The Hidden Side of World War II: Last Secrets of Nazis

Summary

The video script delves into Adolf Hitler's rise to power, from his unremarkable childhood to becoming the Führer of Nazi Germany. It explores his early failures, the development of his nationalistic and anti-Semitic beliefs, and his strategic use of propaganda and violence to gain public support. The script also highlights the influence of wealthy supporters and the impact of the Great Depression on Hitler's political ascent, culminating in his appointment as Germany's head of government in 1933.

Takeaways

• 👶 Adolf Hitler was born in Linz, Austria, in 1889 and had an unremarkable childhood with a passion for drawing, aspiring to become an artist against his father's wishes.
• 🎨 Hitler's artistic ambitions were rejected by the Vienna Academy of Fine Arts, leading to a period of destitution and resentment, which fueled his growing anti-Semitic views.
• 🌐 World War I provided Hitler with a sense of purpose and community, earning him the Iron Cross and a place within the German army that he did not want to leave post-war.
• 🔑 Karl Mayr, an army intelligence officer, mentored Hitler and helped shape his early political ideologies, including his fervent nationalism and anti-Semitism.
• 🎭 Hitler's oratory skills and charismatic public speaking transformed him from an informant to a prominent political figure within the German Worker's Party, later renamed the National Socialist Party (Nazi Party).
• 📚 Mein Kampf, written during Hitler's imprisonment, outlined his political philosophy, anti-Semitic beliefs, and ambitions for German territorial expansion.
• 💼 Financial support from wealthy industrialists, like Fritz Thyssen, was crucial for the Nazi Party's growth and ability to campaign effectively.
• 🎉 Hitler's innovative use of propaganda, including mass rallies, airplane travel for rapid campaigning, and dramatic public performances, helped to galvanize support and increase the Nazi Party's visibility.
• 🔴 The Nazi Party's symbol, the swastika, was chosen for its association with Germanic mythology and the perceived superiority of the Aryan race, which resonated with the far-right ideology of the time.
• 📈 The Great Depression and widespread economic hardship in Germany increased public support for Hitler's promises of renewal and national pride.
• 🏛 Hitler's rise to power culminated in his appointment as the head of government in 1933, marking a significant shift in German political landscape influenced by his nationalistic and extremist ideologies.

Q & A

What was Adolf Hitler's initial career aspiration?

Adolf Hitler initially aspired to become a painter. He had a natural talent for drawing and watercolor painting, and this was his only pastime during his youth.

How did Adolf Hitler's father envision his son's future?

Hitler's father, Alois, wanted his son to follow in his footsteps and become a civil servant in the Austro-Hungarian Empire, contrary to Hitler's own desire to pursue art.

What significant event in Hitler's life occurred in 1907?

In 1907, Hitler's father died suddenly of a heart attack, which removed the obstacle to Hitler pursuing his dream of becoming an artist.

Why did Adolf Hitler fail his entrance exam for the Academy of Fine Arts in Vienna?

Adolf Hitler failed his entrance exam because the professors at the Academy of Fine Arts considered his work to be fairly talented but not particularly original or adequate for admission.

How did Adolf Hitler's life change after his failure to get into the Academy of Fine Arts?

Following his failure, Hitler experienced a downward spiral in his life. He became homeless, lived in shelters, and sometimes on the streets, selling small paintings to tourists for a meager income.

What role did Karl Mayr play in Adolf Hitler's life?

Karl Mayr was an important figure who took Hitler under his wing, enabling him to lay the foundations for what would become the Nazi ideology. Mayr was the head of his regiment's intelligence services and recognized Hitler's potential as a public speaker and a loyal soldier.

How did Adolf Hitler's experience in the First World War influence his life?

The First World War provided Hitler with a new meaning for his life. He joined the German side and became a model soldier, earning the Iron Cross for his service. The war also provided him with a supportive environment and a sense of belonging that he had not experienced before.

What was the significance of the swastika for the Nazi Party and Adolf Hitler?

The swastika was chosen by Hitler as the emblem for the Nazi Party because it was considered a symbol of the presumed superiority of the Aryan race and was steeped in Germanic mythology. Hitler believed it represented the Aryan spirit and became the sign of their battle against what he perceived as the worldwide plague of the Jewish influence.

What was the strategy behind Hitler's book 'Mein Kampf'?

Hitler's book 'Mein Kampf' served as the basis for his political philosophy and his upcoming election campaigns. It aimed to establish him as the uncontested leader of the nationalist right-wing movement and provided a detailed account of his ultra-nationalistic ideology and racist theories.

How did the Great Depression of 1929 impact Hitler's rise to power?

The Great Depression created an economic crisis in Germany with high unemployment and inflation. This situation made Hitler's promises of change and hope more appealing to the German people, increasing his popularity and the Nazi Party's electoral success.

What tactics did Hitler employ to gain support from wealthy German businessmen?

Hitler, through his lieutenant Hermann Goering, promised wealthy businessmen fabulous contracts with his future government, representing millions of marks for their factories. He also emphasized the rearmament of Germany, which would provide them with large orders, thus persuading them to financially support the Nazi Party.

Outlines

00:00

👶 The Early Life and Aspirations of Adolf Hitler

This paragraph delves into the early life of Adolf Hitler, from his unremarkable childhood in rural Austria to his aspirations of becoming an artist, a dream that was not supported by his father, who had other plans for him. Hitler's natural talent for drawing and his family's admiration of his artwork are highlighted, as is the conflict with his father, Alois, who envisioned him as a civil servant. The paragraph also touches on Hitler's undisciplined nature and lack of interest in school, except for his passion for drawing.

