NCERT | B.Ed. | M.ED. | UGC NET Paper-1 Higher Education | Educational Bodies | Inculcate Learning

Inculcate Learning
3 Jul 202106:48

Summary

TLDRThe script discusses the National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) in India, established in 1961 by the Government of India. It highlights NCERT's role in advising the central and state governments on school education policy and quality improvement. The council's objectives include achieving universal elementary education, implementing cultural exchange programs, and promoting research related to school education. The script also mentions NCERT's coordination with state education departments and its focus on innovative educational practices to enhance the quality of school education.

Takeaways

  • ЁЯУЪ The National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) is a central advisory body for school education in India, established in 1961 by the Government of India.
  • ЁЯПЫя╕П NCERT's role is to advise on the policies and programs for the improvement of school education quality, including the development of textbooks and curriculum.
  • ЁЯМР NCERT's objectives include achieving the goal of universalization of elementary education, which means education should be available to all by the age of 14.
  • ЁЯУИ NCERT focuses on implementing agencies for the Basic Education Fund and improving the quality of school education through various initiatives.
  • ЁЯФН The council is responsible for coordinating research related to school education and promoting innovative practices in teaching methodologies.
  • ЁЯПл NCERT works at the school level to improve the quality of education, including the development of school programs and teacher training.
  • ЁЯМЯ The council's motto is 'Quality Improvement in School Education', emphasizing its commitment to enhancing educational standards.
  • ЁЯФЧ NCERT collaborates with international organizations and institutions to foster cultural exchange programs and improve school education globally.
  • ЁЯУЭ NCERT's activities include the publication of educational materials, conducting seminars, and providing training for educators.
  • ЁЯМН The council also engages with state education departments and other educational institutions to align with national educational policies and improve basic school education.
  • ЁЯФС NCERT's website provides access to various applications, resources, and links related to school education, serving as a hub for educational information and guidance.

Q & A

  • What is NCERT and what is its role in Indian education?

    -NCERT stands for National Council of Educational Research and Training. It is an autonomous organization established by the Government of India in 1961. NCERT's role is to assist and advise the central and state governments on policies and programs for the improvement of school education. It also develops curriculum and textbooks for schools.

  • What does NCERT focus on in terms of school education?

    -NCERT focuses on improving the quality of school education by developing policies and programs. It also works on universalizing elementary education, which means ensuring that education is accessible to all by 1508 (possibly a typo for 2015).

  • What is the significance of the term 'universalization of elementary education' in the context of NCERT?

    -Universalization of elementary education refers to the goal of making basic education accessible to all children. NCERT aims to achieve this by 2015, ensuring that every child has access to fundamental rights and education.

  • What is the role of NCERT in implementing cultural exchange programs?

    -NCERT is involved in coordinating and organizing cultural exchange programs, particularly in the field of school education. These programs aim to promote international understanding and cooperation among countries through educational activities.

  • How does NCERT contribute to research related to school education?

    -NCERT promotes and coordinates research related to school education. It focuses on improving the quality of education by conducting studies and disseminating findings that can be applied in schools.

  • What is the National Council of Educational Research and Training's approach to practical life skills in education?

    -NCERT emphasizes the importance of integrating practical life skills into education. It encourages innovative approaches that go beyond rote memorization, focusing on applying knowledge in real-life situations to enhance learning.

  • How does NCERT work with state education departments and other educational institutions?

    -NCERT collaborates with state education departments and other educational institutions to improve the quality of school education. It aims to calibrate efforts and work together to achieve common educational goals.

  • What is the significance of NCERT's involvement in international organizations?

    -NCERT's involvement in international organizations helps in sharing best practices and learning from global experiences. It also aids in promoting India's educational initiatives on an international platform.

  • How does NCERT ensure the implementation of its policies and programs?

    -NCERT works as a nodal agency, coordinating with various stakeholders including the central and state governments, to ensure the implementation of its policies and programs. It also monitors and evaluates the effectiveness of these initiatives.

  • What are some of the key objectives of NCERT?

    -Key objectives of NCERT include improving the quality of school education, universalizing elementary education, promoting cultural exchange programs, and coordinating research related to school education.

  • How can one access NCERT's resources and materials?

    -NCERT's resources and materials can be accessed through their official website and various applications. They also provide links to educational content and tools that can be used by students, teachers, and researchers.

Outlines

00:00

ЁЯУЪ Introduction to NCERT and Its Purpose

This paragraph provides an introduction to NCERT, the National Council of Educational Research and Training. Established by the Government of India in 1961, NCERT aims to advise central and state governments on policies and programs for improving the quality of school education. It focuses on policy-making for school education, as opposed to higher education, which is managed by the University Grants Commission (UGC). The main objective of NCERT is to enhance the quality of school education through various functions and initiatives.

