王局拍案｜如何看待江泽民时代？

Summary

本文回顾了江泽民在任十余年的治国理念和作风。他最大的贡献是提出“三个代表”重要思想,使中共由革命政党转变为执政党,结束“阶级斗争”。在经济上,他解决了国企改革和双轨制带来的问题,为中国加入WTO奠定基础。在政治上,他落实邓小平提出的最高领导人任期制,实现了向胡锦涛的平稳交接,开创了共产党和平转移权力的先河。在文化上,他比较开明,允许媒体进行一定的舆论监督。总体而言,江泽民执政时代是中国继续深化改革的黄金时代。

Takeaways

• 😀 江泽民接受了华莱士的采访,这体现了他的勇气。
• 😁 江泽民提出了“三个代表”的思想体系,这是他时期最大的理论贡献。
• 😀 江泽民时期完成了中国经济体制的转型,这是改革中最艰难的阶段之一。
• 😃 江泽民实行了中共领导人任期制,这是共产党统治下第一位离任的领导人。
• 😄 江泽民时期社会各阶层生活都有所改善,人们也比较富有希望。
• 😉 江泽民时期对公共舆论监督较为开放和容忍。
• 😢 与江泽民时期相比,当前社会各阶层较为失望。
• 🤔 值得钦佩的是,江泽民最终在时限到期时自动离任。
• 😍 江泽民时期是中国社会改革的黄金时代。
• 😘 江泽民为实行领导人任期制和和平移交政权寻找足够的条件。

Q & A

江泽民接受迈克·华莱士专访表现出了什么品质?

江泽民接受迈克·华莱士专访时,中美关系正处在1989年“六四”事件后的最低谷。江泽民知道华莱士会问一些尖锐甚至狠毒的问题,但他还是接受了采访,这表现出了他的勇气。在其他共产党领导人中,这可谓罕见。

江泽民任内最重要的理论贡献是什么?

江泽民最重要的理论贡献是提出了“三个代表”重要思想。该理论将中共从革命政党转变为执政党,不再坚持阶级斗争,允许各阶层人士加入,对中国的改革开放起到了重要作用。

江泽民时期面临哪些改革的挑战?

江泽民时期面临的改革挑战包括:实行下岗,解决国有企业缺乏竞争力的问题;取消双轨价格体制,应对高通胀和人民币大幅贬值;在这些艰难的改革后,中国终于在2001年加入了WTO,中国经济起飞的基础也由此奠定。

江泽民对媒体监督持什么态度?

江泽民和朱镕基对媒体的监督持开放态度。焦点访谈曝光地方官员迫害餐馆老板致死的新闻后,江泽民立即严厉训斥了云南省委书记。这表明他重视公众舆论监督。

江泽民任内中国经济社会有什么变化?

江泽民时期中国经济快速增长,人民生活水平逐步提高,社会各阶层都有获得感,媒体也比较自由发展。这是一个值得怀念的文化繁荣时代。

江泽民为何能按时离任让位于胡锦涛?

江泽民按时离任和平交权,是共产党国家首次实现权力更迭。如果江执政时间过长,可能会破坏这一和平交权预期。江的这种退位让人印象深刻。

江泽民理论中的“三个代表”有何内涵?

“三个代表”理论提出:中共代表先进社会生产力的发展要求;中共代表先进文化的前进方向;中共代表最广大人民的根本利益。

江泽民在经济改革方面做出了哪些贡献?

江泽民贡献有:建立社会主义市场经济体制框架;取消双轨价格;解决国企改革和下岗难题;为中国加入WTO奠定基础,开启中国经济高速增长。

江泽民执政初期面临哪些外部环境?

江泽民刚上台时,中美关系处在1989年“六四”事件后最糟糕阶段。民主党克林顿政府对华极为强硬,江泽民面对的外部环境十分困难。

江泽民与台湾的蒋经国时代有何相似之处?

江泽民时期中国大陆与台湾蒋经国时代相似,经济虽相对落后但持续增长,不同社会阶层生活逐步改善,法制建设进步,社会开放程度增加,是经历了一个文化繁荣的黄金时代。

Outlines

00:00

😊江澤民被訪談勇氣可嘉

江澤民曾接受美國記者麥克·華萊士採訪,展現出勇氣。這是繼鄧小平之後,第二位接受華萊士採訪的中共領導人。現任領導人胡錦濤和習近平都不敢接受西方媒體採訪。江在採訪中面對批評,仍表現堅定。