05:06

🎨 Hitler's Artistic Ambitions and Downfall in Vienna

The paragraph narrates Hitler's journey to Vienna with dreams of becoming an artist, his confidence in gaining admission to the Academy of Fine Arts, and the subsequent crushing defeat upon failing the entrance exam. It describes his undeterred self-belief despite the academy's rejection of his work as unoriginal. The failure led Hitler into a period of despair and homelessness, where he eked out a living selling paintings to tourists. This chapter of his life was marked by the development of a deep-seated resentment and the beginning of his hatred towards others, particularly Jews, as influenced by the anti-Semitic press of the time.

10:07

🇦🇹 The Transformation of Hitler During World War I

This section details Hitler's life-changing experience during World War I, where he found a sense of belonging and purpose in the German army. Despite being Austrian, he chose to fight for Germany, the people he felt a connection with. His role as a courier earned him the Iron Cross, a recognition that would become one of his proudest achievements. The war provided him with a supportive environment and a home, which he had lacked since the death of his mother. The end of the war, however, was a tragedy for Hitler, as it meant the loss of the only place where he had felt comfortable and valued.

15:08

📚 Karl Mayr's Influence and Hitler's Political Awakening

The paragraph discusses the influence of Karl Mayr on Hitler's political development. Mayr, an army intelligence officer, recognized Hitler's potential and groomed him to counter the spread of left-wing ideologies within the army. Hitler's role as an informant and his talent for public speaking were honed during this time. Mayr also sent Hitler to the University of Munich, where he was exposed to radical anti-Semitic teachings that would shape his ideology. Hitler's anti-Semitic beliefs became more defined and极端 during this period, setting the stage for his future political agenda.

20:11

🔥 The Emergence of Hitler's Political Career and Anti-Semitism

This section describes the pivotal moment when Hitler's political career began in earnest. His anti-Semitic views were solidified and publicly expressed through a letter to a soldier, advocating for the removal of Jews from German society. The letter revealed Hitler's political ideology advocating for the legal combat and elimination of Jewish privileges, foreshadowing his future actions. The paragraph also highlights Hitler's first significant political act and his commitment to spreading his ideology beyond military circles.

25:12

🗣️ Hitler's Rise as a Dynamic and Captivating Orator

The paragraph focuses on Hitler's transformation into a charismatic and powerful speaker who could captivate and manipulate the emotions of the masses. It contrasts the traditional, academic style of political speeches at the time with Hitler's innovative, aggressive, and emotive oratory approach. His ability to resonate with the public's suffering and anger, and to convert even his detractors into supporters, is highlighted. Hitler's speeches became a tool for political mobilization and a key factor in his rise to power.

30:13

🎭 Hitler's Theatricality and Image Crafting in Politics

This section explores Hitler's use of theatrics, image, and political marketing to distinguish himself from other politicians and to create a lasting impression on the public. It details his collaboration with Heinrich Hoffmann to refine his public image and gestures, as well as his adoption of a modern appearance to appeal to the contemporary audience. Hitler's understanding of the power of visual communication and his calculated use of dramatic gestures and theatrical stances to enhance his speeches are emphasized.

35:15

🔴 The Creation of the Nazi Brand and Political Strategy

The paragraph delves into Hitler's strategic rebranding of his party, from the German Worker's Party to the National Socialist Party, or Nazis. It discusses the creation of the party's logo, the swastika, and the choice of colors red, white, and black to symbolize the party's ideology and to attract support from various factions. Hitler's emulation of Mussolini's tactics, including the establishment of a personal militia, the SA, and the use of violence to generate publicity, are also highlighted as key components of his political strategy.

40:17

🛡️ The Failed Putsch and Hitler's Time in Prison

This section narrates Hitler's failed attempt to seize power in the Munich Putsch and his subsequent arrest and imprisonment. Despite the failure, Hitler's belief in his political destiny remained unshaken, and he used his time in prison to outline his political philosophy in his book, 'Mein Kampf'. The paragraph details the book's content, which included Hitler's nationalistic ideology, racist theories, and plans for a domineering Germany, as well as his strategy to win power through elections upon his release.

45:20

💰 Financing Hitler's Rise to Power Through Business Support

The paragraph discusses the financial challenges faced by Hitler and the Nazi Party and the crucial role played by wealthy German businessmen in their rise to power. It highlights the efforts of Hermann Goering to secure financial support by promising lucrative contracts in the event of a Nazi victory. The support of Fritz Thyssen, a steel industrialist, is emphasized, detailing his significant financial contributions to the party's headquarters and operational expenses, which enabled Hitler to finance his election campaigns and ultimately, his rise to power.

50:22

🚀 The Nazi Party's Meteoric Rise and Hitler's Ascendancy

This section describes the Nazi Party's rapid growth in popularity and Hitler's strategic use of modern campaigning methods, such as airplane travel, to create an aura of ubiquity. It discusses the impact of the Great Depression on Germany and how Hitler capitalized on the public's disillusionment with traditional parties to offer hope and an alternative. The paragraph also highlights the effectiveness of Hitler's slogan 'Germany, wake up' in resonating with the German electorate, leading to a dramatic increase in the Nazi Party's election results and culminating in Hitler's appointment as head of government in 1933.