05:02

ЁЯОп NCERT Objectives and Responsibilities

Here, the primary objectives of NCERT are detailed. NCERT functions as a nodal agency to achieve the goal of universalizing elementary education, ensuring basic education for all as a fundamental right. Additionally, NCERT serves as an implementing agency for bilateral cultural exchange programs in school education and coordinates research related to improving school education quality. It also focuses on in-service training for teachers, promoting practical and innovative teaching methods over rote memorization.

ЁЯМН Collaboration and Educational Initiatives

This paragraph highlights NCERT's role in collaborating with national and regional institutions, as well as international organizations, to promote school education and cultural activities. It mentions various applications and websites coordinated by NCERT, such as the 'My Government' app and the 'Paatshala' website, which provide resources and tools for enhancing school education. The importance of NCERT's contributions to school education and its ongoing efforts to improve educational quality are emphasized.

Mindmap

Keywords

ЁЯТбNCERT

NCERT stands for National Council of Educational Research and Training, which is an autonomous organization established by the Government of India in 1961. It is responsible for improving the quality of school education in India. In the script, NCERT is mentioned as the body that formulates policies and programs for school education, indicating its central role in the educational system.

ЁЯТбQuality Improvement

Quality Improvement refers to the process of enhancing the standard or quality of a product or service. In the context of the video, it relates to the efforts made by NCERT to improve the quality of school education. The script mentions 'Quality Improvement in School Education' as a primary objective, highlighting the importance of this concept in the video's theme.

ЁЯТбPolicy Programs

Policy Programs are systematic plans or strategies implemented by governments or organizations to achieve specific goals. In the script, the creation of policy programs is linked to NCERT's role in improving school education quality, suggesting that these programs are designed to guide and direct educational initiatives.

ЁЯТбElementary Education

Elementary Education typically refers to the first few years of formal schooling, often including primary and lower secondary levels. The script discusses the goal of 'Universalization of Elementary Education,' which aims to provide basic education to all children up to a certain age, emphasizing the importance of foundational learning.

ЁЯТбUGC

UGC stands for University Grants Commission, which is responsible for coordinating, determining, and maintaining the standards of higher education in India. In the script, UGC is mentioned in contrast to NCERT, indicating the different levels of education each organization focuses onтАФUGC for university level and NCERT for school level.

ЁЯТбCultural Exchange Programs

Cultural Exchange Programs are initiatives that facilitate the sharing of cultural expressions, knowledge, and traditions between different countries or communities. The script mentions 'side to side cultural exchange programs' in the context of school education, suggesting an emphasis on international collaboration and cultural diversity in learning experiences.

ЁЯТбResearch

Research in the script refers to the systematic investigation and study of materials and sources to establish facts and reach new conclusions. It is highlighted as a key area for NCERT to focus on, particularly research related to school education, to drive innovation and improvement in teaching methods and policies.

ЁЯТбSubscription

In the context of the script, Subscription likely refers to the act of registering or signing up for a service or program, possibly related to educational content or updates from NCERT. It is mentioned as a way for educators and stakeholders to stay informed about the latest developments in school education.

ЁЯТбIn-service Training

In-service Training is professional development that occurs while an individual is employed. The script mentions 'In-service Training' in the context of teaching, suggesting that NCERT provides ongoing education and training for teachers to enhance their skills and knowledge.

ЁЯТбPractical Life

Practical Life in the script refers to the incorporation of real-world, hands-on experiences into educational curricula. It is mentioned as a way to move beyond rote memorization and to engage students in learning that is relevant and applicable to their lives outside of school.

ЁЯТбInternational Organization

An International Organization in the script refers to a group or body that operates globally and involves cooperation between countries. The mention of 'International Organization' suggests that NCERT may engage with such entities to foster global perspectives and partnerships in education.

Highlights

Welcome to InKlects, discussing NCER's boot school level impact.

NCER established in 1961 by the Government of India.

NCER's role in advising the central and state governments on educational policy and program quality improvement.

Focus on school education quality improvement in Hindi.

Objectives of NCER include universalization of elementary education and achievement of related goals.

NCER's function in implementing natural cultural exchange programs.

Emphasis on coordinating research related to school education.

Promotion of research in school education to improve quality.

NCER's role in subscribing to and coordinating with state education departments.

Innovative educational approaches integrating practical life skills.

NCER's coordination with international organizations for school education.

Discussion on the importance of NCER's coordinator role in educational policy.

NCER's historical significance since its establishment in 1961.

Involvement in educational policy making at the school level.

NCER's initiatives in promoting international cultural exchange in school education.

NCER's collaboration with regional and national institutions for educational research.

NCER's efforts in improving the quality of basic education.

NCER's role in facilitating educational innovation and practical application in schools.

NCER's coordination with various educational institutions for quality improvement.

NCER's impact on school education through its various programs and initiatives.

