Métodos de investigación en psicopatología - Vídeo 1 de 2 - UNED Psicología
Summary
TLDREste video aborda los métodos experimentales en psicopatología, destacando cómo han contribuido al avance de la disciplina al permitir la inferencia de relaciones causales. Se discuten varios diseños experimentales, como el caso único y el cuasiexperimental, así como sus limitaciones y ventajas. También se analiza la selección de sujetos clínicos y no clínicos, el valor del análogo experimental y las dificultades relacionadas con la validez externa. Finalmente, se examinan los estudios de caso y sus contribuciones al conocimiento descriptivo en psicopatología, resaltando la importancia de las observaciones individuales.
Takeaways
- 🧠 La psicopatología ha avanzado gracias a la aplicación de métodos experimentales que permiten inferir relaciones causales entre trastornos psicopatológicos.
- 🔬 Los métodos experimentales en psicopatología pueden aplicarse tanto a diseños de caso único como a estudios grupales, aunque los estudios grupales han sido más comunes.
- 👩⚕️ En la investigación psicopatológica, se pueden usar tanto sujetos clínicos como no clínicos, aunque la definición de un sujeto clínico no siempre es clara debido a las discrepancias en diagnósticos.
- 🐭 A menudo se utilizan animales en los estudios de psicopatología experimental, pero también se puede investigar con sujetos humanos clínicos y no clínicos.
- ⚠️ Uno de los principales problemas en la investigación con sujetos clínicos es la falta de consenso entre profesionales y factores externos que afectan el diagnóstico.
- 🔄 Los métodos cuasi-experimentales se utilizan cuando no es posible una asignación aleatoria de los sujetos, lo que implica menos control de las variables en comparación con los diseños experimentales.
- 💊 Los estudios de caso único se centran en registrar el comportamiento de un solo sujeto a lo largo del tiempo bajo diferentes condiciones experimentales.
- 📊 Los diseños correlacionales permiten examinar las relaciones entre dos o más variables, aunque no son adecuados para establecer relaciones causales.
- 🚦 Los diseños experimentales análogos permiten inducir condiciones similares a los trastornos psicopatológicos en sujetos normales, lo que ayuda a modelar comportamientos y relaciones causa-efecto.
- 🔍 Los estudios de casos son investigaciones intensivas que se basan en la historia clínica y biográfica de los sujetos, pero carecen de control y no permiten establecer generalizaciones.
Q & A
¿Qué es la psicopatología y cómo ha avanzado?
-La psicopatología es el estudio de los trastornos mentales y su clasificación. Ha avanzado gracias a la aplicación de métodos experimentales, que son los más adecuados para inferir relaciones causales entre los trastornos y sus posibles causas.
¿Cuál es la importancia de los diseños experimentales en la psicopatología?
-Los diseños experimentales son importantes porque permiten controlar estrictamente las variables y, por lo tanto, establecer relaciones causales entre las condiciones experimentadas y los trastornos psicológicos.
¿Qué son los sujetos clínicos en la investigación psicopatológica?
-Los sujetos clínicos son individuos que han sido diagnosticados con algún trastorno psicopatológico, como trastornos de ansiedad o fobia social, y suelen mostrar una mayor gravedad en la manifestación de síntomas.
¿Cómo se determina si un sujeto es clínico o no en la investigación psicopatológica?
-Un sujeto se considera clínico si ha sido diagnosticado con un trastorno psicopatológico. Sin embargo, puede haber acuerdos y diferencias entre los diagnósticos hechos por diferentes profesionales.
¿Qué es un sujeto subclínico en la investigación psicopatológica?
-Un sujeto subclínico es alguien que no ha sido diagnosticado con un trastorno psicopatológico, pero muestra niveles de síntomas por encima de la media en una prueba de evaluación, como una prueba para la depresión.
¿Qué es un diseño experimental análogo en psicopatología?
-Un diseño experimental análogo es aquel en el que se induce en sujetos normales o animales en laboratorio un estado que se considera análogo a alguna condición psicopatológica observada en un contexto natural.
¿Cuál es el valor de la investigación con diseños experimentales análogos?
-El valor de la investigación con diseños experimentales análogos es que permiten desarrollar modelos de comportamientos psicopatológicos, ayudar a establecer relaciones causales y aplicar el control experimental de variables.
¿Qué son los diseños correlativos en psicopatología y qué problemas presentan?
-Los diseños correlativos examinan las relaciones entre dos o más variables sin manipular ninguna de ellas. Su principal problema es que no permiten verificar hipótesis causales.
¿Qué es el problema de la tercera variable en los diseños correlativos?
