AP Psychology Review: Treatment of Psychological Disorders

Summary

In this AP Psychology review, Kimberly covers the treatment of psychological disorders, focusing on key approaches such as psychoanalysis, humanistic therapy, behavioral therapy, and cognitive therapy. She discusses techniques like free association, transference, counter conditioning, and systematic desensitization. Additionally, biological therapies, including ECT, psychosurgery, and pharmacology, are explored. The session also touches on modes of therapy like family, group, and 12-step programs, concluding with a mini-review quiz to reinforce learning.

Takeaways

• 📚 The video is an overview of treatment approaches for psychological disorders, covering key terms and concepts for AP Psychology exam preparation.
• 🧐 Psychoanalysis, developed by Sigmund Freud, involves probing past defense mechanisms and using free association to uncover the unconscious mind.
• 💭 Manifest content refers to the surface images and occurrences in dreams, which Freud believed represented deeper, meaningful content.
• 🔄 Transference is the process where patients redirect thoughts and feelings about past people or events onto the therapist.
• 🤔 Humanistic therapy, introduced by Carl Rogers, focuses on the client's present perception of reality and emphasizes genuine interaction and unconditional positive regard.
• 🧘 Gestalt therapy, created by Fritz Perls, combines physical and mental aspects to increase self-awareness and personal responsibility.
• 🔧 Behavioral therapy is a short-term process that addresses behaviors, thoughts, and feelings, using techniques like counter conditioning and systematic desensitization.
• 🤓 Cognitive therapy, including Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) by Albert Ellis, deals with maladaptive thinking patterns and irrational beliefs.
• 💊 Biological therapies encompass treatments like ECT, psychosurgery, and pharmacology, which use drugs to affect psychological and behavioral adaptations.
• 👨‍👩‍👧‍👦 Family therapy involves multiple family members and a therapist to facilitate communication and expression of feelings within the family system.
• 🤝 Group therapy and 12-step programs provide a supportive environment for clients to interact and share experiences, often without professional moderation.

Q & A

Who developed the psychoanalytic approach?

The psychoanalytic approach was developed by Sigmund Freud.

What is the primary tool for revealing the contents of the unconscious in psychoanalysis?

Free association is the primary tool for revealing the contents of the unconscious in psychoanalysis.

What does the term 'manifest content' refer to in Freud's theory?

In Freud's theory, 'manifest content' refers to the images and occurrences in dreams that represent the truly meaningful content.

What is transference in the context of therapy?

Transference is when the patient shifts thoughts and feelings about certain people or events onto the therapist.

Who is credited with the development of client-centered therapy?

Carl Rogers is credited with the development of client-centered therapy.

What is the main focus of the humanistic approach in therapy?

The humanistic approach focuses on the client's present perception of reality rather than the past.

What is the concept of 'unconditional positive regard' in therapy?

Unconditional positive regard is the acceptance and support of a person regardless of what the person says or does.

Who invented Gestalt therapy and what does it combine?

Fritz Perls invented Gestalt therapy, which combines physical and mental therapies to blend awareness of unconscious tensions with the belief in self-awareness.

What is the main focus of behavioral therapy?

Behavioral therapy focuses on either just behaviors or in combination with thoughts and feelings that might be caused by them.

What is the main idea behind Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT)?

The main idea behind REBT is that people recite irrational statements to themselves when confronted with situations, leading to emotional distress.

What are the four classes of psychoactive drugs mentioned in the script?

The four classes of psychoactive drugs mentioned are antipsychotics, antidepressants, antianxiety drugs, and lithium salts.

How does electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) work?

ECT works by passing fairly high voltages of electricity across the patient's head.

What is the purpose of psychosurgery?

Psychosurgery, such as prefrontal lobotomy, is a biological treatment that involves cutting parts of the frontal lobe from the rest of the brain.

What is the main goal of cognitive therapy?

The main goal of cognitive therapy is to focus on maladaptive schemes and help individuals develop a more adaptive view of themselves, the world, and the future.

What is the concept of 'accurate empathetic understanding' in therapy?

Accurate empathetic understanding is the therapist's ability to view the world from the client's perspective, which is closely associated with client-centered therapy.

Which therapeutic approach is most closely associated with Albert Ellis?

Albert Ellis is most closely associated with Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT).

