

What about the forms of the compound past tense?

They are formed only by imperfect verbs.

How are such forms built?

Dear Sirs?

They consist of two words, that is, they consist of the auxiliary word be, which

we conjugate in the future tense, you will, etc.

And also from the verb proper in

Infinitive or in the third person past tense.

So I will write, I will write.

I would still encourage the aspect category exercises to try the following

indicate the aspect of verbs, create the equivalent of aspect.

I also encourage you to expand your

knowledge and consult the literature on the subject,

which expands considerably this picture that I have tried to outline to you.

These items that I have used now I present to you on the screen.