-El problema de la tercera variable se refiere a que la correlación observada entre dos variables puede depender de un factor o proceso no especificado, que actúa como una variable extraña.
¿Qué son los diseños de caso único en psicopatología y cuáles son sus características?
-Los diseños de caso único se centran en el comportamiento de un sujeto bajo diferentes condiciones experimentales, registrando continuamente su comportamiento en el tiempo. Sus características incluyen la medición repetida de variables dependientes, un registro inicial de línea base, la manipulación de la variable independiente y el control de la variabilidad interna del sujeto.
¿Qué son los estudios de caso y cómo contribuyen a la psicopatología?
-Los estudios de caso son investigaciones intensivas de un sujeto basadas en su historia clínica. Contribuyen a la psicopatología al proporcionar datos detallados sobre trastornos mentales específicos y pueden ser terapéuticos, descriptivos o de intervención.
Outlines
🔬 Introducción a la metodología experimental en psicopatología
Este párrafo discute la importancia de los métodos experimentales en la investigación de la psicopatología, destacando su papel en la inferencia de relaciones causales entre trastornos psicopatológicos. Se exploran diferentes tipos de sujetos de investigación, incluidos animales y sujetos clínicos, así como las dificultades para diagnosticar adecuadamente a los sujetos clínicos debido a factores ambientales y variaciones en las evaluaciones diagnósticas.
🧪 Metodología experimental y cuasi-experimental en psicopatología
Este párrafo describe cómo se aplica la metodología experimental en la psicopatología, abordando los problemas cuando no es posible controlar estrictamente las variables. Se introduce el concepto de cuasi-experimentos, en los cuales los sujetos no siempre se seleccionan al azar, y se explora un ejemplo relacionado con el estudio de personas con esquizofrenia en comparación con personas normales. Se destaca el uso del método experimental análogo para inducir condiciones psicopatológicas en sujetos normales bajo circunstancias controladas.
🔍 Sujetos normales y análogos experimentales en psicopatología
Este párrafo se centra en cómo se seleccionan los sujetos normales y los animales experimentales para la investigación. Se explora la importancia de la aleatorización en la selección de sujetos normales, y se destaca que los sujetos clínicos no pueden ser seleccionados al azar debido a su condición psicopatológica. Además, se introduce el concepto de niveles de investigación, como el nivel clínico y el nivel epidemiológico, que se estudiarán posteriormente.
🧠 Diseño experimental análogo y su relevancia en la investigación psicopatológica
Se analiza cómo los experimentos análogos permiten la inducción experimental de estados psicopatológicos en sujetos normales y animales, y su valor para comprender las relaciones causa-efecto en el comportamiento anormal. También se discuten las críticas a la validez externa de estos experimentos y cómo se puede mitigar este problema mediante generalizaciones cautelosas. Se concluye que la metodología análoga experimental ha mejorado el análisis conceptual en la psicopatología.
⚖️ Diseños de caso único en psicopatología
Este párrafo introduce los diseños de caso único, que se centran en la observación continua del comportamiento de un sujeto bajo diferentes condiciones experimentales. Se discuten las características clave de este diseño, como la medición repetida de variables dependientes y la alta validez interna que permite inferir relaciones causales. Sin embargo, la validez externa, o la capacidad de generalizar los resultados, es limitada. Se destacan las cuatro características esenciales de los diseños de caso único.
📚 Estudios de casos en psicopatología
Se examinan los estudios de casos, que implican un estudio intensivo de un sujeto basado en su historia clínica y biográfica. Se mencionan tres tipos de estudios de casos: descriptivos, diagnósticos y de intervención. A pesar de que los estudios de casos proporcionan datos de problemas psicológicos reales, no permiten establecer relaciones causales ni generalizar los hallazgos. Finalmente, se resalta que los estudios de caso y los diseños de caso único contribuyen a la comprensión básica de la psicopatología.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Psicopatología
💡Método experimental
💡Diseño cuasiexperimental
💡Sujetos clínicos
💡Sujetos no clínicos
💡Validez interna
💡Validez externa
💡Diseño de caso único
💡Correlacional
💡Problema de la tercera variable
Highlights
La metodología experimental es crucial para inferir relaciones causales entre los trastornos psicopatológicos.
Se pueden aplicar metodologías experimentales a diseños de caso único y grupales.
Los sujetos clínicos son aquellos diagnosticados con algún trastorno psicopatológico, como depresión o fobias.
Uno de los problemas en la investigación con sujetos clínicos es la falta de acuerdo en los diagnósticos entre profesionales.
Los sujetos no clínicos son aquellos que no han sido diagnosticados con ninguna enfermedad psicopatológica.