Which of the following is not a major class of drugs used for psycho therapeutic effect according to the script?

According to the script, the major classes of drugs are antipsychotics, antidepressants, antianxiety drugs, and lithium salts; thus, any option not including these would be incorrect.

Outlines

00:00

📚 Introduction to Psychological Treatments

This paragraph introduces the topic of the video, which is the treatment of psychological disorders. Kimberly, the presenter, outlines the key terms and concepts that will be covered, emphasizing their importance in the AP Psychology exam. She suggests creating flashcards for memorization. The paragraph covers Freud's psychoanalysis, including defense mechanisms, free association, manifest content, transference, and countertransference. It also introduces the humanistic approach with Carl Rogers' client-centered therapy, focusing on the present reality of the client and the therapist's genuineness, unconditional positive regard, and empathetic understanding. Gestalt therapy by Fritz Perls is briefly mentioned, combining physical and mental therapies to increase self-awareness and personal responsibility.

05:01

🛠 Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies Overview

The second paragraph delves into behavioral therapy, discussing its short-term nature and focus on behaviors, thoughts, and feelings. It explains techniques such as counter conditioning, aversion therapy, systematic desensitization, extinction, flooding, implosion, and operant conditioning. The paragraph also introduces behavior contracting and modeling based on Bandura's social learning theory. Moving on to cognitive therapy, it highlights rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT) by Albert Ellis and cognitive therapy by Aaron Beck, focusing on maladaptive schemas, negative views of self, world, and future, arbitrary inferences, and dichotomous thinking. The paragraph concludes with a brief mention of biological therapies, including ECT, psychosurgery, pharmacology, and psychoactive drugs, with a focus on their mechanisms and effects.

Keywords

💡Psychoanalysis

Psychoanalysis is a therapeutic approach developed by Sigmund Freud that delves into the unconscious mind to uncover repressed emotions and defense mechanisms. It is central to the video's theme as it discusses the treatment of psychological disorders. The script mentions Freud's focus on past experiences and the use of free association to reveal unconscious thoughts.

💡Free Association

Free association is a technique where a patient shares all conscious thoughts and ideas as they come to mind without censorship. It is a primary tool in psychoanalysis, as highlighted in the script, used to access the unconscious mind and reveal its contents, which can help in understanding the root causes of psychological issues.

💡Manifest Content

Manifest content refers to the apparent, surface-level images and occurrences in dreams, as believed by Freud to represent deeper, meaningful latent content. The script uses this term to illustrate Freud's theory of dreams, which is an integral part of psychoanalytic therapy.

💡Transference

Transference is a phenomenon where a patient redirects feelings and thoughts about past relationships onto the therapist during therapy. The script explains this as a key concept in psychoanalysis, showing how past experiences can influence the therapeutic relationship.

💡Countertransference

Countertransference is the process where a therapist's feelings are projected onto the patient. The script mentions this as a concept to be aware of in therapeutic settings, indicating the importance of recognizing and managing a therapist's own emotions.

💡Client-Centered Therapy

Client-centered therapy, developed by Carl Rogers, focuses on the present perception of reality from the client's perspective, contrasting with Freud's emphasis on the past. The script highlights this approach as an alternative to psychoanalysis, emphasizing the importance of the client's subjective experience.

💡Unconditional Positive Regard

Unconditional positive regard is a core aspect of client-centered therapy, where the therapist accepts and supports the client regardless of their behavior or statements. The script describes this as a crucial element in creating a therapeutic environment that fosters growth and self-understanding.

💡Gestalt Therapy

Gestalt therapy, created by Fritz Perls, combines physical and mental therapies to increase self-awareness and personal responsibility. The script presents this as a distinct approach that focuses on the whole person and their interactions with the environment.

💡Behavioral Therapy

Behavioral therapy is a short-term treatment that focuses on observable behaviors and the thoughts and feelings associated with them. The script outlines various techniques within this approach, such as counter conditioning and systematic desensitization, which aim to change maladaptive behaviors.

💡Cognitive Therapy

Cognitive therapy addresses maladaptive thought patterns and behaviors, as exemplified by Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) in the script. It is based on the premise that irrational beliefs contribute to emotional distress and aims to change these thought patterns to improve mental health.

