La REVOLUCIÓN FRANCESA explicada: su origen, causas, etapas y consecuencias✊
Summary
TLDRLa Revolución Francesa, acontecida en 1789, fue un acontecimiento social, ideológico, político y militar que marcó el inicio de la Edad Contemporánea. Este período histórico puso fin al antiguo régimen de monarquías absolutas y dio lugar a la república y a la promoción de ideales iluministas como la libertad, igualdad y fraternidad. La revolución, liderada inicialmente por la burgesía, culminó con el asesinato del rey Luis XVI y la instauración del primer gobierno republicano. A lo largo de la revolución, se promulgó la Declaración de los Derechos del Hombre y del Ciudadano, se separó la Iglesia del Estado y se estableció un nuevo sistema de medición. Finalmente, Napoleón Bonaparte emergió como figura central, estableciendo un gobierno autoritario y extendiendo las ideas revolucionarias a lo largo de Europa.
Takeaways
- 🏛️ La Revolución Francesa fue un evento social, ideológico, político y militar que tuvo lugar en Francia en 1789 y marcó el inicio de la Edad Contemporánea.
- 👑 La sociedad francesa de la época estaba dominada por las monarquías absolutas y estaba estratificada en clases, con la nobleza y el clero en la cima y el tercer estado, compuesto por campesinos y la burguesía en aumento, en la base.
- 💼 La burguesía, que buscaba mejorar su posición social, fue la clase social que lideró la revolución, lo que la llevó a ser conocida como una 'revolución burguesa'.
- 🌱 La Ilustración, con filósofos y científicos que cuestionaron la divinidad de la monarquía y proclamaron la igualdad de los seres humanos y la razón por encima de la fe, influyó fuertemente en las ideas revolucionarias.
- 🌾 La crisis económica, desencadenada por malas cosechas y crisis agrícola, sumada a la situación financiera del reino, fue un factor importante que influyó en el estallido de la revolución.
- ⚖️ La Asamblea Nacional y la Convención promulgaron nuevas leyes que abolieron la servidumbre personal, las tithes y la justicia señorial, estableciendo la igualdad fiscal y el acceso a cargos públicos.
- 🗽 La Declaración de los Derechos del Hombre y del Ciudadano, proclamada por la Asamblea, estableció principios fundamentales de libertad, igualdad y fraternidad que influyeron en las democracias avanzadas.
- 🛡️ La revolución se extendió por toda Europa, enfrentándose a las monarquías absolutistas que intentaban evitar su expansión, pero terminó difundiendo sus ideales a nivel mundial, incluida América Latina.
- 👥 El poder se desplazó de la aristocracia a la burguesía, que adquirió un papel preponderante en la sociedad y la política francesa.
- 📏 Se introdujo un nuevo sistema métrico en Francia que más tarde se extendió por Europa, reflejando el deseo revolucionario de modernizar y estandarizar aspectos de la vida cotidiana.
- 🌟 Napoleón Bonaparte, figura central posterior a la revolución, estableció un Imperio y difundió ideales de nacionalismo, Ilustración y democracia a través de sus conquistas.
Q & A
¿Cuál fue el evento que desencadenó la Revolución Francesa?
-La crisis política que surgió después del intento de Luis XVI de mejorar la catastrófica situación financiera del reino desencadenó la Revolución Francesa.
¿Qué eran las tres clases sociales en la sociedad francesa antes de la Revolución?
-Las tres clases sociales eran la nobleza, el clero y la tercera clase, compuesta originalmente por campesinos, artesanos y siervos.
¿Quiénes lideraron la Revolución Francesa?
-La burguesía, una nueva clase social que había comenzado a surgir y que incluía individuos que habían alcanzado una buena posición económica a través de su negocio, comercio o industria, lideraron la revolución.
¿Cómo se dividía el voto en las Cortes Generales de 1789?
-El voto en las Cortes Generales se dividía por orden, lo que beneficiaba a la nobleza y el clero, quienes mantenían su privilegio fiscal.
¿Cuál fue el evento simbólico que ocurrió el 14 de julio de 1789?
-El 14 de julio de 1789, los parisinos asaltaron y tomaron la fortaleza de la Bastilla, uno de los símbolos de la monarquía.
