7 Urban Models Every APHG Student Must Know! [AP Human Geography Unit 6 Topic 5]
Summary
TLDRThis video script provides an in-depth review of seven urban geography models essential for AP Human Geography students. Starting with a refresher on bid rent theory, the video progresses through models like Burgess's concentric zone, Hoyt's sector, and the multiple nuclei model, highlighting how each reflects the spatial layout and land use patterns influenced by factors like transportation, technology, and economic activities. The script also discusses how historical events like colonization have shaped city layouts in Latin America and sub-Saharan Africa, and how rapid urbanization has led to the emergence of informal settlements in these regions. The overview concludes with the Southeast Asian model, emphasizing the importance of ports and government roles in city development. The video aims to aid understanding of urban geography, offering resources for further study and exam preparation.
Takeaways
- π The bid rent theory explains how land use changes as you move away from the Central Business District (CBD), with land becoming cheaper and buildings becoming less dense.
- ποΈ The Burgess concentric zone model outlines the city structure with a CBD, transition zone, working-class homes, better residence zone, and commuter zone, but has become outdated due to urban changes.
- π Hoyt's sector model emphasizes the importance of transportation in city development, with economic activities centered around transportation routes, but has also become less relevant with changes in transport systems.
- π The Harrison and Almond multiple nuclei model highlights the presence of multiple CBDs and a complex spatial layout with different activities and services gravitating to specific nodes.
- π The galactic model (peripheral model) depicts a post-industrial city with a service-based economy, acknowledging edge cities and robust infrastructure systems, like the city of Atlanta.
- ποΈ The Latin American city model reflects the influence of European colonization, with a central plaza surrounded by government and religious buildings, and a distinct spatial layout across different cities in the region.
- ποΈ The sub-Saharan African city model shows the impact of European colonization with a grid pattern urban layout, featuring a colonial CBD, traditional CBD, and informal CBD or Market Zone.
- ποΈ Shanty towns and squatter settlements are found on the outskirts of cities in sub-Saharan Africa, a legacy of colonial era and continued urbanization.
- π’ The Southeast Asian city model is centered around a port due to geographical factors, colonial trading history, and rapid urbanization, with a focus on port-based commerce and government involvement.
- ποΈ Residential areas in Southeast Asian cities are not strictly separated by socioeconomic class, with suburban areas located next to squatter settlements, showing a mix of different income levels.
- πΎ Agricultural and newer industrial production are located outside the city in the Southeast Asian model, reflecting the city's development and economic activities.
Q & A
What is the bid rent theory and how does it impact urban land use patterns?
-The bid rent theory explains that as you move farther away from the Central Business District (CBD), land becomes cheaper. This affects the spatial layout of settlements and the way land and buildings are used. Areas closer to the CBD have more buildings close together and expand upwards, while areas farther away expand horizontally and are more dispersed. The theory helps us understand the location of different industries and land use patterns in a city.
How does the Burgess concentric model depict the structure of a city?
-The Burgess concentric model represents a city as a series of concentric zones centered around the CBD. Starting from the center, there are the CBD, followed by the zone of transition with older homes and lower-income residents, then the working-class homes, the better residence zone with newer homes, and finally the commuter zone for people living outside city limits and commuting to work.
What are the key differences between the Hoyt sector model and the Burgess concentric model?
-The Hoyt sector model differs from the Burgess concentric model in its focus on transportation and the development of the city in sectors or wedges centered around specific sections. It is often influenced by economic and environmental factors, with industries and businesses locating near transportation routes for better access and shipping efficiency.
How does the Harrison and Almond multiple nuclei model differ from previous urban models?
-The Harrison and Almond multiple nuclei model introduces the concept of multiple CBDs and a more complex spatial layout. It suggests that different activities, services, people, businesses, and organizations are attracted to or repelled from specific nodes, leading to a less centralized urban structure.
What is the galactic model and how does it relate to the concept of edge cities?
-The galactic model, also known as the peripheral model, was developed in the 1960s and focuses on post-industrial cities where the economy is more service-based. It acknowledges the existence of edge cities, which are located outside city limits and are connected to the main city through robust infrastructure systems like beltways or highways.
How does the Latin American city model reflect the influence of European colonization?
-The Latin American city model shows the impact of European colonization through the central Plaza or Square surrounded by government and religious buildings. This reflects the Conquistadors' belief in putting God at the focus of society, leading to a consistent spatial layout across different cities in Latin America.
What are the three distinct CBDs in the sub-Saharan African city model?
-The sub-Saharan African city model has three CBDs: the colonial CBD which is the historic core with mixed-use buildings and narrow streets; the traditional CBD with vendors and low-rise buildings; and the informal CBD or Market Zone consisting of informal markets and manufacturers.
How does the Southeast Asian city model differ from other models in terms of its central focus?
-The Southeast Asian city model differs from other models by not having a traditional CBD. Instead, the city is centered around a port due to geographical factors, the city's development as a trading post during the colonial era, and the need for efficient goods transportation.
What is the demographic transition model mentioned in the context of sub-Saharan African cities?
-The demographic transition model is a theoretical framework that describes the transition from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates as a country develops from a pre-industrial to an industrialized economic state. In the context of sub-Saharan African cities, it is mentioned to explain the high urbanization rates and population growth leading to the expansion of informal settlements.
How does the concept of special economic zones relate to the Southeast Asian city model?