05:01

😀三個代表理論改變黨性質

江澤民最大的理論貢獻是提出三個代表理論。該理論使中共由革命政黨轉變為執政黨,擴大了黨的代表性。這標誌著中共放棄馬克思主義原則,不再實行階級鬥爭,各階層都可以加入黨內。三個代表使黨的統治合法化,人民可以監督質疑。

10:07

🤔國企改革艱難江任內基本完成

江澤民時期中國面臨國企改革等艱難改革。他打破鐵飯碗,實行下崗;取消雙軌價格體系,使通貨膨脹;加入WTO,促進對外開放。這些改革代價高昂但必要,奠定日後高速發展基礎。江和朱容基完成中國改革最困難階段。

15:10

😊江引領中國走向開明

江澤民根據鄧小平思想,在任時中國經濟文化開始繁榮,社會開放,民眾生活改善,媒體監督作用增強。其開明政策與當時台灣相似。雖1989政改停滯,但市場和法治建設仍在推進,可視為中國發展黃金時代。

Keywords

💡三个代表

三个代表指的是江泽民提出的中国共产党必须始终代表中国先进社会生产力的发展要求、先进文化的前进方向以及最广大人民的根本利益。这标志着中共由革命政党向执政党转型。

💡正常交接权力

2002年,江泽民按期卸任中共中央总书记职位,平稳交接权力给胡锦涛,实现了共产党内首次和平有序的政权更替,为未来中国政治发展奠定基础。

💡国有企业改革

在江泽民任期内,中国对国有企业进行了重大改革。取消了铁饭碗,实施下岗让利,提高企业竞争力。国有企业改革为中国经济腾飞奠定基础。

💡入世

2001年12月11日,江泽民和温家宝代表中国政府正式签署入世协议。入世是中国开始融入国际体系、加速发展的关键一步。

💡宏观经济

泡沫经济和通货紧缩给中国经济带来了严重冲击。而江泽民政府采取稳健的货币与财政政策应对,宏观调控强有力,在混乱中重建良好秩序。

💡南方周末

南方周末是江泽民时期新崛起的自由新闻报刊代表。中共允许其在一定程度上进行监督,反映了江泽民时期对新闻监督的开放态度。

💡与时俱进,与国际接轨

这是江泽民的执政理念。意思是中国改革要与时俱进,并与国际接轨。“入世”正是这一理念的体现。

💡扼杀腐败

江泽民时期对腐败持零容忍态度。大力推进反腐,努力创建廉政政治,在一定程度上遏制了官僚资本主义的发展。

💡防大洪水

1998年长江流域发生特大洪水。江泽民亲临指挥抗洪抢险。在他坚强领导下,我军官兵英勇抗洪,最终转危为安。

💡科技兴国

江泽民提出要实施科教兴国战略,促进科技发展与经济发展良性互动。使中国科技水平和国力迅速提升。

Highlights

江接受过美国记者迈克·华莱士的专访,这显示了他的勇气。

江提出了“三个代表”理论,这是他在位期间最重要的意识形态贡献。

“三个代表”理论将中共从革命党转变为执政党。

江在位时期,中国实现了从计划经济到市场经济的转型。

国企改革是改革开放的关键,这为中国未来发展奠定了基础。

加入WTO标志着中国融入世界,中国经济高速发展的起点。

江在位时期的中国类似于蒋经国时期的台湾,经济增长带来社会各阶层生活改善。

江及时退位,实现了共产主义国家首次和平政权交接,具有历史意义。

江允许媒体监督政府,这是一个政府相对开明的时代。

江面对外国记者问题时表现开放,体现他对言论自由的认同。

与江任内相比,当前中国面临的环境更加严峻。

江在任内中国经济增长带动各阶层生活改善,媒体环境相对宽松。

“三个代表”理论实现意识形态转型,中共从革命党向执政党转变。

国有企业改革解决计划经济难题,为中国改革发展奠定基础。

江退位实现首次共产主义国家领导人和平交接,开创先例。

Transcripts

（Toastmaster) Friends, let's give a warm welcome

（Toastmaster）"Let General Secretary Jiang and Prime Minster Li share some words"

(Audiences are applauding)

(Comrades, friends, ladies and gentlemen as well as audiences at home)

Jiang Zemin has passed away, I want to talk about this former General Secretary today

Generally, my impression of Jiang is quite good

He was once interviewed by Mike Wallace

There are only two Chinese CCP leaders who have been interviewed by Mike Wallace

One was Deng Xiaoping and the other was Jiang Zemin

For his successors, Hu Jintao and Xi Jinping, they did not dare to give interviews to the Western media.

Not to Western media, I am afraid Xi would be terrified to get interview by domestic media.

Thus, that Jiang dared to accept Wallace's interview at that time is definitely thought to show his courage.