¿Qué documento importante promulgó la Asamblea Nacional el 26 de agosto de 1789?
-La Asamblea Nacional promulgó la Declaración de los Derechos del Hombre y del Ciudadano el 26 de agosto de 1789.
¿Cómo se llamó el nuevo cuerpo legislativo creado por la Tercera Clase?
-El nuevo cuerpo legislativo creado por la Tercera Clase se llamó Asamblea Nacional.
¿Cuáles fueron las principales figuras políticas en la Asamblea Legislativa?
-Entre las principales figuras políticas en la Asamblea Legislativa estaban Maximilien de Robespierre, líder de los Jacobinos, y más a la izquierda, Marat y Danton, quienes abogaban por el sufragio universal masculino y la establecimiento de una república.
¿Qué evento llevó a la formación de la Convención y la suspensión de las funciones del monarca?
-El asalto al Palacio de las Tullerías por parte del pueblo el 10 de agosto de 1792 llevó a la suspensión de las funciones del monarca y la formación de la Convención.
¿Qué figura histórica finalizó el período de la Revolución Francesa y comenzó un nuevo etapa?
-Napoleón Bonaparte finalizó el período de la Revolución Francesa al establecer el Consulado como el nuevo cuerpo gubernamental después de un golpe de estado.
¿Cuáles son algunas de las consecuencias a largo plazo de la Revolución Francesa?
-Las consecuencias a largo plazo de la Revolución Francesa incluyen el fin de la monarquía absoluta y las estructuras feudales, la separación entre Iglesia y Estado, el establecimiento del sistema métrico y la expansión de las ideas de nacionalismo, la Ilustración y la democracia a lo largo de Europa.
Outlines
😀 La Revolución Francesa: Un hito histórico
La Revolución Francesa, acontecida en 1789, fue un acontecimiento social, ideológico, político y militar crucial en la historia. Marcó el cambio entre la Edad Moderna y la Edad Contemporánea. La sociedad francesa estaba dividida en clases sociales rígidas, con una nobleza y un clero privilegiados. La burguesía, una nueva clase social emergente, lideró la revolución, que culminó en la ejecución del rey Luis XVI y la proclamación de la República. La revolución tuvo un impacto en toda Europa y sus ideales se extendieron a nivel mundial.
🏛 El Antiguo Régimen y sus causas
El Antiguo Régimen se refiere al sistema político y social previo a la Revolución Francesa, caracterizado por un monarca absoluto que concentraba todo el poder. La sociedad estaba compuesta por clases sociales rígidas, donde la nobleza y el clero disfrutaban de privilegios y estaban exentos de pagar impuestos. La burguesía, una nueva clase social en ascenso, desafió la estructura social y económica existente. La crisis económica, desencadenada por malas cosechas y la crisis agrícola, exacerbó las tensiones. La crisis política surgió cuando Luis XVI intentó reformar la situación financiera desastrosa del reino, lo que llevó a la convocatoria de las Cortes Generales.
🗼 Fases de la Revolución Francesa
La revolución se divide en dos etapas principales: la monárquica y la republicana. Las Cortes Generales de 1789 marcan el inicio, con 1,200 diputados representando las tres clases sociales. La Tercera Edad, representada por la burguesía, tomó la iniciativa y se autoproclama como Asamblea Nacional. El 14 de julio, los parisinos tomaron la Bastilla, un símbolo de la monarquía. La Asamblea promulgó la Declaración de los Derechos del Hombre y del Ciudadano, y la conspiración real culminó en la fuga fallida de Luis XVI. La Asamblea Legislativa de 1791-1792 estableció una monarquía constitucional, pero la tensión creció, llevándonos a la Primera República y la suspensión de las funciones monárquicas.
🏛 La Convención y la Primera República
La insurrección del 10 de agosto de 1792 llevó a la convocatoria de una nueva asamblea, la Convención, que asumió las funciones legislativas y ejecutivas. La Convención declaró la República y sentenció a muerte a Luis XVI. Este período conocido como la Edad de Terror vio la ejecución de miles de personas sospechosas de ser enemigos de la revolución. La guillotina también llegó a líderes revolucionarios como Marat y Danton, y finalmente a Robespierre. La era de terror se administraba a través de tres comités: el de Salvación Pública, el de Seguridad General y el tribunal revolucionario.