Keywords

💡Adolf Hitler

Adolf Hitler was the leader of the Nazi Party and the Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945. His nationalistic and fanatic speeches played a central role in the video's narrative, as they galvanized an entire nation and led to the deadliest conflict of the 20th century, World War II. Hitler's name resonates with horror and hatred, embodying the atrocities committed during the Holocaust and the war.

💡Second World War

The Second World War, also known as WWII, was a global conflict that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's nations, including all of the great powers, organized into two opposing military alliances. The war in the script symbolizes the catastrophic consequences of Hitler's rise to power, resulting in over 60 million deaths and a transformed world.

💡Nazi Leader

The term 'Nazi Leader' specifically refers to Adolf Hitler in the script. It encapsulates his role as the head of the National Socialist German Workers' Party, or the Nazi Party. His leadership was characterized by totalitarian control and the initiation of policies that led to the Holocaust and World War II.

💡War Crimes

War crimes are serious breaches of the laws and customs of war that give rise to individual criminal responsibility. In the script, the term is used to describe the atrocities committed during World War II.

Highlights

Adolf Hitler's rise to power was driven by a single-minded determination and the ability to captivate a nation with nationalistic fervor.

Hitler's early life was unremarkable, with a passion for drawing that led him to aspire to be an artist against his family's wishes.

His failure to gain admission to the Academy of Fine Arts in Vienna marked a turning point, fueling a deep resentment and sense of victimhood.

Hitler's time as a vagrant in Vienna, living in attics and sometimes on the streets, was a period of intense bitterness and the development of his anti-Semitic views.

The First World War provided Hitler with a new purpose and a sense of belonging, as he became a model soldier and earned the Iron Cross.

Karl Mayr, head of an army regiment's intelligence services, played a pivotal role in shaping Hitler's early political ideology and giving him a platform to spread his views.

Hitler's political awakening began with a secret mission to spy on a far-right group, which led to an impassioned speech against Bavarian separatism.

His joining of the German Worker's Party, later renamed the National Socialist Party or Nazi Party, marked the start of his political career.

Hitler's transformation of his image, including his appearance and the adoption of the swastika as the party symbol, was a strategic move to gain recognition and support.

The creation of the SA, or 'Assault Division', as a paramilitary force to protect Hitler's meetings and intimidate opponents, demonstrated his understanding of the power of theatrics in politics.

Hitler's failed coup attempt, known as the Beer Hall Putsch, and subsequent imprisonment, did not deter his ambitions but instead provided time to write 'Mein Kampf'.

The Great Depression and economic hardship in Germany created a climate of desperation that Hitler exploited to gain popular support.

Hitler's innovative use of air travel to campaign across Germany, holding multiple meetings per day, showcased his strategic and modern approach to political campaigning.

The slogan 'Germany, wake up' resonated with the German public, symbolizing a call for national revival and a rejection of the status quo.

Hitler's ability to secure financial backing from wealthy German businessmen, such as Fritz Thyssen, was crucial in funding his election campaigns and the rise of the Nazi Party.

The culmination of Hitler's rise to power, being named head of government in 1933, demonstrated the effectiveness of his political strategies and the appeal of his nationalistic message.

Transcripts

There are 150,000 people,

brought here through the sheer will of a single man.

Together under a single banner.

United by the same salute.

Ready to follow him even into war,

into madness,

their guide,

their Führer.

Few names resonate as strongly in contemporary history

as that of Adolf Hitler.

Few men remain associated with such a feeling of horror

and hatred in our collective memory.

Our wish and our will is for this Reich to last one thousand years.

We can be joyful because that future entirely belongs to us.

Hail victory!

His nationalistic and fanatic speeches galvanized an entire people,

plunging them into the deadliest conflict of the 20th century:

the Second World War.

Five years of war.

More than 60 million dead.

The entire world was transformed.

And the cataclysm marked generations.

Seventy years after his death, the history of the Nazi leader

still contains grey areas.

How did a man who came from nowhere reach the pinnacle of power

and commit the most atrocious war crimes and the worst crimes

against humanity ever committed?

This is the story we're about to tell.

How is it possible to imagine that this young-baby-faced boy

will one day be responsible for such utter horror?

Initially, he was meant to have an unremarkable life,

the most anonymous existence possible.

The boy, who would later be called the Führer,

was born in the rural province of Linz, Austria, in April of 1889.

He had an uneventful adolescence.

As a young boy,

he was no different from any of his young friends,

neither top of his class

nor an actual dance.

His teacher knew he was intelligent,

but he was also lazy and above all, extremely undisciplined.

Adolf Hitler may have been uninterested in school,

but he did have a passion.

He spent all his free time in his bedroom drawing.

It was his only pass time.

Indeed, drawing soon became far more than a mere childhood hobby.

He had a natural talent,

his entire family, none of whom had any education in terms of art

raved about his drawings and his watercolors.

And at that young age, just 11 or 12

he decided that he would become a painter.

This artistic calling did not meet with universal approval at home

because his father, Alois, had already planned his son's future.

Adolf would, like him, become a civil servant.

His father dreamed of making Adolf a civil servant

in the Austro-Hungarian Empire,

and therefore told him it was out of the question.

And so there was yelling, there were tears and perhaps even blows.

His father was violent, drank too much and then had angry outbursts.