Los experimentos cuasi-experimentales a menudo implican muestras de sujetos no seleccionados aleatoriamente.
El método experimental análogo permite inducir en laboratorio estados psicopatológicos similares a los observados en contextos naturales.
Una de las principales críticas al método experimental análogo es su validez externa, ya que los resultados de laboratorio no siempre se pueden generalizar.
El estudio de casos permite realizar un análisis intensivo del sujeto, basándose en su historia clínica y biográfica.
Los diseños de caso único permiten medir repetidamente una variable dependiente a lo largo del tiempo bajo diferentes condiciones experimentales.
El método correlacional, aunque no permite verificar hipótesis causales, es útil para describir y clasificar comportamientos anormales.
Uno de los problemas de los diseños cuasi-experimentales es la asignación errónea de sujetos a diferentes grupos debido a factores como el marco teórico de la investigación.
Los estudios de caso ofrecen datos valiosos basados en problemas psicológicos reales, aunque estos datos pueden estar sesgados por problemas de diagnóstico y tratamiento clínico.
La cronificación de un trastorno puede influir en los resultados de la investigación, ya que los pacientes agudos y crónicos pueden comportarse de manera diferente.
La replicación de efectos en los diseños de caso único es crucial para la validez interna y la generalización de los resultados.
Transcripts
Today we released chapter we start with Chapter 3 of Volume
1 which it is research methods psychopathology
We began with the introduction Psychopathology has advanced thanks to the
application methods experimental but what it is the reason
by experimental methods They have contributed to the advancement of
psychopathology the reason is that the approximation
experimental is the most appropriate for infer causal relationships between
psychopathological disorders and what kind of designs apply the
even though it is experimental methodology possible to apply the methodology
to experimental designs unique case and Psychopathology has always been more
relevance group methodology but what kind
of subjects we can use in psychopathological research the
subject types that can be used They can be very different
for example in laboratories experimental pathology are used
but often subject animals Participants can also be used
both clinical and non-human clinical and clinical subject is
clinical subjects are in theory should exhibit greater
but in the psychopathological disturbance practice this is not always the case as
Multiple factors that can determine the characterization of a
clinical subject as well have a subject is clinical when it has been
diagnosed with some kind of entity psychopathological e.g.
pressures made He had panic disorder phobias
social to give some examples
but what is the main problem determining whether a subject is
clinical or explained A major problem is that sometimes
ie there is agreement and skill between diagnoses that do a
professional and makes another professional
Another problem is that going to a health center may be determined
by factors that are not directly related clinical elements
ie related factors the environmental situation of the individual
a time determined for example family pressures trends
manifest a sick role among others On the other hand we wonder what a
nonclinical subject a non-clinical subject It is a subject that has not been
diagnosed with some kind of psychopathological disease ie
in principle it belongs to the people Normal but with his selection to
nonclinical subjects the one clinical subjects are selected
by analogy with clinical subjects based on psychological characteristics
for example equivalent scores a high anxiety questionnaire
I want to say something important to the When considering this issue and take
concepts that subject does not subclinical and clinical subject analogue
Clinical are synonymous ie whenever we mention one of
these three concepts relates to the same concept
Now we will discuss an example of research with two groups of its
These nonclinical so we can try to investigate differences
on some psychopathological aspect between two groups of non-clinical subjects
in the first group we have to high rate so that is by
above the average of a test depression and a second group have
the score below the average in a test of depression
Thus we have the subjects of the first ie group who score
above the average pressure in this cd It is called subclinical or similar
clinical Now we wonder how it applies the
experimental methodology Psychopathology methodology
applies experimental psychopathology experimental method in a sense
but strict control variables What happens when still moving
based on the methodology experimental cut is not possible to carry
out this strict control variables
In this case we have a methodology or so experience but
which is a quasi experienced a quasi experiment is an experiment in which
samples of subjects not often randomly selects
subjects or subjects used clinical Subclinical now we have an example of
an experiment oasis Suppose we want to investigate whether
the true procedural schizophrenics type of information differently
normal people one Research of this type is
involve experimental methodology as it stated in terms of a
control laboratory where the independent variables and measured
objective variables Now pending to carry out
this research should be separated subjects previously
schizophrenics normal subjects In this case schizophrenia Variable
even as an independent variable is not a variable manipulate it
only selected which is They are violating the basic principles
experimentation therefore it is in this case a
method or so experience but what cases the methodology is applied
the experimental psychopathology Experimental methodology is applied
Psychopathology only what called experimental analogue and is
an experimental analogue analogue is experimental induction
experimental in one or more subjects a series of normal conditions
analogous to the condition It is performed by psychopathological
laboratory manipulation of suitable as independent variables
how subjects are chosen in a in an analogous experimental analogous
experimental subjects one selection if we choose randomly to finish
Introduction Chapter we do the question what limitations
