9 клас. Історія України. Українські землі у складі Російської та Австрійської імперії

Summary

This history lesson focuses on the cultural exchange between Ukraine and other nations during the late 18th and early 19th centuries, particularly under the rule of the Russian and Austrian Empires. The script delves into the complex administrative structure of these empires, highlighting the division of Ukrainian lands into various gubernias and the cultural shifts caused by the settlement of diverse ethnic groups. It also examines the social and national composition of Ukraine, as well as the challenges faced by Ukrainians, including the influence of Russian and Austrian policies, and how these shaped the Ukrainian identity. The lesson concludes with a reflection on the political and cultural ramifications of these imperial policies.

Takeaways

• 😀 Ukrainian history saw cultural exchanges with neighboring nations, with many words like 'agencia', 'gudzyk', and 'pan' originating from Polish.
• 😀 During the late 18th and early 19th centuries, large political and social changes affected Ukraine, including the partitioning of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
• 😀 After the First Partition of the Commonwealth in 1772, Eastern Galicia became part of the Austrian Empire, while Russia acquired large parts of Ukraine.
• 😀 In 1775, Austria annexed Bukovina, while Russia took control of other territories through wars with the Ottoman Empire and the fall of the Zaporizhian Sich.
• 😀 The Russian Empire divided its territories into governorates and provinces, with Ukrainians predominantly living in nine governorates and the Black Sea Cossack lands.
• 😀 In the Russian Empire, general governors had vast powers, overseeing administration, local police, tax collection, and cultural assimilation in Ukrainian lands.
• 😀 The population of Ukraine in the Russian Empire was diverse, with Ukrainians making up the majority, but significant minorities including Russians, Jews, Poles, and others.
• 😀 By the early 19th century, Ukrainian lands were highly ethnically diverse, with significant Polish influence in the Right Bank and Jewish populations in towns.
• 😀 Ukrainians faced cultural and social pressures, especially in the south where various foreign groups, such as Germans, Serbs, and Greeks, were encouraged to settle.
• 😀 In the Austrian Empire, Ukrainian lands like Galicia, Bukovina, and Zakarpattia were administratively distinct, with a mix of ethnic groups, including Poles, Jews, and Hungarians.

Q & A

What are some examples of words in the Ukrainian language that have Polish and Crimean Tatar origins?

Examples of Polish-origin words include 'агенція' (agency), 'ґудзик' (button), and 'пан' (gentleman). Examples of Crimean Tatar-origin words include 'гарбуз' (pumpkin), 'туман' (fog), and 'штани' (pants).

What were the significant changes in Ukraine during the late 18th and early 19th centuries?

During this time, the Rzeczpospolita ceased to exist, and Ukrainian territories were divided between the Austro-Hungarian and Russian Empires. This period was marked by political and social-economic transformations, including the annexation of territories like Galicia, Bukovina, Crimea, and parts of Ukraine by Russia and Austria.

How were Ukrainian lands administratively divided within the Russian Empire?

Ukrainian lands in the Russian Empire were divided into various general-governorates and provinces. The regions were categorized under the Malorussian General-Governorate, Kyiv General-Governorate, and the Novorossiya General-Governorate, with further divisions into smaller units like guberniyas and povits.

What was the role of the general-governors in the Russian Empire?

General-governors were appointed by the Russian Emperor and had extensive powers. They oversaw the implementation of imperial policies, supervised local administration, including police, tax collection, and judicial systems, and promoted Russian culture and language in the territories they governed.

How did the social and ethnic composition of Ukrainian lands differ between rural and urban areas in the Russian Empire?

In rural areas, the population was mostly homogeneous, predominantly Ukrainian. In urban centers like Kyiv, Kharkiv, and Odessa, the population was more ethnically diverse, with significant numbers of Russians, Jews, Poles, and other groups, reflecting the multicultural nature of these cities.

What were the key factors influencing the demographic changes in Crimea in the 18th and 19th centuries?

The annexation of Crimea by Russia in 1783 led to a significant reduction in the Crimean Tatar population due to policies of colonization, discrimination, and forced migration. As a result, the proportion of Crimean Tatars in the region decreased by 10% between 1795 and 1850.

What role did foreign settlers play in the development of Southern Ukraine during the Russian Empire?

From 1762, the Russian Empire encouraged foreign settlers, including Moldovans, Bulgarians, Greeks, and Germans, to move to the Southern Ukraine. These settlers were offered tax exemptions and religious freedoms, contributing to the cultural and demographic diversity of the region.

How did the Austrian Empire manage the Ukrainian territories, specifically Galicia and Bukovina?

Under the Austrian Empire, Ukrainian territories like Galicia and Bukovina were part of the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria. The local administrative structure included a governor appointed by the emperor, and a provincial assembly (Seym) that had limited authority, mainly discussing policies rather than making decisions.

What was the socio-economic status of Ukrainians in the Austrian Empire's Ukrainian territories?

In the Austrian-controlled Ukrainian territories, Ukrainians were mostly peasants and members of the Greek Catholic clergy. The Ukrainian nobility had largely been assimilated, and the Polish and other ethnic elites dominated the political and administrative spheres.

What factors contributed to the cultural exchange between Ukrainian and other nations during the 18th and 19th centuries?

The cultural exchange was primarily influenced by the presence of various ethnic groups in Ukrainian territories, including Russians, Poles, Jews, and others. The migration policies of both the Russian and Austrian Empires, as well as trade, military alliances, and the movement of people, facilitated this exchange of ideas, customs, and traditions.