But when he was just 13,

his father died suddenly of a heart attack.

Adolf then realized that nothing stood in the way of his chosen path.

He would become an artist.

The year was 1907.

Hitler was just 18 years old.

He left home and his province of Linz in northern Austria.

His goal, the capital, Vienna,

200 kilometers away.

At the time, the city was a major European cultural capital,

a rival of Paris,

and an essential place for artists and intellectuals

at the turn of the century.

Convinced of his talent,

Hitler believed that he could finally make it as an artist.

And the best way was via the Academy of Fine Arts.

To gain admission to this institution,

students had to take an extremely selective exam.

But Adolf Hitler wasn't worried.

For him, there wasn't a shadow of a doubt.

The entrance exam would be nothing more than the formality.

This is someone who believed in natural distinction,

in genius, in exceptional ability.

Throughout Hitler's entire life, and this is true of the art school exam,

he demonstrated a strong and real self-confidence.

He was convinced that he would succeed,

and be accepted into the Academy of Fine Arts.

Signed Adolf Hitler.

Here are the canvases he painted at the time.

While they demonstrate a certain talent, careful work,

they're not particularly original.

In any case, that was the opinion of the Academy of Fine Arts.

The professor's considered his work inadequate, and he failed.

When the jury's verdict came in,

Hitler felt as if he'd been stabbed in the back.

Adolf Hitler had clearly not worked hard enough,

he just strolled in, unconcerned,

but he was only fairly talented at drawing, nothing more.

In his book "Mein Kampf", written years later,

he described this day as one of the worst moments of his life.

"I was so convinced of my success that the announcement of my failure

came like a bolt from the blue".

He was not expecting this at all, and he was crushed.

Adolf Hitler did not accept this failure, especially as he was convinced

that if he failed it was not because of a lack of talent,

but because the jury was wrong.

He felt frustrated and angry at the institution.

This failure ushered in the darkest years in Hitler's life.

He went into a tailspin, a downward spiral.

This is a little known episode in his history,

and yet it was during this period that his visceral hatred for others

would take root and grow.

Although he was refused by the Academy of Fine Arts,

Adolf Hitler decided to stay in Vienna.

He spent his days hidden away in his attic room

in this building in the city center.

He had no desire to work

either as a civil servant or as an employee somewhere.

All this seemed less than what he deserved because he viewed himself

as a great artist.

The young man gradually used up all his savings.

Soon he was penniless without enough money to even pay his rent.

He was forced to take refuge in shelters and sometimes lived on the street,

even sleeping on public benches some nights.

Hitler was 20 years old and a vagrant.

To earn a little money, he painted landscapes

that he sold to tourists.

He sold his small cards, his small paintings

whenever he could.

He was not eating very much because they didn't bring in much income.

His existence was totally marginal.

This period of homelessness would last several years,

years during which Hitler was intensely bitter as he was convinced

that if he had fallen this low, it could not have been his fault.

Someone or something else had to be responsible.

And Hitler had identified those enemies who wanted to hurt him,

those he blamed for his failure.

They have already made scapegoats at the time.

In 1920s,

in Austria, some of the press was blaming all the problems in society

on a single category of the population,

the Jews.

The anti-Semitism was open and unambiguous,

as illustrated in "Deutches Volksblatt",

the German people's newspaper

with one of the largest print runs in Vienna.

In this article, the daily newspaper discusses

"the economic degradations for which the Jews are responsible".

They are compared to a disease that was rotting the Austrian society.

"The Jewish element is a harmful foreign body

that must be removed so that the state and the people remain in good health".

Another article launched an appeal to anti-Semitic German readers.

In the middle of elections in Vienna, the Jews were portrayed

as the adversary to beat.

"The German electorate must not follow the electoral slogan of jewery".

The jews were condemned, repudiated, as the ultimate anti-nationals.

In other words, people who have neither home nor hearth,

neither religion nor law, and who therefore pose a threat.

Hitler regularly read this anti-Semitic press

and turned to even more radical reading.

One of his favorites was a small far right publication,

"Ostara",

which was overtly explicit in its hatred of Jews.

He accrudely characterized and threatened by a German knight.

Ideas that resonated with the young Adolf Hitler.

This press provided him with the reasons for his downfall.

At the time, Hitler saw himself as a social outcast.

And reading all of this literature, reading all of this press,

seeing that positions were taken by people like the Jews,

who shouldn't have the right to them.

This fueled his social resentment.

Hitler was 24 at the time, and his life was a failure.

But an outside event would change everything.

An event that would transform his destiny.

The First World War broke out during the summer of 1914.

The Austro-Hungarian Empire and Germany against France, England and Russia.

Hitler was Austrian, but joined on the side of the Germans

because it was the German people he wanted to defend.

And in this conflict of unspeakable violence,

he would find a new meaning for his life.

In this photograph, he is standing nearly unrecognizable

next to his bunk mates, a long mustache across his gaunt face.

Within the Army, the young man discovered a supportive environment.

This was nearly a revelation for him.

At the beginning of the First World War, he is a young man without a family.

Over weeks and months, he finds a new place to fit in.

For the first time since the death of his mother,

young Hitler again has a home.

Soldier Hitler was a courier responsible for delivering messages

between the command posts behind the front.

And the boy who had only ever been a mediocre student and a failed painter

became a model soldier, zealous and obedient.

For the first time in his life, Adolf Hitler even earned recognition.