Transcripts

play00:00

рд╣реЗрд▓реЛ рд╣реЗрд▓реЛ рдирдорд╕реНрдХрд╛рд░ рд╡реЗрд▓рдХрдо рдЯреВ рдЗрдирдХрд▓реНрдХреЗрдЯреНрд╕

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рдЗрд╡рдирд┐рдВрдЧ рддреЛ рдЖрдЬ рд╣рдо рдмрд╛рдд рдХрд░реЗрдВрдЧреЗ рдПрдирд╕реАрдИрдЖрд░рдЯреА рдХреЗ

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рдмрд╛рд░реЗ рдореЗрдВ рдЗрд╕рдХреЗ рдмреВрдЯ рд╕рдордЭреЛ рд╕реНрдХреВрд▓ рд▓реЗрд╡рд▓ рдкрд░

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рдкрдбрд╝рддреЗ рд╣реИрдВ рдиреЗрд╢рдирд▓ рдХрд╛рдЙрдВрд╕рд┐рд▓ рдЖрдл рдПрдЬреБрдХреЗрд╢рдирд▓

play00:10

рд░рд┐рд╕рд░реНрдЪ рдПрдВрдб рдЯреНрд░реЗрдВрдирд┐рдВрдЧ рдпрд╣ рдХреЙрдЯрди рдорд┐рд▓реНрд╕ рд╡рд╣ рд╣реИ

play00:14

рдФрд░ 1961 рдореЗрдВ рдЬреЛ рд╣реИ рдЧрд╡рд░реНрдирдореЗрдВрдЯ рдСрдл рдЗрдВрдбрд┐рдпрд╛ рдиреЗ

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рдЗрд╕рдХреЛ рд╕реНрдЯреИрдмреНрд▓рд┐рд╢ рдХрд┐рдпрд╛ рдЗрд╕рд▓рд┐рдП рд╕реНрдЯреИрдмреНрд▓рд┐рд╢ рдХреНрдпрд╛

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assistant рдПрдбрд╡рд╛рдЗрдЬрд░ рдХрд░рдиреЗ рдХреЛ рдЕрднреА рд╕рд┐рд╕реНрдЯрдо

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рдПрдбрд╡рд╛рдЗрд╕ рдХрд┐рд╕рдХреЛ рдХрд░реЗрдЧреА рд╕реЗрдВрдЯреНрд░рд▓ рдФрд░ рд╕реНрдЯреЗрдЯ

play00:27

рдЧрд╡рд░реНрдирдореЗрдВрдЯ рдХреЛ рдХрд┐рд╕ рдЪреАрдЬ рдПрдбрд╡рд╛рдЗрдЬрд░ рдХрд░реЗрдВрдЧреЗ рдХрд┐рд╕

play00:30

рдЪреАрдЬ рдкрд░ рдЕрд╕рд┐рд╕реНрдЯ рдХрд░реЗрдВрдЧреЗ рддреЛ рдкреЙрд▓рд┐рд╕реАрдЬ рдЖрдл

play00:33

рдкреНрд░реЛрдЧреНрд░рд╛рдореНрд╕ рдмрдирд╛рдиреЗ рдореЗрдВ рдХреНрд╡рд╛рд▓рд┐рдЯреА

play00:35

рдЗрдВрдкреНрд░реВрд╡рдореЗрдВрдЯ рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рдХрд┐рд╕ рд▓реЗрд╡рд▓ рдкрд░ рд╕реНрдХреВрд▓

play00:37

рдПрдЬреБрдХреЗрд╢рди рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рдЬрдм рд╣рдо рдпреВрдирд┐рд╡рд░реНрд╕рд┐рдЯреА рдЧреНрд░рд╛рдВрдЯ

play00:40

рдХрдореАрд╢рди рдкрдбрд╝рддреЗ рд╣реИрдВ рддреЛ рд╡рд╣ рдпреВрдирд┐рд╡рд░реНрд╕рд┐рдЯреА рд▓реЗрд╡рд▓

play00:43

рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рд╣реЛрддрд╛ рд╣реИ рдПрдирд╕реАрдИрдЖрд░рдЯреА рдЬреЛ рд╣реИ рд╡рд╣

play00:46

рдкреЙрд▓рд┐рд╕реАрдЬ рдкреНрд░реЛрдЧреНрд░рд╛рдорд╕ рдмрдирд╛рдПрдВрдЧреЗ рд╕реНрдХреВрд▓ рдХреА рдЬреЛ

play00:49

рдПрдЬреБрдХреЗрд╢рди рдХреНрд╡рд╛рд▓рд┐рдЯреА рдЗрдВрдкреНрд░реВрд╡рдореЗрдВрдЯ рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рдЕрдм