🏛 Consecuencias de la Revolución Francesa
La Revolución Francesa tuvo innumerables consecuencias, poniendo fin al Antiguo Régimen y difundiendo los ideales del Ilustrado. La nueva constitución promulgada por la Asamblea Nacional puso fin a la monarquía absoluta y estableció una monarquía constitucional. La Declaración de los Derechos del Hombre afirma la libertad de pensamiento y la igualdad de todos los ciudadanos. La separación entre Iglesia y Estado se consolidó, con la confiscación de bienes eclesiásticos que pasaron a ser propiedad del Estado. La burguesía emergente desplazó a la aristocracia en el poder, y se introdujo un nuevo sistema métrico. La figura de Napoleón Bonaparte, quien llegó al poder al final de la revolución, no puede entenderse sin los ideales revolucionarios, y su imperio se expandió impregnado de nacionalismo, Ilustración y democracia por Europa.
😊 Conclusión del tema
El video concluye destacando el impacto histórico de la Revolución Francesa y agradeciendo al espectador por su atención. Se les anima a dar like y suscribirse para recibir más contenido similar. Se desea un feliz día y se les advierte que volverán pronto con más información.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Revolución Francesa
💡Ilustración
💡Tercera Estado
💡Luis XVI
💡Asamblea Nacional
💡Derechos del Hombre y del Ciudadano
💡Primera República Francesa
💡Directorio
💡Napoleón Bonaparte
💡Separación Iglesia-Estado
💡Sistema Métrico
Highlights
La Revolución Francesa fue un evento social, ideológico, político y militar que tuvo lugar en Francia en 1789 y se considera uno de los momentos más importantes de la historia.
Se utiliza como punto de división entre la Edad Moderna y la Edad Contemporánea.
La sociedad francesa estaba claramente dividida en clases, con la nobleza y el clero en la cima y el Tercer Estado en la base.
El Tercer Estado, compuesto principalmente por burgueses, lideró la revolución.
Inicialmente, se mantuvo a Luis XVI en el trono pero con poderes debilitados, hasta su ejecución y la proclamación de la República.
La revolución afectó a todo el continente europeo, con monarquías absolutistas intentando evitar su contagio.
Los ideales de la revolución se extendieron a nivel mundial, incluyendo América Latina.
La crisis social y económica de Francia desencadenó la Revolución Francesa.
El Old Regime, el sistema político y social previo a la revolución, estaba gobernado por una monarquía absoluta.
La Ilustración desafió la autoridad divina de los reyes y proclamó la igualdad de todos los seres humanos.
Las desigualdades sociales y la crisis económica, como las malas cosechas y la crisis agrícola, influyeron en la revolución.
El intento fallido de Louis XVI de mejorar la situación financiera del reino desencadenó la revolución.
Las Etats Généraux de 1789 marcaron el inicio de la revolución con la participación de los tres estados.
La Asamblea Nacional, creada por el Tercer Estado, promueve una nueva constitución para Francia.
La Declaración de los Derechos del Hombre y del Ciudadano establece los principios de libertad e igualdad.
La Primera República vio la caída del monarca y la creación de un nuevo calendario republicano.
La Convención (1792-1795) condenó la ejecución de Luis XVI y llevó a la Era de la Terura.
El Directorio (1795-1799) estableció un gobierno republicano moderado y fue seguido por el Consulado de Napoleón Bonaparte.
Las consecuencias de la revolución incluyeron una nueva constitución, la separación de Iglesia y Estado, y el surgimiento del poder burgués.
La revolución también introdujo el sistema métrico y contribuyó a la expansión de ideales de nacionalismo y democracia en Europa.
Napoleón Bonaparte, emergiendo de la revolución, estableció un Imperio y difundió ideales revolucionarios en su conquista de Europa.
Transcripts
The French Revolution was a social, ideological,
political and military event that took place in France in 1789. This revolution is considered one
of the most important moments in history. Thus, it is used as a dividing moment between the
Modern Age and the Contemporary Age. The Europe of that time was dominated
by absolute monarchies, although with some influence of the Enlightenment. In those
political systems there was a clear social division, with the nobility and the clergy at the top,
only behind the monarch, and a third estate made up of peasants and the growing
bourgeoisie at the bottom of the pyramid. It was precisely the bourgeoisie who
led the revolution. At first, they kept King Louis XVI in his post,
albeit with weakened powers. Later, the monarch was executed and
the country became a Republic. The revolution ended up affecting the entire
continent, with the absolutist monarchies trying to avoid contagion to their countries.
