O QUE É ONTOLOGIA?

Summary

In this educational video, Pedro Rennó explores the concept of ontology in philosophy, focusing on its study of being and existence. He explains its roots in Greek philosophy, particularly through Plato's theory of ideas, Aristotle's emphasis on sensory experience, and the modern ontological concept of becoming, where individuals define themselves through choices. Rennó breaks down these ontological theories into three key schools of thought: the ontology of the One, the ontology of Being, and the ontology of Becoming. The video offers an accessible introduction to the philosophical study of existence, encouraging further exploration of its concepts.

Takeaways

• 😀 Ontology is a branch of metaphysics that studies being, especially the nature of existence and consciousness.
• 😀 The word 'ontology' originates from Greek, where 'ontos' means being and 'logos' means study, thus it refers to the study of being.
• 😀 Ontology explores questions like: What is essential to existence? Where does our consciousness, reason, and emotions come from?
• 😀 The lesson covers three main ontological perspectives: the ontology of the one, the ontology of being, and the ontology of becoming.
• 😀 The ontology of the one, primarily associated with Plato, suggests that knowledge comes from the 'world of ideas', not from sensory experiences in the material world.
• 😀 Plato believed that the material world is just a reflection of the true world of ideas, and that knowledge is a process of remembering those ideas.
• 😀 The ontology of being, associated with Aristotle, states that knowledge originates from sensory experiences and the material world, emphasizing empirical observation.
• 😀 Aristotle's view contrasts with Plato's, asserting that knowledge comes from our experiences in the physical world, rather than from an ideal realm of ideas.
• 😀 The pre-Socratic philosophers like Anaximander and Anaximenes, while also concerned with the nature of being, focused on the origin of the natural world rather than consciousness or reason.
• 😀 The ontology of becoming, developed in the 19th century, particularly by philosophers like Hegel, focuses on the dynamic nature of being and the possibilities for human existence, often connected to existentialism.
• 😀 The concept of becoming emphasizes that individuals create their own possibilities and define their existence through their actions and choices over time.

Q & A

What is the main focus of the video?

The main focus of the video is on ontological philosophy, specifically the study of being and existence.

What does the term 'ontology' mean?

Ontology comes from the Greek words 'ontos' (being) and 'logos' (study), meaning the study of being or existence.

How does the professor define ontology?

The professor defines ontology as a branch of metaphysics that studies the essence of being, consciousness, and the fundamental aspects of existence.

Why is ontology important in philosophy?

Ontology is important because it helps us understand the nature of existence, consciousness, and the essence of being. It forms the foundation for deeper philosophical questions about our reality.

What is the first major school of thought in ontology mentioned in the video?

The first major school of thought is the Ontology of the One, associated with Plato. It argues that all knowledge originates from a higher realm of Ideas, which humans remember during their lifetime.

How does Plato’s view of knowledge differ from Aristotle’s?

Plato believed that knowledge comes from a higher world of Ideas, while Aristotle argued that knowledge is gained through sensory experience in the material world.

What is the Ontology of Being and which philosopher is associated with it?

The Ontology of Being, associated with Aristotle, emphasizes that knowledge is derived from our experiences in the material world, rather than from abstract Ideas.

What is the Ontology of Becoming, and which philosophers are linked to it?

The Ontology of Becoming focuses on the process of becoming and the temporal nature of existence. It is associated with philosophers like Gilles Deleuze and is linked to existentialism, where individuals define themselves through their actions over time.

What does the Ontology of Becoming suggest about personal identity?

The Ontology of Becoming suggests that personal identity is not fixed, but rather shaped by the choices and experiences of an individual over time.

What distinction is made between the early Greek philosophers and later philosophers like Plato and Aristotle?

The early Greek philosophers, such as Anaximander and Anaximenes, focused more on the origins of the natural world rather than on consciousness or the nature of being itself, unlike later philosophers like Plato and Aristotle who explored human consciousness and existence.