Absolutismo Monárquico (A Origem dos Estados Nacionais)

Summary

In this video, the speaker introduces a new series focused on explaining key historical and philosophical concepts, starting with absolutism. The episode covers the formation of nation-states during the Late Middle Ages, highlighting the shift from feudalism to capitalism and the rising power of monarchs. The king, in alliance with the bourgeoisie, begins to establish a national state, laying the foundation for absolutist monarchies. The video hints at future episodes exploring the philosophers behind absolutism and the complexities of absolute power. This is the first of a series aiming to make complex ideas accessible and engaging.

Takeaways

• 😀 The speaker expresses gratitude to the audience, acknowledging both new and long-time subscribers.
• 😀 The video introduces a new series focusing on scientific, historical, and humanities-related topics.
• 😀 The first episode of the new series delves into the concept of absolutism, explaining its formation in simple terms.
• 😀 Absolutism is a complex political model, and the series will explore various philosophers who advocated for it.
• 😀 The speaker emphasizes the historical shift from feudalism to centralized nation-states, setting the stage for absolutist monarchies.
• 😀 The Crusades played a significant role in expanding people's worldviews, which led to questioning the authority of the Catholic Church.
• 😀 The end of the Middle Ages saw the rise of commerce, technology, and urban life, facilitating the growth of capitalism.
• 😀 As feudal lords lost power, kings began forging alliances with the bourgeoisie, setting the groundwork for the emergence of national states.
• 😀 National states were formed through agreements between monarchs and the bourgeoisie, defining territories, laws, and economic systems.
• 😀 The concept of absolutism is introduced, where kings wield absolute power but are still constrained by certain limitations, which will be discussed in future episodes.

Q & A

What is the main topic discussed in the video?

The main topic of the video is the formation of absolutism and its connection to the rise of national states, particularly during the Late Middle Ages and the 15th century.

How did the Catholic Church impact the formation of national states?

The Catholic Church's involvement in the Crusades, and its need for troops to reconquer Jerusalem, led to a shift in the societal mindset. This caused people to question the Church's authority, contributing to the formation of more independent and comprehensive thinking that eventually supported the rise of national states.

What role did the bourgeoisie play in the formation of national states?

The bourgeoisie played a crucial role by providing economic investment in the kingdom's transformation into a national state. The king and the bourgeoisie formed an alliance, where the king governed and established laws, while the bourgeoisie facilitated economic growth and trade.

What was the state of the monarchy in the Middle Ages?

During the Middle Ages, monarchs had limited power. The feudal system dominated, with feudal lords controlling knights and peasants. Kings were largely inactive and did not have significant control over their kingdoms until the end of the Middle Ages.

What major events helped transition from feudalism to the formation of national states?

The rise of capitalism and the decline of feudalism, alongside wars like the Hundred Years' War between France and England, played key roles in the shift toward national states. Additionally, the weakening of the Catholic Church and the strengthening of monarchs helped consolidate power.

How did the king's role evolve with the formation of national states?

The king's role evolved from a largely powerless figure during the Middle Ages to a central authority in the national state. Through agreements with the bourgeoisie, the king was able to establish laws, collect taxes, and create a standing army to protect the kingdom.

What led to the development of absolutist monarchy?

Absolutist monarchy developed as kings, now empowered through their alliances with the bourgeoisie, began to impose their authority more directly. The king ruled with near absolute power, although still subject to certain limitations, especially from the growing bourgeoisie.

What was the relationship between the king and the bourgeoisie in the early national states?

The relationship between the king and the bourgeoisie was complex and often troubled. While the bourgeoisie held economic power, the king wielded political power. This created tensions, especially as the king began to impose his will, leading to the eventual rise of absolutism.

What is absolutism, and how does it relate to monarchy?

Absolutism is a form of monarchy where the king holds almost absolute power, often above the law. However, as explained in the video, even absolutist kings faced certain restrictions, and the concept of absolutism varied based on the philosopher or theorist involved.

What is the significance of the 15th century in the context of national states and absolutism?

The 15th century was pivotal in the formation of national states, with the first national states emerging in Portugal, Spain, France, and England. This period marked the decline of feudalism, the rise of centralized monarchies, and the emergence of absolutist ideas.