However, his ideals ended up reaching the entire planet, including Latin America. The
end of that period is marked by the coup d'état of Napoleon, son of the Revolution.
Background The French Revolution
began in 1789, with the outbreak of all the social problems of the Old Regime.
Until then, French society had been changing, both in its composition
and in its economic relations. The Old Regime
Historians call the political, social and economic system prior to the
French Revolution the Old Regime. Like most of Europe,
France was ruled by an absolute monarchy. In this type of government, it was the king
who accumulated all the power, without limitations. In most cases, monarchs claimed
that their right to rule was of divine origin. The king was in charge of dictating the laws,
declaring war or peace, creating taxes or disposing of the assets of the subjects. There
was no concept of individual freedom, nor that of conscience or the press.
Society The society of the Old Regime
was based on rigid estates; below the king were the clergy and the nobility. These
classes did not have to pay taxes, in addition to other social and economic privileges.
At the base of the pyramid was the so-called third estate, originally made up of
peasants, artisans, and serfs. However, in the time before
the revolution another new social class had begun to appear: the bourgeoisie. It
included individuals who had achieved a good economic position through their
business, trade or industry. The bourgeoisie was legally
within the third estate and therefore did not enjoy any rights. Its components were the ones
who led the revolution, seeking to improve their social situation. In fact,
the revolutions of the time, not only the French one, are known as “bourgeois revolutions”.
Economy The French economy reflected
the social classes. Wealth belonged, especially land, to the nobility and the clergy.
In contrast, the third estate had no possessions of its own and was obliged to pay taxes. The
bourgeoisie began to change this situation, as they opened businesses and began to trade.
Causes of the French Revolution There were several factors that
influenced the French Revolution, both ideological and social, economic and political.
The Enlightenment The eighteenth century in Europe was
marked by the appearance of the Enlightenment. The authors of this current were philosophers,
political scientists, scientists and economists. His work, especially after 1750, changed the
ideological paradigm of the continent and the world. His main contribution was to discuss the existence
of a Divine Law of kings. The enlightened placed reason
above any faith and proclaimed aspects such as the equality of all human beings.
Social imbalances The social evolution of France
in the eighteenth century caused imbalances to occur in rigid structures
incapable of adapting to the new times. One of the most important factors was the
appearance of the bourgeoisie. Their economic power did not correspond to the
role they could play in the society of the Old Regime. The bourgeois began to
question the power of the nobility and the king, as well as the privileges they held.
For its part, the peasantry, who lived subject to the exploitation of the lords,
was reaching an unbearable point, increasingly exploited and with worse living conditions.
In short, it was an absolutist monarchy with no flexibility to adapt.
When he forcibly tried to carry out some reforms, he found an aristocracy
clinging to its feudal privileges that prevented any small reform.
Economic crisis The bad harvests
that occurred in the 1780s, as well as the agricultural crisis, made all
economic sectors almost paralyzed. The situation was especially serious in the countryside and
in the city. In the years before the revolution there were riots and popular uprisings
caused by poverty and hunger. Triggering factor
The reason that triggered the French Revolution was the political crisis that arose after
Louis XVI's attempt to improve the appalling financial situation that the kingdom was experiencing.
The French economy was the main problem during the years before the revolution. The
expenses produced by their confrontations with Great Britain, as well as the extravagance
of the Versailles court, made it essential to take urgent measures.
The person in charge of finances, Jacques Necker, proposed some measures to
balance the budget. The rejection of the clergy and the nobles caused his dismissal.
Charles Alexandre de Calonne, the new finance minister, tried to launch a
fiscal reform. In practice, this meant that the clergy and nobility lost their
privileges in that area. Like Necker, Calonne was also removed.
The new minister, Lomenie de Brienne, was totally against the reforms. However,
realizing that the finances were going to collapse, he had to resort to Calonne's project.
