AULÃO DE PSICOLOGIA SOBRE A FENOMENOLOGIA DE HUSSERL - 🛑 DE MANEIRA DESCOMPLICADA

Summary

In this video, the life and philosophy of Edmund Husserl, a 19th-century German philosopher, are explored. Husserl is best known for founding phenomenology, a method of philosophical inquiry that focuses on how we experience the world, free from assumptions and preconceived ideas. His work aimed to provide a solid, scientific approach to philosophy, drawing inspiration from the rigorous methods of mathematics and logic. Husserl’s theories, including the concepts of *noesis* and *noema*, have had a lasting impact on philosophy, psychology, and various fields, influencing thinkers such as Heidegger and shaping modern thought.

Takeaways

• 😀 Edmund Husserl was a German philosopher born in 1859, known for developing the theory of phenomenology, which focuses on how we experience and perceive the world.
• 😀 He studied mathematics, physics, astronomy, and philosophy at various universities, including Vienna, Leipzig, and Berlin, later becoming a professor.
• 😀 Phenomenology, a term coined by Husserl, aims to study the appearance of phenomena and how they are perceived through our consciousness.
• 😀 Husserl’s method involves a scientific attitude towards examining human experience, suspending assumptions and preconceived notions about the external world.
• 😀 His philosophy was influenced by René Descartes, especially the idea of doubting everything except the existence of doubt itself.
• 😀 A key concept in Husserl’s philosophy is intentionality, which states that all consciousness is directed toward something, whether real or imagined.
• 😀 Husserl introduced the concept of reduction phenomenological, a method of suspending judgment about the world to focus purely on how things are experienced in the mind.
• 😀 He emphasized the importance of direct experience in understanding phenomena and rejected the idea that scientific inquiry could fully explain human experience.
• 😀 Husserl's phenomenology greatly influenced existential philosophy and the development of humanistic psychology, especially in understanding human perception of the world.
• 😀 Although Husserl’s method did not fully establish the rigor he envisioned, it laid the foundation for future philosophical and psychological traditions in the 20th century.

Q & A

Who is Edmund Husserl, and what is his contribution to philosophy?

Edmund Husserl was a German philosopher in the 19th century who developed the theory of phenomenology. His approach sought to study how things are experienced in the mind, focusing on the essence of experience rather than external assumptions. He aimed to create a rigorous, scientific foundation for philosophy, similar to the certainty found in mathematics.

What is phenomenology, according to Husserl?

Phenomenology, according to Husserl, is the philosophical study of the structures of experience. It involves examining how phenomena appear in consciousness, without preconceived notions or biases. The goal is to describe these experiences as they are perceived in their purest form, setting aside any assumptions about the external world.

How did Husserl's view of philosophy differ from traditional scientific methods?

Husserl criticized the reliance on empirical data and experimental methods in science, particularly in psychology. He argued that such data was unstable and did not provide the rigorous foundation needed for philosophical inquiry. Instead, he proposed using phenomenology to study the mind's experiences directly, without relying on external assumptions.

What is the significance of 'intentionality' in Husserl's phenomenology?

In Husserl's phenomenology, intentionality refers to the idea that all consciousness is always consciousness of something. This means that every mental act is directed at an object, whether it is a thought, feeling, or perception. It underscores the active role of the mind in shaping our experience of the world.

What does the term 'epoché' mean in the context of phenomenology?

The term 'epoché,' borrowed from ancient philosophy, refers to the suspension of judgment or bracketing of assumptions. In Husserl's phenomenology, it means putting aside preconceived ideas or beliefs about the world to focus purely on the experience itself, free from external influences.

How does Husserl's phenomenology relate to the study of the mind and consciousness?

Husserl's phenomenology focuses on the study of consciousness and its intentional acts. By applying the method of epoché, phenomenologists suspend assumptions about the external world and focus on how mental acts are directed toward objects, aiming to uncover the essential structures of experience.

What role did Husserl's work play in the development of the humanistic approach in psychology?

Husserl's phenomenology heavily influenced the humanistic psychology movement. Humanistic psychologists, such as Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow, focused on understanding how individuals experience and perceive the world, aligning with Husserl's emphasis on exploring subjective consciousness and the human experience.

What was Husserl's view on scientific certainty and its application to philosophy?

Husserl believed that while scientific methods provide certainty in fields like mathematics and physics, they fall short in philosophical inquiry. He proposed phenomenology as a method that could provide a more secure foundation for philosophy, emphasizing subjective experience over empirical observation.

What did Husserl mean by the terms 'noesis' and 'noema' in phenomenology?

'Noesis' refers to the subjective aspect of experience, such as the mental acts of perceiving, remembering, or imagining. 'Noema,' on the other hand, refers to the objective aspect of the experience, such as the perceived object itself. Together, they form the structure of an intentional act of consciousness.

How did Husserl's phenomenological method influence 20th-century philosophy?

Husserl's phenomenological method became a major influence in 20th-century philosophy, particularly in the fields of existentialism and hermeneutics. His work laid the foundation for thinkers like Martin Heidegger, Jean-Paul Sartre, and Maurice Merleau-Ponty, who further explored human existence and perception through phenomenology.