When Deng got the interview by Mike Wallace

Firstly, The U.S. and China were still in a honeymoon period

Secondly, the time of interview between Mike Wallace and Deng was severe to be limited

To be honest, Mike Wallace was shocked by Deng's heroical personal charisma at the time

He didn't ask particularly sharp questions

Only some questions about the Lifetime Leadership System

The situation Jiang faced was different

When Jiang got the interview by Mike Wallace

It was the toughest period between U.S and P.R.O.C since Tiananmen Massacre in 1989

And Jiang knew that

Mike Wallace would ask some sensitive or even tougher questions and he accepted that

Mike Wallace point at him and said, "People say you are a dictator"

Jiang still talked and laughed even facing criticism

Among the leaders of the Communist countries

I think he seems to be a rarity of the rarities

(A person's fate, of course, depends on self-struggle)

(We, however, need to consider the process of history)

(I have never anticipated that)

(I would in charge of top power later when I was the mayor of Shanghai)

(Comrade Deng talked to me)

(The CPC Central Committee decided you would be the next general secretary)

(I told to him I was not qualified for such important position. That's true)

(I was just the mayor of Shanghai, I have no experiences in working in the core of China's power)

(But, Comrade Deng insisted on, "We have already decided the final decision")

(Later I quoted a poem "I shall dedicate myself to the interests of the country in life and death irrespective of personal weal and woe")

(After that, I moved to Beijing to start a new journey)

(There are three achievements that I gained when I was general secretary in Beijing for over ten years)

(Firstly I built a framework of socialist market economy)

(Secondary, I introduced Deng's Theory into the Party constitution)

(The third is the Theory of Three Represents)

(If there is one more achievement is that I made a strict order to stop the PLA doing business)

(This order will affect the PLA's fate in the future)

(Because I continue to be the Chairman of Military for another 20 months)

(I have served for 15 years as the Chairman of the Central Military Commission)

(Of course, fighting against the great deluge in 1998 was also a big achievement)

(Compared with the three achievements that I gained; other things were less important)

(I feel ashamed that I did a little work. Thank you)

Jiang has passed away

Today I want talk about over ten years of Jiang's rule.

What are his greatest contributions to Chinese society?

I think the most important one is to build up the Theory of Three Represents

The core of philosophy that CCP believed in the past, like Marxism-Leninism, Maoism, is Class Struggle

The so-called class struggle is to be regarded the Communist Party as a revolutionary party

The labor class is the vanguard for a revolutionary party

The peasants, the bourgeoisie and the intellectuals are either allies or class enemies, who need to be fought

The labor class is the purest element in a revolutionary party

This theory filled by revolutionary perspectives has its own problem

It would sunder the society into different social classes and perpetuate political movements

Even purify the Party itself by endless political movements

The standard of purification is getting harsher to meet

There would be leading an unavoidable result:

The social elites cannot join in the governing system

Actually, the members of intellectual class could be the most valuable fortune for any kinds of society

But the early philosophy that CCP believed

this intellectual was a stinking ninth, and they needed to be remolded by revolutionary force

Mao remarked intellectual class can't carry out China's revolutionary cause

Therefore, the social status of intellectuals is naturally lower than workers and peasants

The Party's ideology decided that

What progressive effects can an intellectual make in such context?

If our society is leading by illiterate, proletarians

The group is enlightened and educated is becoming the target to be remolded and persecuted

Society should be the communities being full of anti-intellectualism

Mao's idea

or Marxism-Leninism, Maoism, they are philosophies to instigate a revolution.

After Deng's economic reform, Deng has abandoned Mao's course in reality

But Deng Xiaoping did not actually have a set of ideologies

If you read the books of Deng's Theory, they are not holistic

When I read Deng's articles, I feel I am reading Confucius's Analects

A short sentence set up a quotation, letting you feel reasonable

(To respect knowledge and to respect talent)

(Regardless of the white cat and black cat, to catch the rat is a good cat)

(Useless to entangle socialism or capitalism, to make economic development is our central task)

Those quotations are not holistic

There is no unified ideology

Deng just realized Mao's idea was wrong

Deng has practiced his idea first, even there was not a completed theorical structure yet

That's why I call him a pragmatist

But a governing Party for a great country

needs a new idea of ideology

Deng destroyed Mao's ideology

But he did not establish his completed philosophy

After Jiang Zemin became the new leader of CCP

He got the help from Wang Huning and reconstructed a set of theoretical system

Which is called Theory of Three Represents

The so-called "Three Represents"

actually transforms the Communist Party from a revolutionary party into a ruling party

