PRÉ-MODERNISMO | ENEM | 5 pontos essenciais | Escolas Literárias

Summary

In this video, the speaker explores the Pré-Modernismo period in Brazilian literature, a brief yet significant transitional phase between the 19th and 20th centuries. The discussion focuses on key themes such as the blending of past and future literary aesthetics, the rise of social critique, and the growing importance of regionalism. Highlighting works by prominent authors like Euclides da Cunha (*Os Sertões*), Lima Barreto (*Triste Fim de Policarpo Quaresma*), and Monteiro Lobato (*Urupês*), the video examines how these authors addressed pressing social issues and reshaped Brazil's national identity. The speaker also provides context on the historical events influencing this literary movement.

Takeaways

• 😀 Pre-modernism is a transitional literary period in Brazil (1902-1922), blending characteristics of 19th-century schools and foreshadowing 20th-century Modernism.
• 😀 Pre-modernism is not universally considered a literary school but rather a historical period of transition, combining elements of previous movements like Romanticism, Realism, Naturalism, Parnassianism, and Symbolism.
• 😀 Pre-modernist literature is characterized by a strong social critique, focusing on practical issues like poverty, hunger, social conflicts, and political unrest rather than abstract philosophical questions.
• 😀 Regionalism became important during pre-modernism, with authors valuing local cultures and highlighting the regional differences in Brazil, especially outside of the Rio-São Paulo axis.
• 😀 Pre-modernism anticipates a more visceral, intense form of social critique that would later be fully realized in Modernism, addressing real-life issues such as famine, miseries, and marginalization of people.
• 😀 The historical context of pre-modernism is shaped by tensions in both Europe and Brazil, with conflicts like the War of Canudos and social instability marking the era.
• 😀 In Europe, the rise of avant-garde movements in the late 19th and early 20th centuries influenced pre-modernism, questioning traditional art and cultural norms.
• 😀 In Brazil, the newly proclaimed Republic and the growing influence of the military created tensions that contributed to the formation of pre-modernist ideas.
• 😀 The pre-modernists sought to redefine nationalism by promoting a more critical and realistic view of Brazil's identity, as opposed to the idealized version of the nation seen in Romanticism.
• 😀 Key Brazilian authors of pre-modernism include Euclides da Cunha (with *Os Sertões*), Graça Aranha (*Canaã*), Lima Barreto (*Triste Fim de Policarpo Quaresma*), and Monteiro Lobato (*Urupês*), each contributing to the period's themes of nationalism, regionalism, and social critique.

Q & A

What is the main characteristic of the pré-modernismo period in Brazilian literature?

Pré-modernismo is a transitional period that blends elements from 19th-century literary movements like Romanticism, Realism, and Naturalism with emerging 20th-century Modernism. It is characterized by a mix of past and future influences in literature, focusing on practical social issues and regionalism.

How is pré-modernismo related to Modernism in Brazilian literature?

Pré-modernismo can be seen as a precursor to Modernism, particularly through its critical social themes and the questioning of nationalism. It introduces more intense critiques of social issues like poverty and regional disparities, which Modernism would later expand upon.

What social issues did authors of pré-modernismo focus on?

Pré-modernismo authors focused on practical, real-world social issues such as poverty, hunger, political conflicts, and regional disparities. Their critiques were more visceral and immediate compared to earlier movements, which focused on more abstract themes like human nature and morality.

What does the term 'regionalism' mean in the context of pré-modernismo?

Regionalism in pré-modernismo refers to the valorization of local and regional cultures. Authors began to focus on Brazil's diverse cultural identities, moving away from the Rio-São Paulo axis to highlight the struggles and lives of people in the countryside and smaller regions.

What were the major historical contexts influencing pré-modernismo in Brazil?

In Brazil, the period was marked by the early years of the newly proclaimed republic, military influence, rising poverty, and significant social tensions. The War of Canudos (1896-1897) also played a role in shaping the social and political discussions that pré-modernismo would address.

How did pré-modernismo address the issue of nationalism?

Pré-modernismo authors called for a redefinition of Brazilian nationalism, rejecting the idealized view presented in Romanticism. They emphasized the need for a critical approach to the nation's culture and identity, focusing on the flaws and social issues that had to be addressed.

Who is considered the central figure of pré-modernismo in Brazil?

Euclides da Cunha is considered the central figure of pré-modernismo in Brazil. His work *Os Sertões* is a foundational text, examining the War of Canudos and providing a deep social, historical, and cultural analysis of the Brazilian hinterlands.

What is the significance of *Os Sertões* by Euclides da Cunha?

*Os Sertões* is one of the most important works of Brazilian literature, combining journalistic, historical, and literary elements to tell the story of the War of Canudos. The book provides a detailed look at the social, political, and cultural conditions of the time, making it a crucial document for understanding Brazil’s history and literature.

What role does Lima Barreto's *Triste Fim de Policarpo Quaresma* play in pré-modernismo?

Lima Barreto's *Triste Fim de Policarpo Quaresma* is a key work of pré-modernismo that critiques Brazilian nationalism and examines the tensions between national identity and cultural values. The novel challenges the romanticized notion of Brazil's greatness and offers a satirical look at the character's pursuit of patriotic ideals.

What controversy surrounds Monteiro Lobato's work in the context of pré-modernismo?

Monteiro Lobato, a major figure in pré-modernismo, is controversial due to his portrayal of minority groups, particularly in *Urupês*, where the character Jeca Tatu embodies a stereotype of rural Brazilians. While his works contributed significantly to the national conversation on identity, they also sparked debates on issues of racism and cultural representation.