The army decorated him with the Iron Cross,

a high military award.

This would be one of the proudest achievements of his life.

And when he became Führer years later, he would always wear it.

This was something important for him personally.

It was his first diploma, his first distinction.

The young man had finally found his place in the army.

The only problem was that on November the 11th, 1918,

Germany signed the armistice.

The war was over.

For Adolf Hitler, this was a tragedy

as it meant starting from scratch all over again,

a return to his previous life, penniless, with no family and no home.

He had no desire to leave the army,

this was the only place where he had been able to live

somewhat comfortably since his childhood,

since he had left his home.

If he were demobilized, he would end up starving,

painting and trying to sell them.

So he tried everything he could to remain in the army.

The young man would receive valuable support

from a man who took him under his wing.

This man was Karl Mayr.

You've probably never heard his name or seen his face,

but he would play a crucial role in Adolf Hitler's life.

He was the one who enabled the young man to lay the foundations

for what would soon become the Nazi ideology.

Karl Mayr can be credited with creating Hitler.

He served as a transitional element, a stepping-stone that enabled him

to find the ability that would make him the führer, the guide.

Karl Mayr was an important man in the army.

He was head of his regiment's intelligence services.

At the end of the war, he was facing a rising threat among his troops.

Far left militants were among the soldiers returning from the front,

and Mayr feared that their ideas would spread.

The Army leadership was worried that these people

would be taken back into civilian life,

left wing ideas, left wing mentalities.

They had seen how the Bolsheviks had successfully taken the army.

And they were concerned that this could easily happen at home.

Mayr wanted to prevent these extremist movements

from contaminating the army at all costs.

And for this, he needed reliable, loyal men

who would keep watch over the black sheep.

He therefore recruited Adolf Hitler, who was willing to do anything

to remain in the army.

He began as a lowly informant who told his commander

which soldiers were trustworthy, or not.

He denounced friends, and at the same time

he probably felt that he was being very patriotic.

He would help the army eliminate its unsavory elements.

The young soldier had other qualities that Mayr viewed as extremely useful.

He was a virulent patriot and had an unmatched gift of the gab.

He was someone who spoke all the time,

with a quasi-non-stop verbal incontinence;

whenever he could, he would harangue people, makes speeches.

And indeed, Mayr and the others realized that he had a gift,

different from other people, for speaking in public,

particularly a wide public.

Hitler had everything to become a good protagonist,

but he lacked education and culture.

So Mayr sent him to the University of Munich to take classes.

It was here that Hitler learned how to structure his thought processes.

He took classes in history and politics.

He found some of these lectures particularly interesting

because in these amphitheaters at the time,

some of the economics classes were based on a radical anti-Semitism.

Financial capitalism was allegedly created by the Jews with the goal

of carving up the productive forces of different countries.

This was a revelation for Hitler.

He adopted it completely while bending it to his own anti-Semitism,

an anti-Semitism that was completely mad, obsessional, radical and new.

Hatred for Jews became the defining element

of Hitler's entire philosophy.

He would express it violently and crudely in a 1919 letter.

Here is this letter.

Four pages handwritten by Hitler himself and sent to a soldier, Adolf Gemlich,

in response to a request about the Jewish question.

This is what Hitler wrote.

He stated that the Jews are a foreign race,

which he compared to "a radical tuberculosis of the nations".

Farther on, he stated that he supported an "anti-Semitism

based on reason that must lead to systematic legal combatting

and elimination of the privileges of the Jews".

The letter then contains a barely veiled threat.

"The ultimate objective must be the irrevocable removal of the Jews".

This is the beginning of an anti-Semitic political theory

that already clearly promoted the goal of violently removing the Jews

from German society.

His meant separating the German wheat from the Jewish chaff,

splitting these two elements and pushing them apart;

there is already the idea of exile, of getting rid of them.

Hitler was just 30 years old,

and this was his first political act,

a text that laid the foundations for his absolute anti-Semitism.

He may still have been a mere non-commissioned officer

sharing his ideas in military circles, but Hitler would not waste any time

spreading his ideology, far beyond the confines of the army.

Everything would shift during a secret mission.

The date was September the 12th, 1919, the place, Munich.

Hitler was sitting at a table in a bar downtown,

but he was not any ordinary customer.

The military intelligence services had tasked him

with spying on a far right wing group that had set up its headquarters here.

This was the DAP, an ultra radical German Worker's Party

with some 50 members.

Adolf Hitler's mission required him to remain incognito,

but the event did not unfold as planned.

A sentence was uttered that infuriated him.

While the party members were debating, one of them promoted the idea

of an independent Bavaria that would secede from Germany.

For Hitler stung by these words, this was unthinkable

and he couldn't sit still.

He climbed on the table, began to speak

and gave an utterly fanatic speech

denouncing Bavarian separatism.

Hitler defended the Greater Germany for which he had fought,

and he was so fervent, demonstrated such conviction

that the entire audience was captivated.

He realises that he's got a talent which he hadn't really realised the force.

All at once, I can speak means that people are now listening

to all I've got to say.

And suddenly it's like paradise for him.

He is surrounded by people who think he is great,

who accept him and who listen to him.

That evening of September the 12th, 1999, marked a turning point

in Adolf Hitler's life.

This is, in a way, really the second moment

that Hitler's political career starts.

Adolf Hitler had found his path.

He would be a politician.

