客观评价中国的马克思哲学 ｜社会发展“五阶段论”为何是错误的？｜馬克思｜資本主義｜教材｜社會主義｜哲學｜中國歷史｜封建社会

Summary

视频讨论了马克思的五阶段社会发展理论，分析了中国和苏联对该理论的修改及其目的，并探讨了如何评估中国版马克思主义与马克思本人观点。视频指出，五阶段理论主要源自列宁和斯大林，而马克思本人并未将其视为普世法则，特别是对于东方社会如中国和印度的发展模式有不同看法。视频还讨论了马克思主义在现代中国和俄罗斯的吸引力，以及其在政治上的利用价值。

Takeaways

• 📘 马克思的五阶段社会发展理论被列宁和斯大林修改，形成了苏联和中国特有的社会发展阶段理论。
• 🌏 中国和苏联对马克思理论的修改目的是适应各自的社会政治需求，特别是在解释和指导国家的历史发展方向上。
• 📜 中国的政治教科书如《马克思主义基本原理》将社会发展划分为原始社会、奴隶社会、封建社会、资本主义社会和共产主义社会，这一划分被视为普遍适用的法则。
• 🔍 教科书强调社会发展的顺序性和阶段性，但也提到历史发展的曲折性和跳跃性，显示理论的灵活性和复杂性。
• 🇨🇳 中国的历史教科书将中国从夏代到清代的历史描绘为按照封建社会的线性发展，但马克思本人对于社会发展阶段的看法与此有较大差异。
• 📖 马克思的理论主要关注西欧的发展路径，他对亚洲的“亚洲生产方式”有所提及，认为亚洲的社会结构与西欧截然不同。
• 🏰 马克思批评亚洲历史的停滞性和集权体系，认为亚洲的传统结构阻碍了社会的动态发展和个体的自由。
• 💡 马克思并不认为中国和俄罗斯的革命与他的理论密切相关，他的理论更多地被用于批判和解构西方资本主义社会。
• 🌟 中国的马克思主义教科书强调反帝国主义和民族主义的观点，这一点吸引了中国知识分子，并加深了对西方的批判。
• 🔖 本视频讨论马克思理论如何被苏联和中国特定历史语境改造，并探讨这些改造的影响和现代意义。

Q & A

马克思的五阶段社会发展理论是什么？

马克思的五阶段社会发展理论认为，社会历史可以划分为五种社会形态：原始社会、奴隶社会、封建社会、资本主义社会和共产主义社会。这些社会形态的依次更替是社会和历史运动的一般过程和普遍规律，展现了社会变革的统一性。

中国教科书如何应用五阶段理论来解释中国历史？

在中国教科书中，根据五阶段理论，中国的历史被解释为：夏、商、周为奴隶社会，从秦朝到清朝为封建社会，明清时期为晚期封建社会，资本主义萌芽开始出现。这种解释将中国历史的整个发展过程线性地理解为按照五阶段理论的顺序发展。

苏联如何修改马克思的社会发展理论？

苏联的列宁和斯大林对马克思的社会发展理论进行了修改，他们在社会主义社会之前的阶段划分为原始社会、奴隶制、农奴制和资本主义，并将这五种社会形态的依次演变解释为社会发展的普遍规律。

马克思本人是如何看待他自己的社会发展理论的普遍性的？

马克思本人并不认为他的社会发展理论具有普遍性。他明确表示，这些社会发展阶段主要针对西欧的历史，而对于东方社会，如俄国、中国和印度，他认为它们采用的是与西欧完全不同的“亚细亚生产方式”，因此不能简单地应用同样的社会发展规律。

马克思对东方社会的基本特征有何看法？

马克思认为东方社会的基本特征是生产力水平很低，主要以农业和家庭手工业为主，实行村社制度，土地所有权属于皇帝，普通人只有使用权。由于生产方式的封闭性，导致了静态的社会结构和集中的权威体制。

为什么中国和苏联会选择马克思主义作为国家的指导思想？

中国和苏联选择马克思主义，是因为马克思主义在为其党的决策提供理论支持方面具有不可替代的优势。马克思主义作为一种西方非主流文化，批评西方文化，符合东方农业国家知识分子的心理需求。此外，马克思主张的阶级斗争和暴力革命理论，为一些国家通过暴力手段夺取政权提供了道德上的正当性。