💡Biological Therapies

Biological therapies encompass a range of treatments that affect the brain's chemistry and physiology, such as electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) and psychoactive drugs. The script discusses these as treatments for psychological disorders, highlighting their role in addressing the biological aspects of mental health conditions.

💡Pharmacology

Pharmacology in the context of the script refers to the use of drugs to treat psychological and behavioral adaptations. It includes various drug classes like antidepressants and antipsychotics, which are explained as targeting specific neurotransmitters to alleviate symptoms of mental disorders.

💡12-Step Programs

12-Step programs are a form of group therapy that provides a structured path for recovery, often from addiction. The script mentions Alcoholics Anonymous as an example, emphasizing the importance of social support in the therapeutic process.

Highlights

Introduction to AP Psychology test review with a focus on the treatment of psychological disorders.

Key terms and concepts will be covered, emphasizing the importance of memorization for the test.

Psychoanalysis approach developed by Sigmund Freud, focusing on past defense mechanisms and the unconscious mind.

Free association as a primary tool in psychoanalysis to reveal unconscious thoughts.

Manifest content and latent content in dreams as per Freud's theory.

Transference and countertransference as therapeutic concepts in psychoanalysis.

Humanistic approach treating the individual as a client with Carl Rogers' client-centered therapy.

Genuineness and unconditional positive regard in humanistic therapy.

Gestalt therapy combining physical and mental therapies, focusing on self-awareness and personal responsibility.

Behavioral therapy as a short process focusing on behaviors, thoughts, and feelings.

Counter conditioning, aversive therapy, systematic desensitization, and extinction in behavioral therapy.

Cognitive therapy including Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) and its focus on irrational beliefs.

Cognitive therapy's focus on maladaptive schemas and negative thought patterns.

Biological therapies such as ECT, psychosurgery, and pharmacology for treating psychological disorders.

Different classes of psychoactive drugs used in biological therapies, including antipsychotics and antidepressants.

Modes of therapy including family therapy, group therapy, and 12-step programs.

Review of the concept of accurate empathetic understanding and its association with client-centered therapy.

Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy's association with Albert Ellis.

Identification of the major class of drugs not used for psycho therapeutic effect.

Encouragement for students to make flashcards for effective studying and review.

Offer for questions and clarifications with an email provided for further assistance.