play00:52

рд╕реНрдХреВрд▓ рдкреНрд░реЛрдЧреНрд░рд╛рдо рдХреНрд╡рд╛рд▓рд┐рдЯреА рдЗрдВрдкреНрд░реВрд╡рдореЗрдВрдЯ рдЗрди

play00:58

рд╣рд┐рдВрджреА

play00:58

рд╢реБрдХреНрд░рд╛рдгреБ рдШреВрдореЗрдВрдЧреЗ рдорддрд▓рдм рдЬрд┐рддрдиреЗ

play01:01

рдХреНрд╡реЗрд╢реНрдЪрдВрд╕ рдЖрдл рдХрд╣реАрдВ рднреА рдкрдвреЗрдВрдЧреЗ рд╡рд╣ рдореЛрд╕реНрдЯрд▓реА

play01:04

рдЬреЛ рд╣реИ рд╡рд╣ рдЗрд╕реА рдХреЗ рд░рд╛рдЙрдВрдб рджрд┐рдЦреЗрдВрдЧреЗ рдЖрдкрдХреЛ рдХрд┐рдП

play01:07

рдЙрд╕рдХрд╛ рдЬреЛ рдореЗрди рдореЛрдЯреЛ рд╣реЛрдЧрд╛ рдХреЛрдИ рднреА рдлрдВрдХреНрд╢рди рдХрд╛

play01:10

рд╡рд╣ рдпрд╣реА рд╣реЛрдЧрд╛ рдХрд┐ рдХреНрд╡рд╛рд▓рд┐рдЯреА рдЗрдВрдкреНрд░реВрд╡рдореЗрдВрдЯ рдЗрди

play01:12

рд╕реНрдХреВрд▓ рдПрдЬреБрдХреЗрд╢рди рдкрд░ рд╡рд░реНрдХ рдХрд░рддреЗ рд╣реИрдВ рдЕрдм рджреЗрдЦрддреЗ

play01:15

рд╣реИрдВ рдЗрдирдХреЗ рдСрдмреНрдЬреЗрдХреНрдЯрд┐рд╡реНрд╕ рдХреЗ рдмрд╛рд░реЗ рдореЗрдВ рдЬреЛ

play01:18

рджреЛ-рддреАрди рдЙрдЬреНрдЬрд░ рдСрдмреНрдЬреЗрдХреНрдЯрд┐рд╡ рд╣реИ рдЬреЛ рд╣рдореЗрдВ рдорддрд▓рдм

play01:20

рдпрд╛рдж рд░рдЦрдиреЗ рд╣реА рд╣реИ рдЬрд╛рдП рдиреАрдВрдж рд╕реЗ рдЙрдард╛ рдХрд░ рдХреЛрдИ

play01:23

рдкреВрдЫреЗ рд╡ рд╣реИ рдХрд┐ рдиреЛрдбрд▓ рдПрдЬреЗрдВрд╕реА рдХреА рддрд░рд╣ рдХрд╛рдо рдХрд░рддреА

play01:26

рд╣реИрдВ рдХрд┐рд╕ рдЪреАрдЬ рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рдпреВрдирд┐рд╡рд░реНрд╕рд▓рд╛рдЗрдЬреЗрд╢рди рдЖрдл

play01:29

рдПрд▓рд┐рдореЗрдВрдЯреНрд░реА рдПрдЬреБрдХреЗрд╢рди рдХреЗ рдЧреЛрд▓ рдХреЛ рдЕрдЪреАрд╡ рдХрд░рдиреЗ

play01:32

рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рдЕрдм рдпреВрдирд┐рд╡рд░реНрд╕рд▓ рдпреВрдирд┐рд╡рд░реНрд╕рд▓рд╛рдЗрдЬреЗрд╢рди рдЖрдл

play01:34

рдПрд▓рд┐рдореЗрдВрдЯреНрд░реА рдПрдЬреБрдХреЗрд╢рди рдХреНрдпрд╛ рд╣реИ рдпрд╛рдирд┐ рдХрд┐ рдЕрдм

play01:37

рдПрд▓рд┐рдореЗрдВрдЯреНрд░реА рдПрдЬреБрдХреЗрд╢рди рдЬреЛ рд╣реИ рд╡рд╣ рдпреВрдирд┐рд╡рд░реНрд╕рд▓рд╛рдЗрдЬ

play01:40

рд╣реЛрдиреА рдЪрд╛рд╣рд┐рдП 150 08 рддрдХ рдПрдЬреБрдХреЗрд╢рди рд╕рдмрдХреЛ рдорд┐рд▓рдирд╛

play01:44

рдЪрд╛рд╣рд┐рдП рдмреЗрд╕рд┐рдХ рдПрдЬреБрдХреЗрд╢рди рдХрд╛ рд╕рдкреНрддрд╛рд╣ рдлрдВрдбрд╛рдореЗрдВрдЯрд▓

