A formação do Estado Moderno l Prof. Dr. Alfredo Boulos Júnior

Summary

The video script outlines the formation of modern states in Europe, focusing on the 10th to 15th centuries. It highlights the rise of commerce, the growth of cities, and the development of the bourgeoisie, which included merchants and artisans. The script also describes how monarchs, with support from the bourgeoisie and the nobility, consolidated power by creating standing armies, establishing unified currencies, and centralizing governance. Specific examples from France, Portugal, and Spain demonstrate how monarchs like Philip Augustus, Afonso Henriques, and Ferdinand and Isabella led military campaigns, ultimately shaping the modern European state system.

Takeaways

• 😀 The rise of the modern state in Europe began around the 10th century, driven by the growth of commerce, cities, and the formation of a new social class, the bourgeoisie, consisting mainly of merchants and artisans.
• 😀 The bourgeoisie supported the king through donations and loans, expecting success in business in return. In exchange, the king made laws that protected commerce and offered administrative positions to the bourgeoisie.
• 😀 The nobility also sought to gain favor with the king, hoping to maintain their privileges, such as receiving pensions and holding high positions in the royal army.
• 😀 Over time, the king gained resources to form a paid army, hire officials, and establish a single currency for the kingdom.
• 😀 The strengthening of royal power in Europe occurred at different paces and in unique ways across different countries.
• 😀 In France, King Philip Augustus (1180-1223) strengthened the monarchy by acquiring large fiefs, marrying for political reasons, and using a paid army.
• 😀 King Louis IX contributed to centralization by allowing people convicted by noble courts to appeal to the king's courts and imposed a single currency for France.
• 😀 King Philip IV continued centralization by demanding that the clergy pay taxes, leading to a conflict with the Pope, but ultimately gained approval from the Estates General in 1302.
• 😀 In Portugal, the process of state formation began in the 12th century during the Reconquista, when noble Henry of Burgundy was granted land, which his son Afonso Henriques expanded, ultimately declaring the independence of Portugal in 1139.
• 😀 The formation of the Kingdom of Portugal was completed in 1249 with the incorporation of the Algarve after continued struggles against the Arabs.
• 😀 In Spain, the Christian kingdoms of Aragon and Castile, during the Reconquista, were led by powerful monarchs and supported by a prosperous bourgeoisie, contributing to the fight against the Muslims. The union of Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile in 1469 ultimately led to the reconquest of Granada in 1492.

Q & A

What was the role of the bourgeoisie in the formation of the modern state in Europe?

The bourgeoisie, composed mainly of merchants and artisans, supported the king through donations and loans. In return, the king favored them by passing laws that protected trade and granting them positions in the kingdom's administration.

How did the king strengthen his power during the formation of the modern state?

The king strengthened his power by securing resources to form a paid army, paying officials, and introducing a unified currency across the kingdom. He also made laws that benefited the bourgeoisie and gained support from the nobility.

What role did the nobility play in the formation of the modern state?

The nobility sought to maintain their privileges, such as receiving pensions and holding high-ranking positions in the royal army. They supported the king to ensure their continued benefits.

How did the strengthening of royal power differ across European countries?

The process of strengthening royal power occurred at different times and speeds in each European country. For example, in France, it was driven by specific kings such as Philip Augustus, while in Spain and Portugal, it occurred during the Reconquista.

How did King Philip Augustus contribute to the formation of the French state?

Philip Augustus (1180-1223) expanded his territory by acquiring vast feudal lands through marriage and purchasing land from nobles. He used a paid army to consolidate his power and imposed a unified currency across France.

What was the significance of King Louis IX in the centralization of power in France?

Louis IX helped centralize power in France by allowing individuals condemned by the nobility’s courts to appeal to the king’s court. He also imposed a single currency for the entire kingdom.

What were the consequences of Philip IV's decision to tax the clergy in France?

Philip IV (the Fair) imposed taxes on the clergy, which led to opposition from the Pope. In response, he called the Estates General in 1302, and the decision was approved, further consolidating royal power in France.

How did the formation of Portugal’s monarchy begin?

The formation of the Portuguese monarchy began in the 12th century, when Henrique de Borgonha was awarded the County of Portucalense for his role in the fight against the Arabs. His son, Afonso Henriques, declared the independence of Portugal in 1139, thus founding the Kingdom of Portugal.

What role did the Reconquista play in the formation of Spain's monarchy?

During the Reconquista, the Christian monarchs of Aragón and Castile fought against the Muslim Moors. The union of Fernando of Aragón and Isabel of Castile in 1469 further centralized power, and in 1492, they successfully captured Granada, completing the Christian reconquest of the Iberian Peninsula.

How did the Reconquista contribute to the political and social changes in Spain and Portugal?

The Reconquista helped establish centralized monarchies in both Spain and Portugal, where monarchs gained power through military victories and alliances. It also contributed to the development of prosperous port cities and a wealthy bourgeoisie, which supported the monarchs' efforts.