视频中提到，马克思对中国和苏联的态度如何？

视频中提到，马克思对中国和苏联持有贬低的态度，他认为这些东方社会不仅没有达到西欧的封建社会水平，而且处于更为原始和古老的停滞和衰败状态，需要被发达国家拯救才能摆脱停滞。

马克思如何看待资本主义的未来？

马克思认为资本主义会陷入结构性危机，必然导致崩溃。他认为资本主义会导致技术停滞，并产生越来越贫困的工人阶级。然而，历史上的事实表明，资本主义并没有导致阶级极化，也没有必然导致技术停滞。

视频中提到的“亚细亚生产方式”有哪些特点？

“亚细亚生产方式”的特点包括生产力水平低，生产方式主要是农业和家庭手工业，实行村社制度，土地所有权归皇帝所有，普通人仅有使用权。这种生产方式的封闭性导致了静态的社会结构和集中的权威体制。

马克思如何看待英国在印度的统治？

马克思认为英国在印度的统治虽然出于卑鄙的利益，但客观上打破了印度的传统社会结构和村社制度，为印度带来了一系列灾难，同时也为印度的历史进步提供了条件。他认为，尽管英国东印度公司在印度犯下了罪行，但其行为客观上成为了历史进步的无意识工具。

视频中提到的“五阶段理论”的修改和应用有哪些问题？

视频中提到，五阶段理论的应用存在问题，因为它过于绝对化，容易被质疑。尽管教科书中强调历史发展的曲折性和跃进性，但这种解释往往显得含糊不清，缺乏具体性。此外，五阶段理论的修改和应用往往带有强烈的政治宣传色彩，忽视了历史的复杂性和多样性。

Outlines

00:00

📚 马克思五阶段社会发展理论简介

该段落介绍了马克思的五阶段社会发展理论，包括原始社会、奴隶社会、封建社会、资本主义社会和共产主义社会。这一理论在中国和苏联的历史教科书中被广泛采用，用以解释人类社会的发展和变革。同时，也提到了这一理论在中国的普及程度，以及人们对它的普遍理解。此外，还讨论了中国和苏联是如何修改和发展这一理论的，以及这些修改背后的动机和目的。

05:01

🌏 马克思主义在中国和苏联的发展与应用

这部分内容讨论了马克思主义哲学在中国的传播和应用，特别是苏联对中国马克思主义的影响。提到了毛泽东关于中国从周秦到晚清都属于封建社会的观点，以及鸦片战争后中国成为半殖民地半封建社会的情况。此外，还探讨了中国革命中的民族主义情绪，以及马克思本人对于东方社会特别是中国和俄国的看法，指出马克思并不认为五阶段理论适用于所有社会。

10:01

🏛️ 封建社会与东方社会的特点

这一段落深入探讨了封建社会和东方社会的特点，特别是中国社会的历史发展。指出了中国社会与西欧封建社会的差异，包括土地所有权、国家与资本的关系，以及农民的处境。同时，也提到了马克思对于东方社会的批判，他认为东方社会的发展受到了限制，需要外部力量的干预才能打破停滞。

15:02

💭 马克思对东方社会与革命的看法

这部分内容分析了马克思对东方社会特别是中国和俄国的态度，以及他对革命的看法。马克思认为东方社会比西欧社会更为落后，需要外部的冲击才能实现进步。同时，他也认为资本主义的内在矛盾会导致其崩溃，而工人阶级的革命能够建立一个更高生产力的社会。此外，还讨论了马克思对于暴力革命的支持，以及这一理论如何为后来的国家提供道德上的正当性。

20:03

🎥 视频总结与反思

在视频的最后部分，主讲人对前面讨论的内容进行了总结，并提出了一些反思。他提到了如果马克思活在1949年的中国，可能会对中国的革命持有不同的看法。同时，也探讨了为什么中国和苏联会选择马克思主义，尽管马克思本人对东方社会持有贬低的态度。最后，主讲人推荐观众观看他的其他视频，并提供了联系方式和加入会员的信息。

Keywords

💡马克思的五阶段社会发展理论

马克思的五阶段社会发展理论是马克思主义历史唯物主义的一个重要组成部分，它将社会历史划分为原始社会、奴隶社会、封建社会、资本主义社会和共产主义社会五种社会形态，并认为这些社会形态是依次更替的。在视频中，提到中国和苏联对这一理论进行了修改，以适应各自的社会发展情况。