He joined the DAP as its 55th member.

The young activists did not intend to stop there.

His ambition was to climb to the very top.

Two years later, an evening in February, 1921 in Munich.

The Circus Krone, one of the city's largest entertainment venues, was packed.

Six thousand people had come to listen to Adolf Hitler.

In just a few months, the little informer from the bar

had become the star spokesman for the party.

His name alone filled venues, supporters and the merely curious

were drawn to his oratory talents and his pro-labor speeches.

He expressed the suffering of the German people

their rage, their anger, their pain; and this resonated

with the public at the time.

He managed to generate profound collective enthusiasm

including among people who had originally come

with the intention of heckling him.

Adolf Hitler's speeches were like nothing ever seen before at the time.

In the 1920s,

this is how politicians spoke to their public.

A haranguing academic tone, a quavering voice.

And now a speech by Adolf Hitler.

It was new at the time, no one had ever seen people speak in this way

in Germany in those years.

Hitler spoke in a staccato, choppy way.

Short sentences which were very hard hitting, very crude often,

in terms of the sentiments and full of hatred, full of aggression.

But the tone of this warrant officer had meaning and depth

at the time.

Hitler realized that he could become far more

than the orator for a small political group in Bavaria.

He could galvanize crowds.

He could play a leading political role.

As an essential member of the DAP, he took on the leadership

of the small party, and began his immense mission

to one day become a national leader.

And why not, leader of all Germany.

To climb to the heights of power in the 1920s, Hitler

set up an ultra modern communications strategy.

In addition to his talents as a speaker and his extreme ideas,

he also deployed a tool that few politicians of his time

were using, the power of images, starting with his own appearance.

Here at the end of the war in 1918, he was still sporting a wide mustache,

a holdover from the 19th century.

Several months later, he changed his appearance,

trimming his mustache to a small brush.

It was a modern look for the era.

I also think there was his desire to break with

the 19th century.

He was very young,

and there was the influence of fashion

on the youth of Munich.

His portraits already show his slick hairstyle.

He would change his look of hair, but later on.

And to ensure that no one forgot his face to make a strong impression

in the 1920s, Hitler worked with a specialist.

His name was Heinrich Hoffman.

He was a professional photographer as well as a committed Nazi.

One of the very first members of Hitler's small party.

He offered to become his official photographer,

and Hitler accepted.

He let himself be convinced that there was something to be done

and that his image could be stylized.

Hitler learned how to use photography as a communications tool

in the Munich studio of Heinrich Hoffmann

at 50 Shelling Strasse.

He worked on his gestures and postures in front of the camera

to better capture attention, better convince his public.

He developed dramatic gestures to hammer home his ideas,

theatrical stances to give him an immediately recognizable style.

He was not only a politician, he was an actor,

intensely invested in his role.

His trick was to borrow from the theater.

He had never trained as an actor., but had spent long evenings at the theater

and the opera and he transferred that to politics.

Hitler played the boxer when he wanted to look defiant.

He brandished his fist when he wanted to threaten his enemies.

He tried everything.

He used to practice in front of a mirror, but with a photo

he could get a better idea.

He perfected his performance.

And the performance, the physicality was all part of the influence he wielded.

His goal was also to stand out from the other politicians of his time.

This is how one of the presidents

of the German Republic, Field Marshal Hindenburg, spoke in public.

He read his speech without ever taking his eyes

off the written page, without any gestures or the slightest expression of emotion.

Hitler, however, was exactly the opposite.

Clenched fists to express his anger.

but rather than making speeches about fraternity,

we have to reach out to the people, slowly transcend their prejudices,

to help, more and more.

His finger pointing downward to signify the enemy

to be destroyed.

He underscored each idea with outrageous gestures,

as if he were possessed by his speech.

It is not the who give to the poor.

but we say to the German people: help yourself!

Rich or poor, everyone must help

everyone must think that there is someone poorer than me.

and I want to help this compatriot.

This was all so effective that Hoffman would later transform

certain photographs into equally expressive propaganda posters.

Appearance, diction, posture.

Hitler left nothing to chance, and he also applied this approach,

which is now called political marketing to his party.

Hitler thought the DAP logo was dull compared to those of his rivals.

All the major parties at the time had sharp looking logos,

three arrows for the socialists, the black, white and red

of the German flag for the national right wing,

the hammer and sickle for the communist.

Hitler also wanted a symbol that would grab people's attention

and be better than his rivals, so he got to work.

One night in 1920, in a bar he used as his headquarters,

he gathered together the DAP leaders.

Everyone had to contribute ideas for the party's future logo.

Several symbols were studied; an eight branch star,

another with six branches.

A sort of rounded cross and several others.

Ideas were flowing and it was an important meeting.

Indeed, at the bottom of the document was a handwritten statement,

"the sacred drawing of the Germans,

one of these drawings should stir us to action".

It was signed Adolf Hitler.

Among the various drawings, Hitler set his sights

on this one called the swastika.

To understand why we have to explore the mentality of the German far right

that had marked him so strongly.

It was a world steeped in Germanic mythology

of Dantesque battle for the survival of a race.

The Aryan race that was apparently threatened

by other civilizations.

A slew of ultra nationalistic literature attributed an emblem to this people.

A swastika, the symbol of the presumed superiority

of the Nordic white race.

The aim was a return to the origins of Germany,

the origins of the Nordic civilization.