Nobles and clergy intervened again. On this occasion, they denied the legitimacy of the monarch
to eliminate his privileges and requested the convening of the Estates General.
Stages of the French Revolution Normally there are two main
stages during the Revolution: the monarchical and the republican. These, in turn, are divided
according to the most important events. Estates General of 1789
The Estates General were a kind of legislative body in which
the three estates were represented: nobility, clergy and third estate. Although it had been
of some importance during the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, it had not met since 1614.
1,200 deputies participated in this assembly. Of these, 300 belonged to the clergy, another 300 to the
nobility and the rest, 600, to the Third Estate. Louis XVI had no choice but to call
a meeting of the Estates General. The chosen date was early May 1789. In addition,
Loménie de Brienne tendered her resignation. To replace him, the king called Necker again,
who had achieved a certain popularity among the population. The Third Estate took the initiative and
presented some proposals favorable to the people. These were dismissed by the king and the nobility.
One of the most important was the request that the vote be by head, since being a
majority the people would benefit. Instead, the clergy and nobility agreed to maintain
the vote by order, which favored them. Given this, the Third Estate decided to disobey
the king and met on their own. National Assembly (1789)
This new body created by the Third Estate received the name of National Assembly.
Its foundation took place on June 17, 1789 and the organizers, despite inviting members
of the clergy and aristocracy, made clear their intentions to continue even without them.
The king tried to prevent the meetings by closing the rooms where they were
meeting. For this reason the participants moved to a nearby building, where
the nobility practiced the ball game. In this new location, the assembly members
proceeded to the so-called "Oath of the Ball Game". In that declaration,
made on June 20, they promised not to separate until France had a new constitution.
The lower clergy and 47 noblemen joined the Assembly. The monarchy responded by
amassing large contingents of military troops. Meanwhile, the Assembly began to
receive multiple supports from Paris itself and other French cities. On July 9,
the National Constituent Assembly was proclaimed. Constituent Assembly (1789 – 1791)
Louis XVI and his closest circle (some noblemen and his brother the Count
D'Artois) decided to dismiss Necker as minister. The people considered this as
a kind of self-coup of the royalty and responded by rebelling in the streets.
On July 14, one of the most symbolic events of the entire French Revolution took place.
Fearing that the king's troops would stop the assemblymen, the people stormed
and took the Bastille fortress, one of the symbols of the monarchy.
The revolution spread throughout the country and created new municipalities that only recognized
the Constituent Assembly. Violence appeared in much of France, especially
directed against the landed nobility. This agrarian rebellion is known as the Great Fear.
For his part, the king had to retreat with his troops, while Lafayette took command
of the National Guard and Jean-Silvain Bailly was appointed mayor of Paris.
The monarch returned to the capital on July 27 and accepted the tricolor cockade,
symbol of the revolution. Instead, some nobles fled the country and began
promoting military action in their host countries. They were called "emigrants".
Declaration of the Rights of Man
The Assembly began its legislative work on the night of August 4. Among the new laws
were the abolition of personal servitude (feudalism), the abolition of
tithes and seigneurial justice, as well as the establishment of equality in the payment of
taxes and in access to public office. On August 26, the Assembly promulgated the
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen. Louis XVI tried to flee abroad,
but was discovered in Varennes and then arrested and locked up in the Tuileries.
The Legislative Assembly (1791 – 1792) The 1791 Constitution, promulgated by
the Assembly, declared France a constitutional monarchy. The king remained in his position,
but his powers had been reduced and he only maintained the possibility of veto
and the power to choose the ministers. The Assembly was inaugurated on October 1,
1791. The distribution of its components gave rise to the concepts of political left and right,
depending on where the most progressive and the most conservative sat.
Likewise, it was the germ of the birth of political parties. The deputies met in
clubs, the best known being that of the Jacobins, led by Maximilian de
Robespierre. Even further to the left were the ropemakers, who advocated
universal male suffrage and the establishment of a republic. Their leaders were Marat and Danton.
Among the most moderate, the Girondins stood out, supporters of the census suffrage
and of the constitutional monarchy. Between both extremes there was a large number of
parliamentarians, called the Llano. The Assembly took the lead in the
war against the absolutist countries, which soon began to attack the new France. Meanwhile,
the monarch was still imprisoned in Las Tuileries. From there, he conspired against the revolutionaries.