play01:47

рд░рд╛рдЗрдЯ рд╣реИ рдареАрдХ рд╣реИ рддреЛ рдпрд╣ рдЬреЛ рд╣реИ рдиреЛрдбрд▓ рдПрдЬреЗрдВрд╕реА

play01:50

рд╣реИ рдЗрд╕рдХреЛ рдХрдо рдЗрд╕ рдЧреЛрд▓ рдХреЛ рдЕрдЪреАрд╡ рдХрд░рдиреЗ рдореЗрдВ рджреВрд╕рд░рд╛

play01:54

рд╣реИ рдХрд┐ рдЗрдВрдкреНрд▓реАрдореЗрдВрдЯреЗрд╢рди рдПрдЬреЗрдВрд╕реА рд╣реИрдВ рдХрд┐рд╕ рд▓рд┐рдП

play01:56

рдмрд╛рдп рдиреЗрдЪреБрд░рд▓ рдХрд▓реНрдЪрд░рд▓ рдПрдХреНрд╕рдЪреЗрдВрдЬ рдкреНрд░реЛрдЧреНрд░рд╛рдо рдХреЗ

play02:00

рд▓рд┐рдП рдмрд╛рдп рд▓реЗрдЯрд░ рдорддрд▓рдм

play02:01

рддреЛ рд╕рд╛рдЗрдб рд╕реЗ рдпрд╛рдиреА рдПрдХ рдЗрдВрдбрд┐рдпрд╛ рдФрд░ рджреВрд╕рд░рд╛ рдЕрдЧрд░

play02:04

рдХрд┐рд╕реА рдХрдВрдЯреНрд░реА рдХреЗ рд╕рд╛рде рдЧреНрд░реБрдк рдореЗрдВ рдирд╣реАрдВ рд╣реЛрддрд╛

play02:07

рд╣реИ рдЕрдм рд╣рдо рдЗрд╕рдХреЛ рдХрдЯ рдХрд░ рд▓реЗрддреЗ рд╣реИрдВ рд▓реЗрдХрд┐рди рдХреА

play02:11

рд╕рд╛рдЗрдб рдЯреЛ рд╕рд╛рдЗрдб рдХрд▓реНрдЪрд░рд▓ рдПрдХреНрд╕рдЪреЗрдВрдЬ рдкреНрд░реЛрдЧреНрд░рд╛рдо

play02:16

рдХрд░реЗрдВ рдпрд╣ рд╡рд┐рдж рджрд░ рдХрдВрдЯреНрд░реАрдЬ рдореЗрдВ рд╕реНрдХреВрд▓ рдПрдЬреБрдХреЗрд╢рди

play02:21

рдлреАрд▓реНрдб рдореЗрдВ рддреЛ рдЗрд╕ рдЪреАрдЬ рдореЗрдВ рдлреЛрдХрд╕ рдПрдВрдб

play02:27

рдХреЛрдСрд░реНрдбрд┐рдиреЗрдЯ рд░рд┐рд╕рд░реНрдЪ рд░рд┐рд▓реЗрдЯреЗрдб рдЯреВ рд╕реНрдХреВрд▓ рдХреЛ

play02:31

рдпрд╣рд╛рдВ рд╕рдмреНрд╕рдХреНрд░рд┐рдкреНрд╢рди рдХреНрд╡рд╛рд▓рд┐рдЯреА рдЗрдВрдкреНрд░реВрд╡рдореЗрдВрдЯ

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рдЗрди рдереЗ рд░рд┐рд╕рд░реНрдЪ рдЗрди рдЪреАрдЬреЛрдВ рд╕реЗ рд░рд┐рд▓реЗрдЯреЗрдб рд░рд┐рд╕рд░реНрдЪ

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рд╕реЗ рд░рд┐рд▓реЗрдЯреЗрдб рдЯреЛ рдкреНрд░рдореЛрдЯ рдХрд░реЗрдВрдЧреА рдХрд░реЗрдЧреА рдЬреЛ рднреА

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рд░рд┐рд╕рд░реНрдЪ рдЬреЛ рд╣реИ рд╡рд╣ рд╕реНрдХреВрд▓ рдореЗрдВ рд╣реЛрдЧреА рдлрд┐рд░ рдЗрд╕рдХреЛ

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рдЬреЛ рдПрдирд╕реАрдИрдЖрд░рдЯреА рдХреА рдмреБрдХреНрд╕ рдкрдврд╝рддреЗ рд╣реИрдВ рдЙрдирдХреЗ

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рдмрд╛рд░реЗ рдореЗрдВ рдХреЛрдИ рднреА рдиреНрдпреВрдЬрд╝ рдЪреИрдирд▓

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рддреЛ рдмреЗрд╕рд┐рдХрд▓реА рд╣реБрдИ рд╕реЗрдо рдЪреАрдЬ рд╕реНрдХреВрд▓ рдПрдЬреБрдХреЗрд╢рди рдХреЗ

