Konsep Pemeriksaan Fisik | Inspeksi, Palpasi, Perkusi, Auskultasi

Summary

This video explains the essential steps and techniques for conducting a thorough physical examination in nursing. It covers methods such as inspection, palpation, percussion, and auscultation, guiding viewers on how to assess different body systems. The video highlights the importance of environmental factors like room temperature, positioning, and privacy, and offers tips on how to approach clients of different age groups, from infants to the elderly. The goal is to provide comprehensive data to inform nursing diagnoses and care plans.

Takeaways

• 😀 Physical examination is a comprehensive process to assess the client's body and gather effective data for nursing diagnosis and care planning.
• 😀 The examination can be performed using a 'head-to-toe' approach, or through a 'review of systems' to focus on specific body systems like respiratory, cardiovascular, and musculoskeletal.
• 😀 Factors like room temperature, lighting, and privacy are crucial for ensuring both the examiner and client are comfortable during the physical examination.
• 😀 Proper hand hygiene and protective gloves are essential before and after performing physical examination procedures.
• 😀 The examination involves techniques such as inspection, palpation, percussion, and auscultation, often in a specific order, but this may vary depending on the client's condition or age.
• 😀 The inspection phase involves visually assessing the client's overall appearance, including their posture, skin color, and symmetry of body parts.
• 😀 Palpation involves using hands to feel for abnormal masses, tenderness, and other physical signs like temperature or vibration. This technique should begin with light palpation before moving to deeper palpation if needed.
• 😀 Percussion is used to tap on the body to produce sounds that can help identify the location, size, and density of internal organs.
• 😀 Auscultation, the technique of listening to internal sounds of the body, is done using a stethoscope and is crucial for assessing heart, lung, and abdominal conditions.
• 😀 Different examination techniques may require specific tools, such as a penlight, otoscope, or ophthalmoscope, to examine particular areas like the eyes, ears, or nose.
• 😀 When examining children or elderly clients, adjustments to the physical examination process may be necessary to ensure comfort and accuracy, including changes in position or approach.

Q & A

What is physical examination in nursing?

Physical examination is the thorough or selective inspection of a client's body to collect effective data. It helps in diagnosing nursing issues and planning care for the client.

What are the two common approaches used in physical examination?

The two common approaches are 'head-to-toe' examination and 'review of systems' (ROS). The head-to-toe method examines the client from head to feet, while ROS evaluates different body systems like respiratory, cardiovascular, and musculoskeletal.

Why is room temperature important during physical examination?

Room temperature should be adjusted to ensure comfort for both the examiner and the client, which helps facilitate a smooth examination process.

What are the steps a nurse should take before conducting a physical examination?

Before starting, the nurse should wash their hands, ensure the room is private and quiet, and arrange the client in a comfortable position. The nurse should also wear gloves as needed.

What is the significance of inspection in physical examination?

Inspection is the first technique in physical examination where the nurse uses visual observation to assess general appearance, skin color, body symmetry, and abnormal movements.

What is the role of palpation in physical examination?

Palpation involves using the hands to touch and apply pressure on different body parts to assess organ size, location, texture, temperature, and identify any abnormalities such as lumps or swelling.

How should a nurse perform light and deep palpation?

Light palpation involves gentle pressure (about 1 cm) and is used to assess surface abnormalities, while deep palpation applies firmer pressure (4-5 cm) to evaluate internal organs.

What sounds are expected during percussion, and what do they indicate?

During percussion, different sounds are produced based on the underlying structures. For instance, 'resonance' indicates normal lung tissue, 'dullness' signals a solid organ like the liver, and 'hyperresonance' suggests conditions like emphysema.

What are the two types of auscultation, and when are they used?

The two types of auscultation are 'direct auscultation', which involves listening to sounds directly from the body (e.g., wheezing in asthma), and 'indirect auscultation', which uses a stethoscope to hear sounds from organs like the heart, lungs, or abdomen.

How does age affect the approach to physical examination?

Age influences how the examination is performed. For example, physical examination on infants, children, or elderly clients requires adaptations in technique, such as minimizing movement or using more gentle approaches.