The core of Theory of Three Represents is

CCP is no longer the so-called Vanguard of The Working Class

CCP would also represent other social classes

The Communist Party will always represent the most advanced culture

Representing the most advanced ideas, the most advanced productive forces

All classes of the society, including Intellectuals, farmers, and workers

Even bourgeoisie can be a member of CCP's representation

Now, you can figure out the differences comparing with Maoism

As I said in the Deng episode

Communist Party would not be Communist anymore based on the method of Deng's reform

CCP would be transferred into a Party featuring by European social democratic characteristics

Of course, CCP still is the only governing party in China

If CCP practiced the rotation of ruling parties

It would be a non-Communist Party of Communist in the view of ideology

No more Class Struggle

No more Marxism-Leninism, or at least they gave up the basic principles of Marxism-Leninism

The timing throwing away old theoretical structure

Is when Jiang finished constructing his theory name after Theory of Three Represents

After that, CCP has its new theoretical system

We should admire that system is essential

That system marked a Party featuring of revolutionary faith and ideality has started to disintegrate into a governing Party

Individual has the opportunity to criticize a Communist Party in a view of judging a governing Party

We can have supervision by public opinion and criticism outside the Party

A revolutionary Party won't allow people to criticize itself

Definitely not

You repined a revolutionary Party means you are counterrevolutionaries

You are a reactionist against revolution, an enemy against revolutionary masses

When a revolutionary Party has changed to be a governing Party in modern sense

People can query the legitimacy of governing of Party itself

People argue whether the Party is improving economic development or is picking a correct way of management.

If they can not achieve that

The people can criticize the Party and require them to correct the mistakes

That's very very important

I think Jiang's Three Represents Theory

Is the greatest achievement of ideology in his period

That's the first part I want to share

Secondary

I want to say in Jiang's period

He spent the complex and dangerous phases of China's reform and opening up

We all know

The key of China's reform is to transfer nation's plan from economics into market economics

There are no precedents of success in the entire Communist world

We know Russia took an approach called Brittle Disintegration

The old Communist system was gone suddenly

They gave people privatization vouchers through Shock Therapy

The nation-owned system was collapsed

The cost could be heavy

Inflation was 100,000 times higher

The social wealth accumulated by every single person in this country was gone

Eventually an "oligarchic economy" was formed

The wealth gap between ordinary people and these oligarchs was also quite large

The economic development was not so successful

No useful precedents from other Communist countries either

How does a Communist Party lead a state transfer from plan economics into market economics?

There are many challenges

The biggest technical issue is the management of nation-owned companies

At that time, the nation-owned companies were lack of competitive power in China

That is the truth

On the other hand

The employees in nation-owned companies had Communist Party's words

CCP promised they can rely on nation for whole life

No one can be fired without any reason

In Jiang's period

There were several challenges he solved

Firstly, he broke the system of secure job

The system that employees wanted to rely on nation for the whole life was discarded

He decided to marketize those companies lacking competition force though forcing works to lay-off.

Marketization or to be bankrupt, there were only two ways

The company my father used to work

was almost bankrupt in the reform wave of laying-off

Because it lacked competition impetus

For the workers in that period, especially ones who had fallen into the swirl of reform

They were suffered a lot

China had not established a system of social aid or welfare at that time

The fate of many families who laid-off were very miserable

The last prime minister, Zhu Rongji used to remark in his memoirs

It is mandatory to reform nation-owned companies

No changing of nation-owned companies, no future for China's reform and opening-up

Then the challenge bringing by double-track price system

China had a double-track price system at the beginning of price reform

One track was interior price, and another was exterior price

Corruption was endemic in the gap between two tracks of price

So many people could use their privilege

to purchase the goods with cheap interior price

To sell goods with high exterior price to earn lots of money

This was called bureaucrat reselling

They were privilege to realize extra income by using the price gap

Finally, the double-track system was cancelled by Prime Minister Zhu

This cancel also caused a huge throes of economics

Ghastly inflation and substantial devaluation between RMB and US currency

The throes of Chinese economics have lasted for 5 to 8 years

After that, Chinese economy has achieved a high-speed development

Which create the condition for entire economic reform in the future

I personally feel that the most difficult aspects of China's reform during the Jiang and Zhu eras

were accomplished in this area

Eventually, China joined WTO after solving those problems

The extraordinary rise of China's growth was started after China's accession to the WTO

Due to the little tense between the U.S. and the P.R.O.C

Both parties discussed the Most-Favored-Nation Issues every year

I still remember when Long Yongtu discussed with the U.S. about China's accession to the WTO