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рд▓рд┐рдП рдлрд┐рд░ рдХрд░реЗрдВрдЧреА рд╕рдмреНрд╕рдХреНрд░рд╛рдЗрдм рдХреАрдЬрд┐рдП рдЖрдк

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рдЧрд╡рд░реНрдирдореЗрдВрдЯ рдЬреЙрдм рдЙрд╕рд╕реЗ рдкрд╣рд▓реЗ рдЬреЛ рдЬреВрд╕ рдХреЛ

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рд╕рдмрд╕реНрдХреНрд░рд╛рдЗрдм рдФрд░ рд╕рд░реНрд╡рд┐рд╕ рд╕рд░реНрд╡рд┐рд╕ рдХреЗ рджреМрд░рд╛рди рддреЛ

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рдпрд╣ рдЬрдЧрд╣-рдЬрдЧрд╣ рдбрд┐рд╕реНрдЯрд┐рдХ рд▓реЗрд╡рд▓ рдкрд░ рдпрд╣ рддреЛ рдЪрд▓рддрд╛

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рд░рд╣рддрд╛ рд╣реИ рддреЛ рдЗрдирд╕рд░реНрд╡рд┐рд╕ рдЯреНрд░реЗрдирд┐рдВрдЧ рддреЛ рдпрд╣ рдирд╣реАрдВ

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рдХрд░рддреЗ рд╣реИрдВ рдЬреЛ рд╕рд░реНрд╡рд┐рд╕ рд╕рд░реНрд╡рд┐рд╕ рдЖрдИрдЯреА рдбрд╛рдЗрдб рдЗрди

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рдХреЗ рд╕рд╛рде рдпрд╣ рдлрд┐рд░ рдФрд░ рдЗрд╕реА рдЯреЗрдХреНрдирд┐рдХ рд╕реНрдХреВрд▓ рдореЗрдВ

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рдмрдЪреНрдЪреЛрдВ рдХреЛ рдкрдврд╝рд╛ рд╕рдХрддреЗ рд╣реИрдВ

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рдпрд╣ рдЬреЛ рдРрд╕реА рдЪреАрдЬреЛрдВ рдХреЛ рд▓рд╛рдЗрдХ рдХрд░реЗрдВ рдХрд┐ рд╡рд╣ рдмрд╣реБрдд

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рд░реЗ рдХрд╡рд┐ рдмреБрд▓реНрд▓реЗ рдЙрдирдореЗрдВ рд╕реЗ рдореЗрдореЛрд░рд╛рдЗрдЬреЗрд╢рди рдХреА

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рдмрдЬрд╛рдп рдЕрдм рдкреНрд░реИрдХреНрдЯрд┐рдХрд▓ рд▓рд╛рдЗрдл рд╕реЗ рдЬреЛрдбрд╝рдХрд░ рдЪреАрдЬреЛрдВ

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рдХреЛ рдмрдврд╝рд╛рдПрдВ рдЗрдиреНрдиреЛрд╡реЗрдЯрд┐рд╡ рд▓рд┐рдпрд╛ рд╣реИ рдПрдЬреБрдХреЗрд╢рди рдХреЛ

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рдЙрдирдХреЗ рджрд┐рдорд╛рдЧ рдореЗрдВ рдбрд╛рд▓реЗрдВ рдлрд┐рд░ рд╣реИ рдПрдХреНрдЯреНрд░реЗрд╕

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рдХреНрд▓реАрдпрд░рд┐рдВрдЧ рд╣рд╛рдЙрд╕ рдлреЙрд░ рдж рдЖрдИрдбрд┐рдпрд╛рдЬ рдЗрди

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рдЗрдВрдлреЙрд░реНрдореЗрд╢рди рдЗрди рдореИрдЯрд░реНрд╕ рд░рд┐рд▓реЗрдЯреЗрдб рдЯреЛ рдЕрдЧреЗрди

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рд╕реНрдХреВрд▓ рдПрдЬреБрдХреЗрд╢рди рдлрд┐рд░ рдХреИрд▓реАрдмрд░реЗрдЯ рдиреЗрдЯрд╡рд░реНрдХ рд╡рд┐рдЪ

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рд╕реНрдЯреЗрдЯ рдПрдЬреБрдХреЗрд╢рди рдбрд┐рдкрд╛рд░реНрдЯрдореЗрдВрдЯ рд╣рдо рдпрд╣рд╛рдВ рд╕реЗ

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рд╕рд░реНрд╡рд┐рд╕ рдореЗрдВ рдПрдЬреБрдХреЗрд╢рди рдбрд┐рдкрд╛рд░реНрдЯрдореЗрдВрдЯ рдЬреИрд╕реА рдХреЛрдИ

