Neuroanatomia - Divisões do Sistema Nervoso (Aula Completa)

Summary

In this educational video, the speaker introduces the divisions of the Nervous System, covering Anatomical, Functional, Segmental, and Hierarchical categories. The Anatomical division explains the distinction between the Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems, while the Functional division explores the Somatic and Visceral systems. The Segmental division highlights the connection between nerves and the spinal cord, and the Hierarchical division describes how different brain areas perform varying levels of functions, from basic motor actions to complex decision-making. Viewers are encouraged to like, subscribe, and follow on social media for more engaging content.

Takeaways

• 😀 The nervous system is divided anatomically into the Central Nervous System (CNS) and the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS).
• 😀 The CNS includes the brain (cerebrum, brainstem, cerebellum) and spinal cord, while the PNS includes cranial and spinal nerves, along with ganglia.
• 😀 The term 'Cerebral Vascular Accident (CVA)' is becoming less common, and the preferred term is 'Encephalic Vascular Accident (EVA)', as it includes both brain and brainstem.
• 😀 The brainstem is made up of the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata, and it connects to cranial nerves.
• 😀 The Peripheral Nervous System is composed of sensory and autonomic ganglia, along with cranial and spinal nerves that extend from the CNS.
• 😀 The Functional Division of the nervous system includes the somatic system (which controls voluntary movements and sensory processing) and the visceral system (which manages automatic processes like organ functions).
• 😀 The somatic system includes afferent (sensory) and efferent (motor) pathways, while the visceral system relates to the autonomic nervous system, which includes sympathetic and parasympathetic pathways.
• 😀 The Segmental Division focuses on how the nervous system connects through nerves and ganglia, with the spinal cord and brainstem playing central roles.
• 😀 The supra-segmental system includes the brain and cerebellum, which do not directly connect to spinal nerves, but instead control higher-level functions.
• 😀 The Hierarchical Division of the nervous system shows that areas of the brain have different levels of function, from primary areas (basic tasks) to secondary (planning) and tertiary areas (complex decision-making).

Q & A

What are the main anatomical divisions of the nervous system?

The main anatomical divisions of the nervous system are the Central Nervous System (CNS) and the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS). The CNS includes the brain and spinal cord, while the PNS is made up of nerves and ganglia.

What are the components of the Central Nervous System?

The Central Nervous System consists of the brain and the spinal cord. The brain is further divided into the cerebrum, brainstem, and cerebellum.

Why is the term 'Acidente Vascular Cerebral' (AVC) falling out of use?

The term 'Acidente Vascular Cerebral' (AVC) is falling out of use because it only refers to accidents in the cerebrum (telencephalon and diencephalon). However, vascular accidents can also affect the brainstem and cerebellum, so a more accurate term, 'Acidente Vascular Encefálico' (AVE), is preferred.

What is the distinction between the brainstem and the cerebrum?

The brainstem is composed of the midbrain, pons, and medulla, whereas the cerebrum is divided into the telencephalon and diencephalon. The brainstem is involved in basic life functions like heart rate and breathing, while the cerebrum is responsible for higher functions like cognition and voluntary movement.

What is the role of the Peripheral Nervous System?

The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) connects the Central Nervous System to the rest of the body through nerves. It includes cranial nerves and spinal nerves, as well as ganglia that house the cell bodies of neurons.

What is the difference between somatic and visceral nervous systems?

The somatic nervous system enables interaction with the external environment, including sensory input and voluntary motor actions. In contrast, the visceral nervous system regulates internal bodily functions automatically, without conscious control, and is linked to the autonomic nervous system.

What are the two types of afferent and efferent pathways in the nervous system?

In the somatic nervous system, the afferent pathway carries sensory information to the CNS, while the efferent pathway transmits motor commands from the CNS to muscles. Similarly, in the visceral system, the afferent pathway conveys sensory information from internal organs, and the efferent pathway controls involuntary motor functions like heart rate and digestion.

What is the role of the autonomic nervous system in the visceral division?

The autonomic nervous system (ANS) regulates involuntary functions of the body, such as heart rate, digestion, and respiration. It operates automatically and is divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems, which work in tandem to maintain homeostasis.

How is the nervous system divided segmentally?

The nervous system is divided segmentally based on its connection with nerves. The segmental system includes the spinal cord, the peripheral nerves, and the brainstem. The suprasegmental system, consisting of the cerebrum and cerebellum, is considered separate due to its lack of direct connection with spinal nerves.

What is the hierarchical structure of the nervous system?

The hierarchical structure of the nervous system involves areas with superior functions regulating others with simpler functions. The primary motor areas execute basic motor commands, secondary areas plan movements, and tertiary areas, such as the prefrontal cortex, make complex decisions by integrating information from all parts of the brain.