Media was focusing on the hotspots referring the content of negotiation

All of Chinese were so excited when China joined WTO

We should that China has announced to join the world after that

The real rise of China's growth was started after China's accession to the WTO

(Our beloved Comrade Jiang Zemin came to visit us all)

(Let's welcome Comrade Jiang Zemin with a warm round of applause to make an important speech for us)

(I am so glad to see you today, there are just 3 sentences)

(Firstly, my sincere thanks for accepting my resignation)

(Secondary, thanks to)

The last one, I think the most remarkable point is he left on time

We all know the Communist state practices a system of life tenure

No exception

When Deng got his power, he realized that life tenure was not acceptable

Because his generation of communist leaders had been suffered a lot by Mao's patriarchy

Deng was determined to break the system of life tenure for leaderships

The restricted tenure system was not limited Deng himself

His once inheritors, Hu Yaobang and Zhao Ziyang

Deng did not adopt restricted tenure system in himself

Because Hu and Zhao were abrogated under unusual situation

Jiang was also not the inheritor that nominated by himself

When Jiang was retired in 2002

Deng has passed away for many years

The peaceful change of power between Jiang and his successor

Seems to be the only time in the entire Communist World

To be honest

If Jiang had kept his power, no one could have focused him to be retired

But Jiang got off the vehicle of power on time and gave his position to Hu Jintao

He achieved the first time of the change of power based on the restricted tenure system in Communist World

That has impressed me a lot

Nowadays, people have experienced Xi's constitutional amendment and his ambition of life tenure

You will understand how cherished of the moment that Jiang delivered his power to Hu

Jiang created a precedent in history

A leader can rule this country for 10 years and then he or she must retire.

He or she can keep the welfare for general secretary, but there is no chance to interfere with his successor's policy decisions

We need to notice that Jiang continued to be the chairman of the Central Military Commission over 1 year when he retired from the position of general secretary

He called as help Hu get on a horse and escort a while

Basically, he did not interfere so much with Hu's policy decisions in Hu's 10 years period

I convince that would be a big fact reflecting the benevolence of a dominant leader

If we look through the entire East Asia

I think China in Jiang's period can be similar with Taiwan in Chiang Ching-kuo's period

Why do I believe of that?

It is said that at that time, although the economy was relatively backward

different social classes had been improved step by step

The growth of economy was rising

And the circumstance of each person was improving gradually

The judicial system was also improving, and society was opening up

As a media professional at that time

The era seeded the print media Southern Weekend

And TV program Focus Interview and Eastern Time and Space

It was a time of prosperous development

Although the reform aimed to political system was suspended after 1989

The improvement of marketing and rule of law has continued to be pursued

That was the golden age of China's development

And also, the golden age for our media

I used to say Jiang and Zhu were fully affirmed the role of supervision from public opinion

Let me tell you a story

When I was in the team of Focus Interview

Once we used to report a town mayor compelled owner of restaurant to be death in Yunnan Province

When we broadcast this event to public

Jiang watched it and called to the Secretary of Yunnan Provincial Party Committee immediately

and ordered him to go to the office of central government on the next morning

When this leader of Yunnan Province arrived at Zhongnanhai

Jiang reproached abusively to him

What hell were you doing?

You guys were party's cadres or bandits?

The leader from Yunnan was not dare to response to Jiang's rebuke

When he left the office and he visited the head of CCTV at that time, Zhao Huayong

He talked to Zhao

(I did not mean to complaint that you report this event to public)

(The truth is we have interrogated and dismissed him)

(You should tell the public about this fact)

(I am too nervous to tell Jiang this fact)

The story that I want to referred is that

Jiang and his deputy Zhu paid attention to the supervision of their government from media

They were quite open attitude to the media supervision

There is another example that indicates Jiang's attitude when he faced foreign journalists

When he visited aboard

I convinced his attitude to the speech freedom in western society

Including the fourth method of supervision for person in power from media

He has a large degree of recognition

When he gave a lecture in Harvard University, someone asked him

(Mr. Jiang, how do you feel there are many protestors outside of lecture hall when you have speech right now?)

(I know that)

(The only thing I can do)

(is to make my voice louder, so you can listen to me more clearly)

It definitely was an open epoch that desire our cherished memory

Each social class had the feeling of better life and hope in the future

The present that we are suffering is so frustrated

People always said that, (Competition is a bxxch)

Compare with Jiang's period

Jiang Zemin is quite remarkable

(We should be proud of our motherland's splendid culture)

(We also have to keep up with the times)

(We should blow the trumpet of the new century)

(Let's plant the better fruits of culture)

(Thank you very much)

Sub: Bowen

Proofread: Sun