EUROPA NO Séc. XIX | Id. Contemporânea. Série: Vestibulando na História | Hist. Geral

Summary

This video script delves into the 19th-century unification of Italy, discussing key figures like Giuseppe Garibaldi and Giuseppe Mazzini, as well as the political and ideological divides between the north and south of Italy. It explores the tensions between republican and monarchical factions, the impact of Austria's opposition, and the eventual unification under the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia. The script also covers the 'Roman Question' and how the conflict between the Vatican and the new Italian state was resolved in 1929, offering a comprehensive overview of Italy's path to becoming a unified nation.

Takeaways

• 😀 Giuseppe Garibaldi was a key leader in the Italian unification, having fought in the Farroupilha Revolt in Brazil before returning to Italy to aid in the unification process.
• 😀 The unification movement in Italy had two main ideological factions: a republican and socialist movement in the south led by Garibaldi and Mazzini, and a more liberal and monarchical movement in the north, led by the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia.
• 😀 The central region of Italy, consisting of the Papal States, opposed unification, as the church wanted to maintain its territorial control.
• 😀 Austria played a major role in resisting the unification of Italy, particularly in the northern regions, due to its territorial claims in the area.
• 😀 Giuseppe Mazzini was another prominent leader of the republican movement in southern Italy, alongside Garibaldi, advocating for a united and independent Italian republic.
• 😀 The north of Italy, being wealthier and more developed, had better resources to fight against Austria, leading to more successes in the unification effort.
• 😀 Despite Garibaldi’s dedication to the republican cause, he ultimately accepted the need for a monarchy in the short term to unite Italy before pursuing republicanism further.
• 😀 Camillo di Cavour, a leader from Piedmont-Sardinia, played a crucial role in the political and military strategy that led to Italy's unification, believing that a united Italy would later adopt republicanism.
• 😀 Cavour's famous quote, 'We have made Italy; now we must make Italians,' reflects the challenge of unifying not only the territories but also the people of Italy culturally and politically.
• 😀 The Papal States' refusal to accept the new Kingdom of Italy led to the Roman Question, which was only resolved in 1929 with the Lateran Treaty, granting the Vatican autonomy.

Q & A

What was the primary ideological divide in the unification of Italy?

The primary ideological divide in the unification of Italy was between the republicans and socialists in the south, led by Giuseppe Garibaldi and Giuseppe Mazzini, and the monarchists and liberals in the north, led by the Kingdom of Piemonte and Sardinia.

Who were Giuseppe Garibaldi and Giuseppe Mazzini, and what role did they play in the unification of Italy?

Giuseppe Garibaldi and Giuseppe Mazzini were key figures in the Italian unification movement. Garibaldi led the republican and socialist movement in the south, and Mazzini was also involved in the republican movement. Together, they formed the Red Shirts and fought for the unification of Italy.

What was the role of the Kingdom of Piemonte and Sardinia in the unification of Italy?

The Kingdom of Piemonte and Sardinia, under the leadership of figures like Camilo Cavour, played a crucial role in the unification of Italy by leading a more conservative, monarchical, and liberal movement in the north. This kingdom eventually unified the country through strategic alliances and military actions.

Why was the Papal States an obstacle to the unification of Italy?

The Papal States, controlled by the Pope, were an obstacle to Italian unification because the Pope did not want to lose his territory and influence. The Catholic Church was against the formation of a unified Italy as it would mean the loss of control over the Papal States.

How did Austria impact the unification of Italy?

Austria was an opponent of the unification of Italy because it controlled territories in the northern part of Italy, such as Lombardy and Venetia. Austria fought against the Italian states to maintain its influence over these territories, leading to conflicts and wars.

What was the significance of the phrase 'We made Italy, now we must make Italians' by Camillo Cavour?

The phrase 'We made Italy, now we must make Italians' reflects the challenge of not just politically unifying the various regions of Italy, but also creating a cohesive national identity and integrating the diverse cultural and regional differences within the country.

What was the 'Roman Question' and how was it resolved?

The 'Roman Question' referred to the dispute between the newly unified Italian state and the Catholic Church regarding the status of the Papal States. The issue was resolved in 1929 with the Lateran Treaty, which granted autonomy to the Vatican and recognized it as an independent sovereign state.

What role did military conflicts play in the Italian unification?

Military conflicts played a significant role in the Italian unification, with battles fought against Austria and other forces. Garibaldi’s campaigns in the south and the northern military actions led by the Kingdom of Piemonte and Sardinia were essential in bringing about the unification of Italy.

How did the unification of Italy differ from the unification of Germany?

While both Italy and Germany were unified in the 19th century, the processes were different. Italy's unification involved a mix of republican and monarchist movements, with military conflicts against Austria, while Germany's unification was more focused on Prussian leadership and a stronger central monarchy under Otto von Bismarck.

What was the role of the church in the unification of Italy?

The Church, particularly the Pope, opposed the unification of Italy because it threatened the Vatican’s control over the Papal States. The Church’s resistance was a key factor in the 'Roman Question,' which remained unresolved until the Lateran Treaty in 1929.