💡辩证法

辩证法是马克思主义哲学的一个重要组成部分，它强调事物的普遍联系和发展变化，认为事物之间存在着相互依存、相互影响的关系，并且事物内部的矛盾是推动事物发展的根本动力。在视频中，提到了辩证法与“物质决定意识”的关系。

💡物质决定意识

“物质决定意识”是马克思主义哲学中的一个基本原理，它认为人的意识和社会意识形态是由社会的物质生活条件所决定的。这一观点强调经济基础对上层建筑的决定作用。

💡中国特色社会主义

中国特色社会主义是指中国共产党根据中国的国情和时代特点，对马克思主义基本原理进行创新性发展的一种社会主义发展模式。它强调改革开放，注重经济建设和社会主义市场经济体制的建立。

💡苏联模式

苏联模式是指苏联在20世纪初期到中期，根据马克思列宁主义理论建立的一种高度集中化的社会主义经济和政治体制。这种模式强调国家的计划经济和政治集权。

💡历史唯物主义

历史唯物主义是马克思和恩格斯创立的一种历史观，它认为物质生产方式是社会发展的决定性力量，社会的政治、法律、宗教、哲学等上层建筑是建立在经济基础之上的，而经济基础是由生产力和生产关系两部分构成的。

💡社会形态更替

社会形态更替是指社会从一个发展阶段过渡到另一个发展阶段的过程，这个过程通常伴随着生产力的发展和生产关系的变革。在马克思主义理论中，社会形态更替是历史发展的必然趋势。

💡帝国主义

帝国主义是指资本主义发展到一定阶段后，资本输出和对外扩张的一种经济和政治现象。它通常伴随着强国对弱国的压迫和剥削，以及在全球范围内的殖民扩张。

💡封建社会

封建社会是一种以封建制度为特征的社会形态，主要特点是土地分封制和领主与农奴之间的关系。在这种社会中，领主拥有土地和对农奴的统治权，而农奴则依附于领主，为其耕种土地。

💡社会主义

社会主义是一种社会和经济制度，其核心理念是生产资料公有制和按劳分配，旨在消除阶级差别和实现社会公平正义。在马克思主义理论中，社会主义被认为是过渡到共产主义的一个必经阶段。