For Hitler, this design symbolized the superiority of the Germans

over all other people, particularly the Jews.

"This cross represents the Aryan spirit, not the Jewish spirit.

It is the sign of our battle against the worldwide plague".

Hitler wanted to make this emblem as strong as possible

to attract members of other parties.

He first aimed for the Communist Party, which was extremely popular among workers.

He therefore adopted the red color from their flag.

But he also had his eye on his rivals on the far right.

So he appropriated the White of the German Imperial Banner.

And thus was created the Nazi Party trademark.

In the same vein, Hitler renamed his tiny party

in a move to cast a wider net.

The small German Worker's Party became the National Socialist Party

shortened to Nazi.

Hitler tries everything he can to persuade his fellow members

of the German Worker's Party that somehow German Workers Party

doesn't quite work.

Something is lacking, but rather he thinks what really excites people

is bringing the idea of the nationalism and the socialism together.

Just one year after stepping into politics, Hitler had created an image

that was universally recognizable, and his party, with its swastikas,

was easily identifiable.

All that remained was to become better known by all Germans.

To do so, Hitler demonstrated a keen sense of theatrics.

He created his personal militia, tough men who were responsible

for attracting attention to his party on the political stage

and for impressing the masses.

He created a uniform brownshirts for them.

In reality, he merely copied another politician

who had already done all these.

The Italian fascist leader Mussolini, who took power in Rome

with his black shirted troops.

Even the name of his militia was intended to impress.

He called them the SA, a German abbreviation

for "Assault Division".

With the SA, Hitler's meetings were transformed into displays of power.

He had this paramilitary force march in perfect step

with a discipline that left a strong impression.

The production was so impressive that although he was

only the head of a small party, he appeared to be a leading politician.

He even managed to make headlines in German newspapers

by using a simple method which worked nearly every time.

Violence.

He used every possible pretext.

The more spectacular the violence, the more the press wrote about the Nazis.

The Nuremberg Daily Journal reported that "men wearing swastikas

attacked three Jewish people in cars".

Another time, the press expressed concern about "the terror of the swastika".

In Munich, "17 young people were thrown out

of a cafe and beaten with clubs and sticks".

The SA went so far as to commit attacks like this "grenade tossed

in the town of Mannheim", a small town in Bavaria.

Publicity was Hitler's oxygen.

You could guarantee from the beginning that when Hitler spoke,

there would be fireworks and verbal fireworks.

And sometimes then there would be these brawls and fights,

and so on.

And whatever way it made sure that he got on into the newspapers.

Not a single week went by without news of the Nazis,

and Hitler's ultra nationalistic stance had spread throughout all of Germany.

By 1923, his membership had expanded tenfold.

His party had 55,000 members.

Hitler felt stronger than ever, so he decided to use his 800 SA

to organize a putsch and march on the capital, Berlin.

On November the 8th, around 7 p.m. with several hundred armed men,

he took hostage members of the government meeting

in a large Munich auditorium.

He wanted to seize power by force.

Hitler burst in suddenly, followed by his SA

and he fired a shot into the ceiling.

He then strode to the podium

and began to yell that the national revolution

had broken out.

Hitler demanded that the ministers at the meeting

join him to set up a dictatorship and march on Berlin.

But his putschists had overestimated their power.

The army and police opposing them were better organized and better armed.

Battles raged in the streets for two days, but the Nazis were no match.

The putsch attempt was crushed.

Hitler was arrested, charged with high treason and sentenced.

His rise seemed to have been cut short, but in appearance only.

He remained convinced that he would soon be leading Germany.

He already had a new strategy in mind.

His defining feature was his unshakeable faith

in his political destiny far beyond anything imaginable.

In April 1924,

in the Landsberg Prison, the clicking of a typewriter

could be heard coming from a cell on the upper level.

Adolf Hitler had his cellmate typed up dozens of pages.

He had begun a project that infused him with new energy.

He would write a book summing up his political philosophy

and would call it "Mein Kampf" or "My Struggle".

"Mein Kampf" was the underlying structure of a political platform.

Hitler aspired to be the spokesman for all former soldiers,

hence the title "My Struggle".

He could have called it "Our Struggle", but he clearly intended to demonstrate

that he was the one who was prepared to go all the way,

who would take on everything in the need to fight for Germany.

Though behind bars, Hitler never gave up his quest for power.

He merely shifted his strategy as his failed coup d'etat

had given him pause for thought.

At this point, he wanted to become a leader legally

through the voting process.

He wanted to win elections.

Hitler's goal with "Mein Kampf" was to earn recognition for himself

as the uncontested leader of the nationalist right-wing movement.

A large book, a political essay numbering over 600 pages

but a monstrous essay in which he expanded

his ultra nationalistic ideology, the racist theories

that he had been putting together since the 1920s.

He particularly stressed the alleged superiority

of the Aryans over the Jews, blaming the latter for all

of Germany's misfortunes.

He compared the Jewish religion to a venereal disease, to syphilis.

"The effect of his existence resembles also that of parasites,

where he appears the host people die out sooner or later".

Hitler was explicit in "Mein Kampf" about his idea

that the territory dominated by Germany must be

a territory without Jews.

Hitler also promised a domineering Germany

His model was the great Germanic empire, the one that prior to the First World War,

covered a large part of Europe.

"Our aim: to guarantee the German nation the territory

to which it is entitled on this earth".