We found in the experimental analogue the main constraints
We found in the experimental analogue It comes and ethics imposed by itself
experimentation
we will continue to point 2 which is research in psychopathology and
We started with the question what are the objectives of Psychopathology
Psychopathology pursues the following ends
first explain the principles abnormal behavior governing second
Instead of writing the clinical manifestations of
mental disorders and thirdly classify mental disorders
categories from the features described
previously but in reference to the objectives just mentioned that
methodological procedures adopts psychopathology the symptomatology
developed through the scientific research and adopts
two methodological procedures derivatives hypothetical method
Deductive ie orientation correlates and orientation
experience but to address the psychopathological problems what
type of subject is necessary to resort is necessary to use one hand to
clinical subjects and subjects not Clinical and on the other hand it is necessary
use human and animal subjects Experimental but how are selected
normal subjects and animals experimental
normal subjects and animals Experimental selection form
random to form different groups will be compared
subsequently which it is one of the basic requirements of category
in experimental methodology that is one of the basic requirements
experimental methodology is that oria select subjects dead mind
as opposed clinical subjects ie those who have been diagnosed
a psychopathological disorder not You can choose randomly as
there is a requirement is not surprising as I just said that these subjects
we suffer from the pathology works and to conclude this section
We can say that in reference to basic dimensions of a
research objectives are subject and control variables
There are three different levels that in the analogous experimental level
clinical level and the level Epidemiological and it is precisely these
three levels which we will study We will now continue the
point 3 which is similar level of and we began experimenting with
Wondering how you can apply the experimental method in psychopathology
a way of applying the method experimental psychopathology comes
determined through analog experimental but what concerns the
experimental analogue is used the analogue that consists of
induce in the laboratory subjects normal animals or in a state
anal disease that is equivalent some psychopathological disorder
observed in a natural context but this case is experimentally induced
but what is the value of the analogue experimental research
psychopathological it something experimental It has a remarkable value in the
psychopathological research as enables the development of models
on psychopathological behaviors helping to ascertain the relevant
cause and effect relationships in other words mechanisms
biological disorder and we It allows experimental analogue
analog disease allows establish control and poor
manipulation of variables in the study of abnormal behavior that is us
lets you apply one of the main characteristics of the method
is experimental control variables
further experimental analogue is appropriate to test the hypothesis
derived theories processes but relevant psychopathological
criticism has received analog experimental experimental analogue has
It has been criticized for its external validity and It is questioned if possible
generalizing the results the laboratory with an altered behavior
network but possible solution exists to address the lack of external validity
experimental analogue lack of external validity analog
experimental can be solved if similar experience has been well
and if built generalizations established with due caution
conclude this section we wonder what support it has received
analogous experimental support for analogous experimental psychopathology
It has been suggested that this methodology It provides a significant improvement in
conceptual precision analysis behavioral psychology
psychopathological we will continue point 4 which is clinically and
We started with the question what is the main feature level
clinical the main feature level
Clinical data is used usually come subjects
clinical ie are patients who
If a disorder is diagnosed psychopathological but what are the
Clinically benefits one of the advantages of living
Clinical data is based on Clinical samples are obtained
from real psychological problems However this advantage does not confer
the ability of clinical data convert data more bathrooms
but what problems found in the clinical data a major problem
with respect to clinical data is They based on biased samples
multiple ways to complete this section means that at this point
We mention several concepts repeats in paragraphs
Subsequent so for this reason preferred not dwell at this point
we will continue with paragraph A Point 4 is relational designs
and began to question what procedures consist
the correlational methodology They are often correlated
examine relationships produced between two or more variables
the method further correlate allows compare two or more groups of subjects and
either clinical or normal based on any psychopathological feature
but what are the relevant disadvantages of the method correlates
the method relative to disadvantage that does not allow us
verify causal hypotheses and what the main value of the method
correlational in the Psychopathology Main value method
relation to psychopathology is that can describe and classify
abnormal behavior so what are the main
limitations associated with correlational strategies is one of the
major limitations associated alex correlation strategies is the
third problem variable to conclude this section I
we do with the question what is the third variable problem
This is a problem associated with correlational designs is indicating
sometimes the variation ie the observed correlation between two
may depend on some factors variable or process not specified
I interpreted here as a kind of extraneous variable
we will continue with paragraph b point 4 which is quasi methods
Experimental and start with the ask what these methods
quasiexperimental quasi Experiments are experiments in which
samples of subjects not selected randomly often used 10
critical subjects or subjects subclinical quasi methods
It is applied experimental something similar experimental methodology
