Historia de la SEGUNDA REVOLUCIÓN INDUSTRIAL - Resumen | Origen, desarrollo y consecuencias.

Cuaderno de Historia

4 Feb 202412:22

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Keywords

💡Industrial Revolution

The Industrial Revolution refers to a period of significant economic and technological transformation that began in the late 18th century and continued into the 19th century. It marked the shift from agrarian societies to industrial ones, with the introduction of machinery and the factory system. In the video, the Industrial Revolution is the central theme, highlighting its impact on European economies and the subsequent global changes, particularly the transition from agriculture to manufacturing and the rise of specialized work and factories.

💡Second Industrial Revolution

The Second Industrial Revolution, also known as the Technological Revolution, occurred from the late 19th to early 20th century. It was characterized by the development of new industries, new forms of energy, and new products. The video describes this period as a time when the capitalist economic system was consolidated and the era of progress was believed to be initiated, with technology and science solving human problems. It also marks the emergence of new industries and energy sources, such as steel, electricity, and the internal combustion engine.

💡Steel

Steel is an alloy of iron and carbon and is more durable and stronger than iron. The script mentions the transition from iron to steel as a significant development during the Second Industrial Revolution. The new methods of steel folding and molding were crucial for constructing lighter, more compact, and faster machines, making steel the preferred material for industrial machinery, railways, ships, and armaments.

💡Chemical Industry

The chemical industry involves the production of chemicals and their integration and application in various products and processes. In the video, the development of the chemical industry is highlighted, particularly in France and Germany. The script refers to the invention of a new method for soda preparation, which increased alkali production, an essential substance in the textile, soap, and paper industries. Additionally, the development of new organic chemical components, such as artificial dyes, revolutionized the world.

💡Electricity

Electricity is a form of energy resulting from the existence of charged particles. The script emphasizes the development of electricity as a new form of energy during the Second Industrial Revolution. It was valuable because it could be converted into other forms of energy like heat, light, and movement. The creation of commercial electric generators in the 1870s and the subsequent expansion of power distribution systems allowed entire districts to be connected to a common energy source, enabling households, shops, and industrial companies to have electricity.

💡Inventions

Inventions are new devices, methods, or processes created as a result of problem-solving and innovation. The video mentions several key inventions that emerged from the Second Industrial Revolution, such as the electric light bulb by Thomas Edison and Joseph Swan, which illuminated homes and cities with electric light. Other inventions like the telephone by Alexander Graham Bell and radio waves by Guglielmo Marconi revolutionized communication, while electric railways and subways transformed urban transportation.

💡Internal Combustion Engine

The internal combustion engine is a type of engine that uses the combustion of fuel inside the engine to produce mechanical work. The script describes the invention of the internal combustion engine in 1878, initially powered by gas and air. However, it was not until the use of petroleum as a fuel source that internal combustion engines became truly useful for transportation, leading to the creation of automobiles and airplanes.

💡Petroleum

Petroleum, also known as crude oil, is a naturally occurring substance used as a major source of energy and as a raw material in the manufacturing of plastics, chemicals, and other products. The video explains that petroleum allowed for the development of liquid fuels, which were used to power internal combustion engines, enabling the creation of the first automobiles and propelling the development of aviation.

💡Market Saturation

Market saturation occurs when a market becomes crowded with too many products or services, leading to a slowdown in sales growth. The script mentions that by the time of the Second Industrial Revolution, foreign markets were already saturated. As a result, industrialized countries focused on developing their internal markets, where increased population incomes and lower transportation costs for food allowed for more spending on entertainment and leisure, characterizing the modern economy.

💡Protectionism

Protectionism refers to government policies that protect domestic industries by taxing imports. In the video, it is mentioned that many governments reacted against free trade by imposing protectionist tariffs to ensure domestic markets for their country's industrial products. This marked a shift from the free competition that characterized the early stages of the Industrial Revolution to a more restricted competition in internal markets.

💡Cartsels

Cartsels are formal agreements between companies in the same industry to control prices and limit competition. The script describes how cartsels emerged within internal markets, particularly strong in Germany, where banks sought to protect their investments by eliminating what they saw as the 'anarchy of competition.' This practice was another way to restrict competition and protect domestic industries.

💡Global Economy

A global economy refers to the interconnected nature of economic activity and trade on a worldwide scale. The video concludes by noting that the Second Industrial Revolution led to the consolidation of the capitalist economic system alongside a globalized economy, where imports and exports were conducted worldwide. This era also saw the rise of powerful corporations that began to exert significant political influence and the change in consumer habits towards leisure and entertainment, leading to the emergence of a vast entertainment industry.

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