And this territory was immense as Hitler wanted all the countries

that had people of German origin; Austria, Hungary,

Czechoslovakia and Poland.

And in the name of the superiority of the Aryan race,

he even set his sights on Russia.

The idea was to explain why he was fighting

and the book ended with the vision of a new war to conquer this vital space,

and from this viewpoint, to transmit an understanding

that the present battle was only preparation

for the war to come.

His political philosophy was ready.

His book would serve as the basis for the upcoming election campaigns.

Once he was released, Hitler would resume his conquest of Germany.

This time, he would be unstoppable.

On December the 20th, 1924,

Hitler walked out of prison.

To win power through the ballot box, he wanted to campaign

throughout the entire country, convince everyone to vote for him.

But to do so, he needed a lot of money and his party was broke.

They were very poor.

One of his liutenants often used to say that when they wanted to promote a speech

intended to transform the world,

they even couldn't even buy glue for the posters.

Hitler absolutely had to find money, a lot of money.

And there was only one way he could do so, acquire support

from the wealthiest Germans.

At the start of the 1930s, there were a few extremely

rich businessmen in Germany, notably the tycoons of the steel industry.

Coal and steel factory owners.

The problem was that for these captains of industry, Hitler remained an extremist,

a man who was clearly not reassuring for business.

November the 2nd, 1927, in the Thierschstrasse in Munich,

Hitler lived here at number 41.

On this day, he had a meeting with one of his first

and most loyal supporters, Hermann Goering.

Goering was a highly decorated star of the First World War,

a highly popular fighter pilot in Germany, and also a committed Nazi.

But above all, Goering was extremely well connected.

Drawing on his fame, he was able to go into business

after the war and often socialized with leading German businessmen.

Hitler therefore sent him

to acquire their support.

Goering had prepared solid arguments

to squeeze money from these men.

He promised fabulous contracts with Hitler's future government,

representing millions of marks for their factories

and orders at full capacity.

He drew on Hitler's "Mein Kampf", had it rewritten in black and white

that to construct the greater Germanic Reich,

the priority would be to rearm the country.

"We want to recover our weapons", he wrote.

And Goering knew how to be insistent.

The first to join our party will not be forgotten

and will have huge contracts on offer

because Germany will rearm, etc.

Hurry, there won't be enough for everyone.

Tempted by the prospect of large contracts,

certain businessmen, some of the wealthiest,

let themselves be persuaded.

Fritz Thyssen, for example, the steel industrialist

fell for Goering's charm, even though he had repeatedly

turned Hitler down up to that point.

Thyssen put his money on Goering thinking that everyone may mistrust his party,

but if Goering himself was interested, it was safe to put up money.

Thyssen would play a decisive role in the rise of the Nazi Party.

He opened his checkbook generously at a time when Hitler needed it most.

We found a document that places him in September 1945,

during an examination conducted by the Americans.

Thyssen acknowledge that he had financially supported

the Nazis by contributing to the purchase of the party's headquarters

in 1927, the Brown House.

Gone the days in the back rooms of bars.

Hitler finally had an imposing building, a comfortable private mansion

with light filled rooms.

And upstairs, his private office.

Thyssen had been generous indeed.

"I have to make payments on it myself, perhaps 200,000

to 280,000 marks", he said.

Thyssen did not stop there.

He admitted paying 20,000 marks per year to the Nazis

starting in 1932 to cover operating expenses.

"I gave him a pretty nice sum, something like 20,000 marks.

This became an annual contribution".

Thanks to Goering, Adolf Hitler had a comfortable budget

and could finance the most megalomaniac election

ever seen in Germany.

He organized the men's gatherings in the small town of Nuremberg.

He also undertook a tour throughout all of Germany,

and traveled only by airplane.

This gave him a major advantage because he could hold up

to three meetings per day while his rivals could only manage one.

He was the first politician to do this, which actually created a kind of aura

of ubiquity around his personality; he appeared to be almost magical,

with an ability to be everywhere in Germany at any moment.

The Nazi leader even printed propaganda posters

with a bombastic slogan, "Hitler dominates Germany".

His meetings had a growing impact, more and more people attended.

The rise of the Nazi party seemed to be irresistible.

And the context was increasingly favorable for this.

In 1929, the Great Depression struck Germany.

It was an unprecedented economic crisis.

Unemployment reached record levels.

Inflation skyrocketed.

The country was on the brink of disaster.

For an increasing number of Germans, Hitler began to offer hope,

an alternative to the traditional old parties,

which had not been able to revive the country.

I set myself a single goal:

to eliminate the 30 or so political parties.

But why did people believe him, what made him different

from a traditional politician?

Because they did not believe the others.

He was difficult, he had been in prison and been rejected,

and he seemed to be authentic and spoke the truth.

A slogan at the heart of his meetings would reach the hearts of German voters.

"Germany, wake up".

There was an entire production around the resurrection of Germany.

This is what it had to symbolize.

Everyime, in the early 1930s,

this was one of the campaign slogans, "Germany, wake up".

With this strategy, the Nazi Party scores went through the roof,

election after election.

While he ended up with three percent of the votes in the late 1920s.

In a few years, he had earned 18 percent, than more than 33 percent of the vote.

It had become the leading party in Germany.

On January the 30th, 1933, Hitler achieved his goal.

He was named head of government.

In 10 years, The little Bavarian rabble rouser

had become the most powerful man in Germany.