However working with patients bears some limitations associated
defined by the existence of a minor control variables compared
experimental procedures but what kind of patients often
use in the laboratory and Psychopathology is often investigate
some laboratory situations basic aspect of abnormal behavior
using patients ie subjects Clinicians who have the disorder and
also subjects although not diagnosed exhibit levels
higher than normal subjects some psychopathological variable is
say these are the subjects referred Subclinical subject but what problems
designs found in the quasi Experimental not present
in experimental designs
Below I will list some of these problems we find in
quasi experimental designs First we have problems
refer to the diagnosis of subjects which must be assigned to different
groups This means that the allocation of
clinical subject to different groups is not free of errors
produced by multiple factors such as the theoretical framework of research between
others as a second problem encountered in
quasi-experimental designs have related problems
clinical treatment in this case it refers to a
research problem done with patients who previously
They have been treated in many ways so the problem is presented in
difficulty to match subjects Based on the treatment
the problem is associated with the chronicity of the tractor
so here it means that not He placed behave the same way the
acute chronic patients We must also not forget that
chronicity It is not a question of all or nothing if not
it is a gradual process and continuous
The fourth problem is is related to the severity of symptoms
clinical clinical severity can manifest through different
dimensions which can induce different effects on outcomes
Research To conclude this section we can
say that the existence of problems just mentioned that
designs found in the quasi Experimental not mean that
investigations with this methodology are worthless but
convenient to take this into account because They may limit law
from research we will continue with paragraph is given
Point 4 is single-case designs and We started with the question what
It is an experiment single case experiment only case is
focuses on the subject's behavior which individually register
continuously in time under different experimental conditions
but what are the characteristics of A unique case in the first
we place the variable is dependent measure repeatedly
and continues secondly we have an initial registration is performed
conduct baseline called third we need to generally
independent variable is usually a treatment
fourth have the Individual internal variability
the subject's behavior is controlled by the number of measures and fifthly
the data we have an order and timing but here we
We ask what happens to the validity internal designs unique case
the inner life case designs only is very high
remember that internal validity is the degree of confidence with which they can be
infer causal relationships between independent variable and the variable
dependent on the other hand we We ask what happens to the validity
outer case in designs unique remember that the outer balls is
degree of confidence to generalize research results
and in one case designs We have a low level of generalization
ie a low external dances conclude this section we ask
What are the characteristics that must comply
He designed this unique case from of them to make inferences
you dance Here are four characteristics
Essential First we have the
dependent variables must be measured repeatedly through several phases
second experiment the assessment of temporal variability
patient Third explanation
Careful variables independent of the status of
Patient characteristics third place we replication
the effects of the application we It allows for internal validity and
replication also is a factor critical to generalize the results
In this case we refer to the validity external because we are talking about the
generalization of information we have obtained
we will continue with the section 10.4 is case studies and here
we wonder why are characterized case studies studies
cases are characterized by involve intensive study of the subject and
based on clinical history subject ie historical aspects
biographical individual subjects
the case study has no control
no control for this reason does not establish relations or
generalization here we wonder what the
types of research studies we have three types of case study
If the first case study does not ie therapeutic study
descriptive based on biographies of individuals
Second case study diagnosis and evaluation
This is a descriptive study It has psychometric instruments
to carry out the diagnosis of conduct and thirdly we
case studies of intervention or therapeutic in this case once the
researcher has been interested for conduct disorder describes the course
nature of such disorder or develop intervention to treat
problem but that has served the Psychopathology for part
descriptive of mental disorders the descriptive part of the
Psychopathology has served mostly Evidence obtained from the
clinical subjects a common way obtaining clinical data has been
Through case studies is ata tell from the
Traditional case histories but what are the advantages of
Data from clinical samples based clinical data show
They have the advantage that they are obtained From real psychological problems
However this advantage does not confer the ability of clinical data
turning them into the most valid data to increase awareness of
psychopathology In fact the clinical nature of the
Patients often associated with related problems
diagnosis and clinical treatment chronicity disease severity
I can see as many involved factors why you can not give him
the absolute level of validity to clinical data
Now we wonder what models contribute to psychopathology
Descriptive basic knowledge of both case studies and designs
Experimental single case we have studied in the previous section
contribute to psychopathology one important basic knowledge
descriptive it is impossible to obtain From designs with large
number of subjects to complete this paragraph can say that studies
case studies and designs Experimental single case
are forms of research based on individual subjects in
that observation plays a role predominant
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