First Republic The people stormed
the Tuileries Palace on August 10, 1792. That same day the Assembly suspended
the functions of the monarch, overthrowing him de facto. The revolutionary project
focused on calling elections to elect a new parliament, which they called the Convention.
At that time France was threatened on several fronts. Inside,
attempts at counterrevolution, and abroad by European absolutist monarchies.
Given this, the insurrectionary Commune replaced the Assembly as the highest authority of the State.
That was maintained until September 20, when the Convention was formed. France
became a republic and introduced a new calendar, in which 1792 became the year I.
The Convention (1792-1795) Powers in the new Republic
were divided between the Convention, which took over the legislature, and the Committee of National Salvation,
responsible for the executive power. The new authorities decreed
universal suffrage and sentenced Louis XVI to death. The execution took place in January 1793.
This period led to the Age of Terror. Robespierre, the Jacobin leader,
came to power and ordered the arrest and execution of thousands of suspected opponents of the revolution.
Among the victims were former revolutionaries such as Marat or Danton, who
had been against Robespierre. Finally, the guillotine also reached
Robespierre himself, executed by his enemies in the Convention. The government
of terror was made up of three committees: that of public salvation, that of general security,
and the revolutionary tribunal. The Directory (1795 – 1799)
In the year III (1795) the Convention promulgated a new Constitution. It created the
Directory, a moderate republican government. This government was formed by the executive power, in
charge of the Directory of 5 members, and by the legislative power, exercised by two different councils.
During that stage the main problem for France came from abroad. The absolutist powers
continued trying to end the republic, although without success.
In these conflicts a name began to become very popular in the country: Napoleon Bonaparte.
This Corsican soldier took advantage of his military successes for the 18th of Brumaire (November 19, 1788)
to stage a coup and establish the Consulate as the new government body.
The Consulate (1799-1804) On December 25, 1799, the
Consulate approved a new Constitution. This established an authoritarian regime,
with all power in the hands of Napoleon. In that Magna Carta there was no mention
of the fundamental rights of citizens. That date is considered by many historians
as the end of the revolution and the beginning of a new stage, in which Napoleon would end
up proclaiming himself Emperor (May 18, 1804) and conquer much of Europe.
Consequences of the French Revolution Few historical events have had
as many consequences as the French Revolution. This represented a before and after in the
European situation, by ending the Old Regime and propagating the ideas of the Enlightenment.
New constitution The constitution promulgated
by the National Assembly marked the end of the absolute monarchy and feudal structures.
In the Magna Carta appeared the principles of constitutional monarchy, with power residing
in the people and not in the king by the grace of God. Furthermore, the constitution was one of the pillars
for the Declaration of the Rights of Man. The revolutionary ideals -liberty,
equality and fraternity- became those of the most advanced democracies.
Broadly speaking, the Declaration of Human Rights affirms the freedom of thought
of each individual, as well as the equality of all citizens before the law and the State.
Separation between Church and State One of the consequences of the
French Revolution was the separation between Church and State. Its laws established the primacy of the
civil over the religious, eliminating privileges and powers to the ecclesiastical authorities.
Added to this was the seizure of assets accumulated by the institution,
which became the property of the State. Power in the hands of the bourgeoisie
An emerging social class managed to displace the aristocracy from
positions of power: the bourgeoisie. Although legally belonging
to the Third Estate, the bourgeoisie had acquired considerable economic power thanks to their business
and trade. In addition, unlike the peasants, they had access to education,
receiving the influence of the Enlightenment. New metric system
The revolutionaries came with the intention of changing the whole society, including some
theoretically minor aspects. The calendar did not materialize, but some reforms in the
scientific fields that were applied to trade did. In 1799, the French introduced
the meter and kilogram standards, later expanding throughout Europe.
Napoleon Bonaparte From a historical point of view,
the revolution ended with the arrival of Napoleon Bonaparte, although the figure of the Emperor would not be
understood without revolutionary ideals. Bonaparte established an Empire based on
his person, but tried to bring democratic and egalitarian ideals to the
rest of the continent through war. His conquests had a great impact,
spreading the ideas of nationalism, the Enlightenment and democracy throughout Europe.
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