Highlights

马克思的五阶段社会发展理论被广泛地应用于中国和苏联的历史解读中。

中国教科书中对历史的解读遵循五阶段理论，将社会历史分为原始社会、奴隶社会、封建社会、资本主义社会和共产主义社会。

五阶段理论强调社会历史发展的普遍性和顺序性，但也承认历史发展的曲折性。

列宁和斯大林对五阶段理论做出了重要贡献，特别是在社会主义社会之前的社会发展阶段的划分上。

毛泽东在《中国革命和中国共产党》一文中，将中国从周秦到清末的历史都归为封建社会。

马克思本人并没有将五阶段理论视为普遍适用的历史发展规律，而是主要用于描述西欧的历史。

马克思在《政治经济学批判》序言中提到，亚洲、古代、封建和现代资产阶级的生产方式可以经济地经过几个时代。

马克思认为东方社会如中国、俄罗斯和印度采用的是“亚细亚生产方式”，与西欧的社会形态完全不同。

马克思对东方社会的停滞和落后持批判态度，并认为这些社会需要外部力量的干预才能摆脱停滞。

马克思在《英国在印度的统治》一文中，认为英国殖民统治虽然带来了灾难，但也无意中推动了历史的进步。

马克思对中国和俄罗斯的评价较低，认为这些东方国家的发展水平较低，且处于停滞和衰退状态。

尽管马克思本人可能不会赞同中国和苏联的革命模式，但他的暴力革命理论为这些国家的权力夺取提供了道德上的正当性。

马克思主义在中国和苏联被选中的原因在于其在证明政党决策方面的不可替代性，以及对西方文明的批判。

马克思主义的非主流性和对西方文化的批评性，恰好迎合了东方农业国家知识分子的心理需求。

马克思主张的暴力阶级斗争理论在某些国家通过暴力夺取权力的过程中提供了模式和道德上的正当性。

恩格斯在晚年对暴力革命模型进行了一些反思，这可以从他后期的著作中看出。

视频制作者通过对马克思哲学的评估，探讨了马克思主义在中国和苏联的应用及其与马克思原始观点的差异。

视频提供了对马克思理论的深入分析，包括其对中国和苏联历史解读的影响和评价。

视频鼓励观众探索和理解马克思主义理论的复杂性和其在不同文化和历史背景下的应用。

Transcripts

Hello everyone, I'm Anthony

Welcome to subscribe to my channel

This video

I want to talk about Marx’s five-stage theory of social development

This is also our discussion series on Marx’s philosophy.

The third video

In the first two videos

we talked

The two topics of dialectics and "material determines consciousness"

Interested friends can click on the upper right corner to watch

What about this video?

we will analyze

China and the Soviet Union

How to modify Marx’s theory of social development

and what is the purpose of this modification

Finally we will discuss

How to evaluate the Chinese version of Ma Zhe

and Marx’s own views

The so-called “five-stage theory of social development”

I think most people who went to school in China

None of them are unfamiliar

this theory

Many Chinese people still

The basic framework for understanding the development of human society

Political textbooks in Chinese universities

"Basic Principles of Marxism"

Page 133 states:

"Social history can be divided into five social forms

primitive society

slave society, feudal society

capitalist society and communist society

The sequential replacement of these five social forms

It is the general process of social and historical movements

and general rules

It shows the unity of social change. "

Summarize this passage

It has two meanings:

First, it stipulates human history

from primitive society to communist society

This sequence develops

Can't mess it up

Human society is also constantly progressing

There will be no going backwards;

The second is to emphasize that this is a universal law

It is universally applicable

Chinese history textbooks

It is also described according to this theory.

for example

The book I have in my hand is the first volume of the seventh grade edition.

history textbook

In the ninth lesson, it was said: "The unification of Qin

Established the first unified government in the history of our country

A multi-ethnic feudal country. "

According to the textbook

China before the Xia Dynasty was a primitive society

Xia, Shang and Zhou were slave societies

From the Qin Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty, it was a feudal society

The Ming and Qing Dynasties were the late feudal society

The sprouts of capitalism began to appear

In short

The entire history of China developed linearly in this way.

but

Anything you say is too absolute.

are easily questioned

For this reason, the textbook was followed by two more patches.

Emphasize that this historical development pattern is tortuous

Next I will quote some textbooks

If everyone finds it uncomfortable to hear

You can press and hold to fast forward

The textbook says it on page 135:

"Changes in social form

It also shows the progress and twists and turns of history.

The unity of sequence and span

progress, sequence

Mainly refers to

The basic trend of the sequential evolution of five social forms

but it does not deny

The twists and turns and leaps of historical development. "

This sentence makes people feel confused and confused.

There seems to be a feeling of comprehensiveness

but very empty

Then the textbook said:

"A new social system replaces the old social system

sometimes it's not

from the old social system

Typical countries with relatively sufficient development begin

And it is easier to develop in the old system which is not very perfect

Or a breakthrough in a very inadequate place

this

It not only reflects the tortuous nature of the process of social form replacement,

It also represents the leapfrog nature of social form change.

Provided conditions and historical opportunities. "

To illustrate this passage

The textbook also lists two examples:

"For example

The capitalist system is in Europe

And not in China where the feudal system is highly developed

Waiting for Eastern countries

Be the first to win

The socialist system first appeared in Russia

China and other economically and culturally backward countries

And not in Europe and America

more developed capitalist countries

be established

These are all obvious examples. "

alright

Now let’s briefly evaluate

The above paragraphs

Let me start by saying this is a terrible theory

Because it's almost always correct

always invincible

It is preset first

all societies

will develop and advance according to this law

but

If you point out that some societies don't develop like this

it will say

This just shows the tortuous nature of the development of things

But it cannot be explained more specifically

When do things take a twist?

when will it move forward

This has a very brainwashing effect

So where does this five-stage theory come from?

