Expressionismo - História da Arte | 13

Summary

This video delves into the Expressionist art movement, tracing its roots in the late 19th and early 20th centuries amid major societal changes. Artists sought to express emotions and subjective experiences, rejecting objective reality. Key figures like Edvard Munch and movements such as Die Brücke and Der Blaue Reiter are explored. The movement spread across Europe, influencing architecture, music, and cinema. In Brazil, Anita Malfatti brought Expressionism to the forefront, shaping the modernist movement. Despite its decline under Nazi ideology, Expressionism's legacy continued to shape Abstract Expressionism and other modern art movements.

Takeaways

• 😀 Expressionism emerged during significant cultural and economic transformations in Europe between the 19th and 20th centuries.
• 😀 The movement was a reaction against the positivist approach of Impressionism and aimed to depict emotions and feelings, often exploring pessimistic views on life.
• 😀 Expressionism was influenced by earlier movements like Symbolism, Romanticism, and Post-Impressionism, and sought to convey inner emotional experiences rather than objective reality.
• 😀 In 1901, French painter Julien Auguste introduced the concept of 'subjectivity' at the Salon des Indépendants in Paris, which was later popularized by German writer Ernst Ludwig Kirchner.
• 😀 Germany became the epicenter of Expressionism, particularly through two major groups: Die Brücke (The Bridge) and Der Blaue Reiter (The Blue Rider), both of which had differing political and spiritual inclinations.
• 😀 Famous Expressionist artists included Edvard Munch (with 'The Scream'), Wassily Kandinsky, and Ernst Ludwig Kirchner, who pushed boundaries with distorted images, vibrant colors, and unconventional perspectives.
• 😀 Expressionism was not only confined to painting but also influenced architecture, sculpture, music, literature, cinema, and even dance, highlighting societal struggles and the alienation of individuals.
• 😀 The movement introduced intense visual styles, often using exaggerated forms and bright colors to evoke emotions like fear, anxiety, and tragedy.
• 😀 The Expressionist legacy extended into the modernist movements in Brazil, where artists like Anita Malfatti and Candido Portinari integrated Expressionist techniques into their work.
• 😀 The rise of Nazism in the 1930s led to the persecution of Expressionist artists, who were labeled as degenerates, marking the end of the movement’s widespread acceptance in Germany.

Q & A

What is the main focus of the expressionist movement discussed in the script?

The expressionist movement focused on expressing emotions and feelings rather than representing the external world realistically. It emerged during a period of significant cultural and social transformation between the 19th and 20th centuries.

How did photography and cinema influence artists in the early 20th century?

The development of photography and cinema redefined the role of traditional artists, especially painters. Artists began to question their purpose in society and shifted towards capturing emotions and internal experiences, which could not be easily represented through photography.

Who were some of the key figures associated with the early expressionism movement?

Some of the key figures included artists like Edvard Munch, whose work 'The Scream' became iconic for its expression of human angst and emotions, as well as German artists like Ernst Ludwig Kirchner and Emil Nolde.

What was the role of the groups 'Die Brücke' and 'Der Blaue Reiter' in expressionism?

Both 'Die Brücke' and 'Der Blaue Reiter' were influential expressionist groups in Germany. 'Die Brücke' was politically engaged and sought to bridge the present with a future art vision, while 'Der Blaue Reiter' focused on spirituality and abstract forms.

How did expressionism in Germany differ from the French Impressionism movement?

Expressionism presented a pessimistic view of life, focusing on the emotional and existential struggles, while Impressionism, which came before, was more about capturing light, color, and fleeting moments of the external world.

What were some of the common characteristics in expressionist artworks?

Expressionist artworks often featured distorted forms, vibrant colors, and unusual perspectives. Artists used these techniques to convey emotions and subjective experiences, stepping away from traditional academic representation.

How did expressionism influence other art forms beyond painting?

Expressionism impacted architecture, sculpture, music, literature, and even cinema. For example, in cinema, expressionism was seen in films like 'The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari,' which featured bizarre, distorted set designs to evoke psychological tension.

How did Anita Malfatti contribute to the expressionist movement in Brazil?

Anita Malfatti introduced European expressionist styles to Brazil through her art, which she encountered while studying in Germany. She played a key role in bringing the vanguard art movements to the Brazilian modernist scene, especially during her 1917 exhibition.

What themes did expressionists explore in their works?

Expressionists explored themes of tragedy, human suffering, the grotesque, the fantastic, and the sexual. They were also interested in psychological subjects and portrayed the alienation of individuals in modern industrial society.

What happened to the expressionist movement during the rise of the Nazi regime?

As the Nazi regime ascended, expressionism was condemned as 'degenerate art.' Many expressionist artists were persecuted, and their works were banned in Germany, signaling a dramatic decline in the movement's prominence in the 1930s.