Aula 02 - Sistema Locomotor em Suínos

Summary

This video provides a comprehensive guide on performing necropsies and collecting samples in pigs, with a focus on the musculoskeletal system, skin, and associated structures. Dr. Marcos Moreira, a pathologist from Embrapa Suínos e Aves, explains how to assess and collect samples from affected areas, such as the joints and skin, to diagnose various diseases. The video covers common infections, like arthritis, dermatitis, and parasitic diseases, and emphasizes the importance of correct diagnostic procedures, including the collection of tissue samples for laboratory analysis. It aims to assist veterinarians in making accurate diagnoses and improving swine health management.

Takeaways

• 😀 Accurate diagnosis of locomotor issues in pigs often requires clinical evaluation and necropsy. In some cases, laboratory sample collection is crucial for confirming infections.
• 😀 Nutritional imbalances in calcium, phosphorus, and vitamin D can lead to conditions like osteodystrophy, rickets, or fibrous dysplasia, which may cause bone fragility.
• 😀 In cases of rickets, bone fragility is often evident from frequent fractures, and rib fractures in a green-stick pattern can indicate this condition.
• 😀 Infectious arthritis in pigs is commonly caused by bacteria like *Clostridium perfringens*, *Mycoplasma*, and *Streptococcus spp.* Symptoms include joint swelling and lameness.
• 😀 Osteochondrosis is a common non-infectious arthritis in pigs, especially those with rapid growth. The condition leads to increased synovial fluid volume, but there is no reaction in regional lymph nodes.
• 😀 To diagnose arthritis in pigs, joint samples can be collected using sterile syringes, minimizing contamination during necropsy.
• 😀 For skin diseases like exudative epidermitis, caused by *Staphylococcus aureus*, pigs may develop dark, greasy lesions with a strong odor and scabs, often around the snout and eyes.
• 😀 Sarcoptic mange, caused by *Sarcoptes scabiei*, results in intense itching, redness, and skin scabs, especially in breeding pigs. Diagnosis can be confirmed by skin scrapings examined under a microscope.
• 😀 Infection by Porcine Circovirus Type 2 (PCV2) can result in skin lesions and kidney damage. The skin lesions evolve into crusts, and there may be petechial hemorrhages in the kidneys.
• 😀 Vesicular diseases like Foot-and-Mouth Disease and Swine Vesicular Disease require differentiation, as they both present with similar vesicular lesions around the snout and hooves, which should be confirmed by PCR testing.

Q & A

What is the primary focus of the video series?

The video series is focused on necropsy and sample collection in swine to improve the diagnosis and control of animal diseases.

Why is it important to evaluate the locomotor system, skin, and appendages in swine?

Evaluating these systems helps veterinarians identify locomotor issues and skin diseases, which can lead to economic losses, such as reduced mobility, increased mortality, and additional medical costs.

What are the normal characteristics of joint cartilage during a macroscopic evaluation?

Normal joint cartilage should be shiny, white in color, with minimal synovial fluid that is clear, transparent, or slightly yellow.

What conditions can cause fragility in bones in swine, and how can they be identified?

Nutritional imbalances of calcium, phosphorus, and vitamin D can lead to bone fragility. This can be identified through frequent fractures or by breaking a rib, which may show a 'green branch' fracture indicative of fragility.

What is osteochondrosis and how does it differ from infectious arthritis?

Osteochondrosis is a non-infectious form of arthritis, primarily observed in fast-growing pigs. It causes swollen synovial fluid, but unlike infectious arthritis, there is no regional lymph node reaction.

How are samples collected for diagnosing joint issues in swine?

Samples for diagnosing joint issues can be collected using sterile syringes or by carefully opening the joint without using a knife, to minimize contamination risks. The samples can be used for bacterial isolation or PCR testing.

What are the main skin diseases affecting swine, and how do they impact animal health?

Common skin diseases in swine include exudative epidermitis (caused by Staphylococcus), sarcoptic mange (caused by Sarcoptes scabiei), and circovirus infection. These diseases can lead to increased mortality, decreased reproduction rates, and overall health deterioration.

What are the clinical signs of exudative epidermitis in swine, and how is it diagnosed?

Exudative epidermitis causes skin lesions with a dark, greasy appearance, initially around the snout and eyes. Diagnosis is typically clinical, but bacterial isolation may be necessary for confirmation.

How is sarcoptic mange diagnosed in swine, and where are the primary areas to collect samples?

Sarcoptic mange is diagnosed by examining the skin for intense itching, erythema, and crust formation. Samples for confirmation are usually collected from deep skin scrapings from areas such as the auricular pavilion, neck, and axillary regions.

What is the significance of vesicular diseases in swine, and how can they be differentiated from foot-and-mouth disease?

Vesicular diseases, including swine vesicular disease, act as differential diagnoses for foot-and-mouth disease, especially in abattoirs. Diagnosing these diseases requires careful analysis of vesicular fluid or skin around the vesicles before they form necrotic crusts.