In fact, it was mainly the creation of Lenin and Stalin

In 1919 Lenin in his article "On the State"

the stage before socialist society

summarized as primitive society

slave society

Serfdom and Capitalism

Stalin in 1938

In "On Dialectical Materialism and Historical Materialism"

Divide society into five major types: primitive commune system

slave ownership

Feudalism, Capitalism, Socialism

and

Explains the relationship between the sequential evolution of these five stages

Marxist Philosophy in China

Basically inherited from the Soviet Union

A typical text is an article by Mao Zedong

"Chinese Revolution and the Communist Party of China"

This article first talks about China from Zhou Qin to late Qing Dynasty

All belong to feudal society

The contradiction between the peasant class and the landlord class

is the main social contradiction

Then it was mentioned that after China entered the Opium War in 1840,

It began to become a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society.

This concept should be said to be the creation of Mao Zedong

Mao Zedong believed that imperialism invaded China

Need to collude with feudal forces

to suppress the development of capitalism in China

This resulted in China being unable to transform from feudal society

evolve into capitalist society

Instead, it became an imperialist colony.

According to this five-stage theory of social development,

China itself can absolutely go smoothly

from feudal society

Evolving to a more advanced stage of capitalism

but

Imperialism interrupted China’s evolution and upgrading process

so

Although there are many reactionary forces in Chinese society

For example, the remnants of feudalism, the bourgeoisie, and the comprador class

Warlords, bureaucrats, etc.

But the main culprit is imperialism

That is, Western external forces

because

These feudal remnants and comprador warlords in China

In the final analysis, they are still taking orders from imperialism.

this concept

Successfully ignited local xenophobia in China

and nationalistic sentiments

Because it clearly has this meaning:

That is to say, all the problems in China

All attributed to imperialist aggression and oppression

As the book "Revolution and Counterrevolution" says:

"At the end of the Qing Dynasty

The revolutionaries have eliminated the root causes of all China's ills

blame the monarchy

The charm of the slogan "Down with imperialism" lies in

It brings all poverty and backwardness in China

Blame it all on imperialism

Therefore, it has strong political appeal

and nationalist demagoguery

Then China's disaster will be

All blamed on foreign economic and political penetration

the opinion of

It does have an almost universal appeal to young people. "

In fact, until today

you will find

Chinese society is still like this

Of course it needs to be explained that

Imperialism here mainly refers to Western countries

Does not include Russia and the Soviet Union

Although the Soviet Union or Russia

The threat posed to modern China is much greater

So

Marx himself

How do you view this theory of China and the Soviet Union?

in fact

Marx never expressed this meaning

In the 1859 Preface to the Critique of Political Economy

Marx did say:

"In general

Asiatic

ancient

Feudal and modern bourgeois modes of production

Can

economic social form

Evolution through several eras. "

But Marx's tone was weak

These eras were not

regarded as a universal law that measures all societies

Marx’s summary of the stages of social development

Mainly for the history of Western Europe

According to Marx

Only Western European society is based on slavery society

Feudal society and capitalist society developed in this way

For the history of Western Europe

Practices that rise to the general laws of the development of human society

Marx was clearly opposed to

In "Letter to the Editorial Board of the Motherland Documentary Magazine" in 1877

Marx said:

If I must tell "about Western Europe"

A historical overview of the origins of capitalism

Completely transformed into a general development path

"Philosophical Theory of History"

Then this would give him "too much insult"

According to Marx

Oriental society

That is Russia, China and India

Adopting the "Asiatic Production Method"

Therefore, it is completely different from the social form of Western Europe.

Naturally, it is impossible to share the same set of development laws.

The so-called "Asiatic mode of production"

It has this characteristic: productivity is very low

The mode of production is mainly agriculture and cottage industry.

implement village commune system

Land ownership is public ownership

In other words, the emperor owns it all

Ordinary people only have the right to use

Due to the closed nature of Asia's production methods

inevitably leads to a static social structure

and centralized authoritarian systems

Marx believed:

Asia's history

It is an undifferentiated unity of urban and rural areas

real big city

It can only be regarded as "the fortress of the prince" here.

Here is a comparison with medieval Europe

The division of labor between urban and rural areas in Europe

are the conditions for the emergence of capitalism

Cities gave birth to commercial capitalism and the citizen class

and subsequently formed a constraint on political power.

culture

In Eastern societies such as China,

Cities are not free soil

It is the seat of authority

centralized authoritarian system

make the state-owned economy

The government-run economy firmly controls

The lifeblood of the entire social economy

Cities cannot produce blood

Instead, it sucks blood

Cities are not the product of free economics

but a derivative of the political system

whole society

The economy is still dominated by self-sufficient small farmers.

large-scale capitalist industry and commerce

always difficult to form

Therefore it is impossible for Marx to think

China from Qin to Qing was a feudal society

Not to mention the emergence of capitalism.