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рдЕрджрд░ рдПрдирдЬреАрдУ рдпрд╛ рдХреЛрдИ рдФрд░ рдПрдЬреБрдХреЗрд╢рдирд▓

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рдЗрдВрд╕реНрдЯрд┐рдЯреНрдпреВрд╢рди рд╣реИ рдХреЛрдИ рдкреНрд░рд╛рдЗрд╡реЗрдЯ рд╕реНрдХреВрд▓ рддреЛ

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рдЙрдирдХреЗ рд╕рд╛рде рдпрд╣ рдХреИрд▓реАрдмрд░реЗрдЯ рдХрд░реЗрдВрдЧреЗ рдЙрдирдХреЛ рдЕрдкреНрд░реЛрдЪ

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рдХрд░реЗрдВрдЧреЗ рдФрд░ рдмреЗрд╕рд┐рдХрд▓реА рд╕реНрдХреВрд▓ рдПрдЬреБрдХреЗрд╢рди рдХреА

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рдХреНрд╡рд╛рд▓рд┐рдЯреА рдХреЛ рдЗрдВрдкреНрд░реВрд╡ рдХрд░рдиреЗ рдХреА рд╣рд░ рдореБрдордХрд┐рди

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рдХреЛрд╢рд┐рд╢ рдХрд░реЗрдВ рдлрд┐рд░ рдЧрд╛рдВрд╡ рдЗрдВрдЯрд░рдиреЗрд╢рдирд▓

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рдСрд░реНрдЧреЗрдирд╛рдЗрдЬреЗрд╢рди рдХреА рдмрд╛рдд рдХреА рдереА рд╡реИрд╕реЗ рднреА рд╡рд╣

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рдЗрдВрдЯрд░реЗрд╕реНрдЯ рдХрд░реЗрдВрдЧреЗ рдЗрд╕ рд░реИрд▓реА рдХрд▓

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рдХреНрд╡реЗрд╢реНрдЪрдВрд╕ рдкреНрд░реЛрдЧреНрд░рд╛рдореНрд╕ рдХрд░ рд╕рдХреЗ рд╕реНрдХреВрд▓

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рдПрдЬреБрдХреЗрд╢рди рд╕реНрдХреВрд▓ рд▓реЗрд╡рд▓ рд╡реЗ рдЬреЛ рд╣реИ рд╣рдо рдЗрд╕

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рдЕрдзрд┐рд╡реЗрд╢рди рдХреЗ рдлреАрд▓реНрдб рдореЗрдВ рд╕реНрдкреЛрд░реНрдЯреНрд╕ рдХреЗ рдлреАрд▓реНрдб

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рдореЗрдВ рдФрд░ рдпрд╣ рдХрд▓реНрдЪрд░ рдХреЗ рдХрд▓реНрдЪрд░рд▓ рдПрдХреНрдЯрд┐рд╡рд┐рдЯреАрдЬ рдЬреЛ

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рд╣реИ рдЙрди рдЪреАрдЬреЛрдВ рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рд╣рдо рдмрдврд╝рд╛рд╡рд╛ рджреЗ рд╕рдХреЗ рдХрд┐

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рдиреЗрд╢рдирд▓ рдУрд░ рд░реАрдЬрдирд▓ рдЗрдВрд╕реНрдЯрд┐рдЯреНрдпреВрд╢рдВрд╕ рдЙрдирдХреЗ рд╕рд╛рде

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рдЗрдВрдЯрд░рдиреЗрд╢рдирд▓ рдХрд┐ рд╣рдордиреЗ рд╡реИрд╕реЗ рд╣реА рдиреЗрд╢рдирд▓ рдУрд░ рд░реАрдЬрдирд▓

play05:19

рдЗрдВрд╕реНрдЯреАрдЯреНрдпреВрдЯ рдХреЗ рд╕рд╛рде рднреА рдХрд░реЗрдВ рдХрд┐ рдЗрд╕рдХреЗ рдЕрдВрджрд░

play05:27

рдХрдо рдХрд░рддреЗ рд╣реИрдВ рдЙрдирдХреЗ рдмрд╛рд░реЗ рдореЗрдВ рд╣рдо рдкрдвреЗрдВрдЧреЗ

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рдбрд┐рдЯреЗрд▓ рдореЗрдВ рдЕрд▓рдЧ-рдЕрд▓рдЧ рдмреЙрдбреА рдШреНрд░ рдкреЗ рдЙрдирдХреЗ 1999

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рдореЗрдВ рд╕реЗ рдПрдХ рд╣реИ рд╡рд╣ рдПрдирд╕реАрдЖрд░рдЯреА рд╣реИ рдЬрд┐рд╕рдХреЛ рдЕ