Transcripts

hi everyone my name is Kimberly I'm

gonna be helping out today with AP

psychology test well yeah we're gonna be

going over the treatment of

psychological disorders so first we just

want to take a second to look at the

outline and these are key terms that

we're gonna be covering make sure to

remember that this is five to seven

percent so again if you need to memorize

this at all go ahead and make flashcards

is a good outline to get so to pull out

some key terms and if you recognize it

great because that means that you know

some of these treatment approaches so

first we're looking at psychoanalysis

approach and the psychoanalysis was

developed by Freud Sigmund Freud and it

focuses on probing past defense

mechanisms of repression and

rationalization to understand the

unconscious cause of a problem then

we're going to be looking at free

association which is a primary tool for

revealing the contents of the

unconscious in which the patient reports

any and all conscious thoughts and ideas

manifest content is Freud's belief that

the images and occurrences and dreams

are actually representing the truly

meaningful content of Dreams so then we

have transference which is the patient

shift thoughts and feelings about

certain people or events onto the

therapist and then we have counter

transference where the therapist

transfers his or her own feelings onto

the patient we're looking at the

humanistic approach right now and this

approach treats the individual as a

client

so there's client-centered therapy and

yeah so this involves the assumption

that client can only be understood in

the terms of their own reality so this

is different from Freud because this

approach focuses on the clients present

perception of reality rather than the

past which is something that Freud

really emphasized and this was um this

was come up by a Carl Rodger so now

we're looking at genuine

and it's where the therapist is open

honest and expressive of feelings with

the client where they're actively

listening and then we have unconditional

positive regard which is acceptance and

in support of a person's regardless of

what the person says or does accurate

empathetic understanding which is the

therapists ability to view the world

from eyes of the client and then we have

the gestalt therapy which combines both

physical and mental therapies so this

was invented by Fritz Perls

and he developed this approach to blend

awareness of unconscious tensions with

the belief that one must become aware of

oneself so like this is a pyramid that

you might see based on him yeah so and

how they deal with those tensions by

taking personal responsibility now we're

looking at behavioral therapy behavioral

therapy is a short process the methods

focus on either just behaviors or in

combination with thoughts and feelings

that might be caused by them now we have

counter conditioning which is a

technique in which response to a given

stimulus is replaced by a different

response and a version therapy and it's

aversive stimulus is repeatedly paired

with the behavior that the client wishes

to stop systematic desensitization eeeek

involved in replacing one response such

as anxiety with another response such as

relaxation and then we have extinction

procedures designed to weaken

maladaptive responses and then flooding

which is exposing a client to stimulus

that causes the undesirable response and

again we're looking stop behavior

therapy implosion it's a client Madge's

imagines the disruptive stimuli rather

than actually confronting them and then

you have operant conditioning behavior

control technique we also have behavior

contracting which is where the therapist

and the client draw up a contact to

which they both agree and abide to and

then there's modeling where therapeutic

approach based on bandura's social

learning theory we also have cognitive

therapy which is the winner

the therapy's included in this is a

rational emotive behavior therapy rebt

its idea that when confronted with

situations people recite statements to

themselves that express my love depth of

thoughts and this was formed by Aaron

Beck cognitive therapy is the focus on

maladaptive scheme schemes and then we

have negative trade involved in a

negative view of self of the world and

of the future this view is learned

through experiences then we have the

arbitrary imprint switches where the

person draws conclusions without

evidence so they just kind of assume

like oh you're standing next to the

cookie jar you must have taken like the

cookie then dichotomous thinking which

involves all our nun conceptions of a

situation for example if I don't guess

is if I don't get this job I'll be a

complete failure now we have biological

therapies biological therapies are

electroconvulsive therapy ECT it's a

form of treatment in which fairly high

voltages of electricity are passed

across the patient's head as you can see

in this image right here you can also

look some stuff up on Google if you'd

like and then we have psycho surgery

which is the biological treatment and

there's actually surgery and where it's

a pre frontal prefrontal lobotomy which

is parts of the frontal lobe are cut off

from the rest of the brain which is a

frontal lobe right here and cycle

pharmacology which is a treatment of

psychological and behavioral adaptions

with drugs so no they were biological

therapy that we might look at is the

psychoactive drugs which is four classes

we have antle's

antipsychotics antidepressants anti-lock

lights and lithium salts antipsychotics

are symptoms of schizophrenia by

blocking the neuro receptors for

dopamine and then we have antidepressant

drugs which mao inhibitors work by

increasing the amount of serotonin and

not referring in the in the synaptic

cleft

so again I think the important part to

pull out of this

is what the drug kind of does and keep

in mind that these are biological

therapies now we have Trice sickness and

they are used more frequently and then

we have select selective inhibitors

which work by increasing the amount of

neurotransmitter at the synaptic cleft

another one of our biological therapies

is um annex colonics depress the central

nervous system and reduce anxiety while

increasing feelings of well-being and

reducing insomnia then we have some

other ones at which cause relaxation and

feeling of tranquility and we have

lithium carbonate which is effective in

the treatment of biological of bipolar

disorder so what are the modes of

therapy we have three right here family

therapy it's more than a single client

which allows family members to express

their feelings to each other and to the

therapist simultaneously we have group

therapy where clients meet together with

a therapist as an interactive group and

the 12-step programs which is a form of

group therapy usually not moderated by

professional psychotherapist so maybe

like a a which is Alcoholics anomic s--

Anonymous a strong social support system

so now we're just gonna review quickly

so just I think the best thing you can

possibly do for this is make flashcards

and really try to think about like what

does this look like type of thing so

we're gonna go over a mini-review is the

concept of accurate empathetic

understanding this most closely

associated with which of the following

therapeutic approaches psychoanalytic

therapy inductive therapy client

centered therapy implosion therapy

reductionist therapy so again go ahead

and pause this video if you need to if

you need more time to think about this

the answer is C client centered therapy

so the cognitively oriented therapeutic

approach known as rationale in

emotive behavior therapy is most closely

associated with which of the following

so go ahead and read through that list

and the answer is Albert aleus which of

the following is not a major class of

drugs used for psycho therapeutic effect

there you go letter A so again um if you

have any questions or need any

clarification this is a very brief

overview so if you have any questions

please feel free to email us and our

email is located below also remember to

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to help so good luck with AP exams and

make your flashcards so good luck