Chinese textbooks describe China after the Qin Dynasty

feudal state

However, in the feudal society of Western Europe

In addition to feudal lords, serfs

There is a dependency relationship

There will be no other dependencies

but in china

Not only yeoman farmers and tenant farmers

including landowners

It is up to the state to organize households and equalize the people.

There is a dependence relationship between the capital and state power

Therefore, we have to bear the heavy taxes and servitude imposed by the court.

The oppression suffered by ordinary farmers in ancient China

It is also much larger than the serfs in Western Europe.

this also means

That kind of independent personality

The spirit of individualism and liberalism

Want to break through from China

We are about to face Europe's emergence from the Middle Ages

much greater resistance

China’s Marxist textbooks say

The feudal system in ancient China was more developed than in the West

But actually

Marx believed

Eastern societies like China

Not only did it not reach the level of feudal society in Western Europe,

And it is a more primitive and ancient

a state of stagnation and decay

Therefore, they can only be rescued by developed nations.

thereby getting rid of stagnation

this kind of thinking

Concentrated in 1853

The article "British Rule in India"

In the text

Marx recognized the British colonists gave India

causing a series of disasters

It also destroyed the traditional social structure of India.

and village community system

Originally under the village commune system

Indian families are independent organizations

Living a solitary life

But free trade in Britain

and the productivity brought about by the steam engine

India's traditional subsistence family craft industry

Being squeezed out of the market due to inefficiency

Indian traditional family culture and ethics

In the face of the productive forces of British capitalism

inevitable decline

certainly

This phenomenon occurred in the late Qing Dynasty

The same happened in China

In this regard

Marx provided an emotionally sympathetic understanding

He said: "From a purely human emotional point of view

Seeing with my own eyes these countless hard-working people

The peaceful social organization of the patriarchal system collapsed and disintegrated.

thrown into misery

See their members in person

A civilization that has lost its ancient form

and lost their ancestral means of livelihood.

It will be sad. "

But Marx then emphasized:

“These pastoral rural communes

No matter how harmless it may seem at first glance

But it has always been the solid foundation of the Eastern autocracy.

They limit the human mind to a very small area

Become a taming tool for superstition

Become a slave to traditional rules

Doesn't show any greatness

and the spirit of any historical initiative. "

Marx reminded:

These seemingly harmless villages in India

But it bears the stains of the caste system and slavery.

resulting in a barbaric worship of nature

for example

Indians pray to monkeys and cows etc.

Therefore, although Marx admitted

What Britain did in India

Completely driven by despicable interests

But he emphasized that the situation in Asia is stagnant

If there is no external interference

There is no way out of this stagnation

So no matter

What crimes did the British East India Company commit in India?

After all, it serves as an unconscious tool of history.

This is a typical Marxist way of thinking

From here we can also see Hegel’s

The shadow of the "evil power theory"

Marx admitted that

The British colonists were motivated by greed and selfishness

But this moral judgment

It is not the fundamental principle for looking at historical events.

What is the fundamental principle?

Is it conducive to the future liberation of mankind?

a greedy person

Although his actions are for his own benefit

But he may not realize it

shouldered the historical mission of awakening people

Unconsciously promote progress

Therefore Marx believed

higher level of civilization

to integrate lower levels of civilization

is reasonable

For example, the United States conquered Mexico

British colonization of India

It seems like things are progressing

Therefore, it is not surprising that

Marx's attitude towards the Opium War

In an article in June 1853

Marx believed

The Opium War shattered the authority of the Manchu dynasty

It also broke the barrier between the civilized world and the barbaric world.

make China, a closed country

Start communicating with the world

to be honest

Marx had a very low opinion of Russia and China

It can almost be said to be looked down upon.

And his ideal socialism

Naturally, we have nothing to do with these countries.

What if Marx had lived in China in 1949?

It’s hard to imagine how many big hats he will be slapped on

He would never think

What is the connection between China's revolution and himself?