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рд╡реНрдпрдХреНрддрд┐ рдРрд╕реЗ рд╣реА рдорд╛рдп рдЧрд╡рд░реНрдирдореЗрдВрдЯ рдРрдк рдЬреЛ рд╣реИ

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рдлрд┐рд░ рдкрд╛рдард╢рд╛рд▓рд╛ рдПрдк рдбрд╛рдЯрд╛ рдбреЙрдЯ рдЧрд╡рд░реНрдирдореЗрдВрдЯ рдбреЙрдЯ рдЗрди

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рдЬреЛ рд╡реЗрдмрд╕рд╛рдЗрдЯ рд╣реИ рддреЛ рдХреБрдЫ рдПрдХреНрд╕рд╛рдЗрдЬ рдСрдлрд┐рд╕рд░ рд╣реИ

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рд╡рд╣реАрдВ CR рдХреЗ рдЕрдВрджрд░ рдХрд╛рдо рдХрд░рдиреЗ рдХрд╛ рдмрдпрд╛рди рд╕реЗ

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рдкрд╛рд░реНрдЯреА рдХреА рд╡реЗрдмрд╕рд╛рдЗрдЯ рдУрдкрди рдХрд░рдХреЗ рджреЗрдЦреЗрдВрдЧреЗ рддреЛ

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рдЙрд╕рдореЗрдВ рдиреАрдЪреЗ рдЬрд╛рдХрд░ рд▓рд╛рд╕реНрдЯ рдореЗрдВ рдЬреЛ рд╣реИ рдХреБрдЫ рднреА

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рдПрдкреНрд╕ рдФрд░ рдЙрдирдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдВрдХреНрд╕ рдорд┐рд▓рддреЗ рд╣реИрдВ рддреЛ рдЖрдк рдЙрд╕рдХрд╛

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рдорддрд▓рдм рдпрд╣ рд╕рд╛рд░реА рдХреА рд╕рд╛рд░реА рдПрдкреНрд▓реАрдХреЗрд╢рдВрд╕ рдпрд╣ рд╕рд╛рд░реА

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рдХреА рд╕рд╛рд░реА рд╕рд╛рдЗрдб рдЬреЛ рд╣реИ рд╡рд╣ рдПрдирд╕реАрдИрдЖрд░рдЯреА рдЙрдирдХреЗ рдпрд╛

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рддреЛ рдХреЛрдСрд░реНрдбрд┐рдиреЗрдЯрд░ рдХрд░рддреА рд╣реИ рд╡рди рдСрдл рдж

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рдХреЛрдСрд░реНрдбрд┐рдиреЗрдЯрд░ рд╣реЛрддреА рд╣реИрдВ рдЪрд┐рдХрд┐рддреНрд╕рд╛ рддреЛ рдпрд╣

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рдПрдирд╕реАрдИрдЖрд░рдЯреА рдХреЗ рдмрд╛рд░реЗ рдореЗрдВ рдЬреЛ рдЗрдВрдкреЛрд░реНрдЯреЗрдВрдЯ рдЪреАрдЬ

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рдпрд╛рдж рд░рдЦрдирд╛ рдЬрд░реВрд░реА рд╣реИ рд╡рд╣ 1961 рдЙрд╕рдХреЗ рдмрд╛рдж рддреЛ

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рд╣рдореЗрдВ рдореЛрд╕реНрдЯрд▓реА рд╕рд╛рд░реА рдЪреАрдЬ рдпрд╛рдж рд╣реЛ рд╣реА рдЬрд╛рдПрдВрдЧреЗ

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рдХрд┐ рд╕реНрдХреВрд▓ рдПрдЬреБрдХреЗрд╢рди рд╕реЗ рд░рд┐рд▓реЗрдЯреЗрдб рд╣реИ рддреЛ рджреБрд╢реНрдорди

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рдСрд▓ рдЕрдмрд╛рдЙрдЯ рдПрдирд╕реАрдИрдЖрд░рдЯреА рдЕрдЧрд░ рдЖрдкрдХреЛ рдпрд╣ рд╡реАрдбрд┐рдпреЛ

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рдЗрдВрдлреЛрд░реНрдореЗрдЯрд┐рд╡ рд▓рдЧрд╛ рд╣реЛ рддреЛ рд▓рд╛рдЗрдХ рдХреАрдЬрд┐рдП рд╢реЗрдпрд░

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рдХреАрдЬрд┐рдП рдФрд░ рд╕рдмреНрд╕рдХреНрд░рд╛рдЗрдм рдХреАрдЬрд┐рдП рдЗрдирдХрд▓реНрдХреЗрдЯреНрд╕

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рд▓рд░реНрдирд┐рдВрдЧ рдХреЛ рдЗрдВрдЧреНрд▓рд┐рд╢ рд╕реЛрдВрдЧреНрд╕ рдлреЙрд░ рд╡рд╛рдЪрд┐рдВрдЧ

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