According to Marx

Capitalism will fall into a structural crisis

Will inevitably lead to collapse

Because capitalism leads to technological stagnation

and produce an increasingly impoverished working class.

However

Marx believed

The working class is the representative of technological progress

Therefore the revolution of the working class

can be realised

Higher labor productivity than capitalism.

This logical chain

In fact, there are many mistakes and unrealistic places

What human history in the 20th century tells us

Capitalism does not lead to class polarization

It does not necessarily lead to technological stagnation.

Many of Marx’s predictions were wrong

But at least you can learn from the prophecy

See Marx’s own values

That is what Marx believed

Socialism should be a more technologically advanced

A system with higher labor productivity

Only in this way can it be said to be superior to capitalism

Marx believed

The working class is the representative of technological progress

Although this is not the case in reality

But Marx obviously would not agree

Peasants who lack education are the main force of the revolution

It is a representative of advanced productivity

And the Chinese revolution

from beginning to end

They all have a tendency to worship rural areas and manual labor.

The all-round development of free man idealized by Marx

It means that people can engage in mental work

You can also do manual labor

It's all voluntary

China understands it as

Let intellectuals dig trenches and plant trees

Go to rural areas and concentration camps to undergo labor reform

Marx advocated productivity and technological progress

Respect professional knowledge and learning

Mao Zedong emphasized more than once

Even peasants who are illiterate

They can also understand economic issues better than intellectuals

"Don't read too many books

Don’t read too many Marxist books

Just read ten or so books.

Reading too much will lead to the opposite

become a nerd

Become dogmatist and revisionist. "

This hostility to expertise

distance from Marx’s own thought

It's already too far away and can't be further away

If we use today's Chinese ideology

to evaluate Marx

no doubt

He is a serious insulter of China

a western centrist

He is also a bourgeois literati

and accomplices of imperialism

Then there is a key question here

Since Marx himself despised Eastern countries very much,

Why China and Russia

Still chose Marxism

I think this is because

Marxism in justifying the party’s decisions

Has irreplaceable advantages

In modern times

Both China and Russia are facing the impact of Western civilization

Native culture has lost its universal identity

As a Westerner, Marx

Proposed a large and complex theoretical system

Demonstrate why Western capitalist civilization must collapse

For Chinese intellectuals, this

is a huge incentive

The enemy of my enemy is my friend

Although Marxism also comes from the West,

But it is a non-mainstream

Western culture that criticizes Western culture

This just caters to

Eastern agricultural countries

Intellectuals criticize the psychological needs of the West

I was in this video on December 10 last year

said before:

“Bringing the culture and spirit of the country to

Said to be a higher level than capitalism

the existence of updates

This not only relieves anxiety

Well enough

Various social problems arising in Western society

Provide criticism and solutions

For example, criticizing the materialistic nature of Western society

consumerism etc.

thereby providing oneself with moral legitimacy

This obsession and fascination with overtaking in corners

It deeply attracted the Chinese intellectuals at that time. "

Another important reason is

Marx himself advocated violent class struggle

As he famously said

"Violence is the basis of every new society.

"The midwife of the old society"

According to Marx

Class contradictions are irreconcilable

As a political superstructure, the country

serve the exploiting class and

interests of the ruling class

Therefore this state machine

can only be destroyed by revolutionary violence

This is the dictatorship of the proletariat

dictatorship of the proletariat

Not only must we completely eliminate the state apparatus,

We also need to completely eliminate class distinctions.

Eliminated alienation

Let us not consider what Marx himself meant.

This theory is objectively

It is indeed a pattern for some countries to violently seize power.

provide some moral justification

In other words, seizing power by any means necessary

unabashed use of violence

are regarded as achieving the ultimate

Necessary means for human liberation

As long as my goals are good

No matter what method is used, it is just

Even if you make a mistake

It’s just hard exploration

tortuous progress

Sin in the present time

The work will last forever

Although Marx

Will not agree with the revolutionary models of China and the Soviet Union

But his theory of violent revolution

Indeed, in terms of accommodating evil

Has considerable capacity

It should be noted

Engels in his later years

Some reflections on the model of violent revolution

You can refer to this video I posted last year

Let’s stop here for today’s program.

Again, I recommend everyone to watch it

My other two videos evaluating Marx’s philosophy

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