-In the Southeast Asian city model, the concept of special economic zones is related to the alien commercial zones that stem from the port and extend into the city. These zones were created to promote trade and investment from Western countries and often allow the government to play a key role in the city's commerce, culture, and social activity, as well as to monitor foreign commerce and influence.
What are the main factors contributing to the growth of informal settlements like shanty towns and favelas in various city models?
-The growth of informal settlements in various city models is primarily due to increased urbanization rates, a lack of available housing resources, and the search for better economic opportunities in urban areas. These settlements often emerge on the outskirts of cities and continue to expand as countries experience population growth and rural-to-urban migration.
Outlines
ποΈ Introduction to Urban Geography Models
This paragraph introduces the topic of urban geography models, emphasizing the importance of understanding the bid rent theory as a foundation for comprehending the spatial layout and land use patterns in cities. It explains how land price and population density affect urban development, leading to different types of buildings and land use as one moves away from the Central Business District (CBD). The paragraph also briefly mentions the various models of urban geography that will be discussed, starting with the Burgess concentric model and hinting at the changes brought by globalization and urban renewal policies.
π Burgess, Hoyt, and Multiple Nuclei Models
This paragraph delves into three specific urban geography models: the Burgess concentric model, Hoyt sector model, and Harrison and Almond's multiple nuclei model. The Burgess model highlights the CBD and surrounding areas of different socio-economic statuses. The Hoyt model focuses on transportation and economic sectors, showing how industries and businesses are located near transport routes. The multiple nuclei model introduces the concept of multiple CBDs and how different activities and services are attracted to specific nodes, leading to a more complex urban layout. The paragraph also discusses how these models have become outdated due to changes in technology, transportation, and urban development patterns.
π Galactic and Latin American City Models
The paragraph discusses the galactic model, which views cities as post-industrial and service-based, with a focus on edge cities and beltways that facilitate commuting and economic activity. It uses Atlanta as an example to illustrate the characteristics of this model. The Latin American city model is then explored, showing the influence of European colonization and the central plaza in shaping urban layouts. This model also includes a spine of wealthier residents and high-end commercial activity, zones of maturity and disamenity, and informal settlements, reflecting the socio-economic disparities and urban challenges in Latin American cities.
π Sub-Saharan African and Southeast Asian City Models
This paragraph covers the sub-Saharan African city model and the Southeast Asian model, both of which show the lasting impact of European colonization on urban planning. The African model features distinct CBDs, including the colonial CBD, traditional CBD, and informal CBD or Market Zone, along with ethnic neighborhoods and shanty towns. The Southeast Asian model emphasizes the city's focus on a port due to geographical, historical, and economic reasons, with a mix of government zones, special economic zones, and residential areas that are not strictly separated by socio-economic class. The paragraph highlights the unique aspects of these models and how they reflect the diverse influences and development patterns in these regions.
Mindmap
Keywords
π‘Bid Rent Theory
π‘Central Business District (CBD)
π‘Concentric Zone Model
π‘Hoyt Sector Model
π‘Multiple Nuclei Model
π‘Galactic Model
π‘Latin American City Model
π‘Sub-Saharan African City Model
π‘Southeast Asian Model
π‘Edge Cities
π‘Gentrification
Highlights
Introduction to seven different urban models for AP Human Geography class.
Explanation of bid rent theory and its impact on land use and spatial layout of settlements.
Discussion on how land use changes as one moves away from the Central Business District (CBD).
Overview of the Burgess concentric model and its focus on the CBD, zone of transition, and residential areas.
Examination of the Hoyt sector model and its emphasis on transportation and economic activities.
Description of the Harrison and Almond multiple nuclei model with multiple CBDs and specific nodes attracting certain businesses and services.
Explanation of the galactic model or peripheral model, focusing on a post-industrial, service-based economy and the role of technology and infrastructure.
Comparison of the Atlanta city layout with the galactic model, highlighting the influence of edge cities and beltways.
Discussion on the Latin American city model, its colonial influence, and the central Plaza or Square.
Analysis of the sub-Saharan African city model, its colonial grid pattern, and the distinction between colonial, traditional, and informal CBDs.
Description of the Southeast Asian city model, centered around a port, and its unique spatial arrangement influenced by colonial powers and rapid urbanization.
Identification of the challenges faced by cities in the sub-Saharan African model, such as shanty towns and squatter settlements.
Explanation of how historical events like European colonization have shaped the urban layout of cities across different regions.
Discussion on the demographic transition model and its relation to urbanization rates and population growth.
Provision of resources for further study, including exclusive videos and practice problems for AP Human Geography.
Encouragement for viewers to engage with the content, answer questions, and subscribe for more educational content.
Transcripts
hello there geographers and welcome back
to the Mr sin Channel today we are going
to review the seven different Urban
models that you need to know for your AP
human geography class as always if you
find Value in these videos consider
subscribing now in order for these
models to make sense you have to
remember the bid rent Theory so we're
going to quickly review it before we get
into the model when looking at the bid
Ren Theory we can see that as you move
farther away from the CBD the cheaper
land gets which impacts not only the
spatial layout of settlements but the
way that land and buildings are used
places that are closer to the CBD often
see more buildings close together with
expansion happening upwards while places
that are farther away from the CBD often
expand more horizontally and are more
dispersed homes that are located farther
away from a central business district
often have a front yard and a backyard
and access to more green spaces while
homes that are in or near the CBD often
do not have space to expand outwards and
are more likely to be built on top of
one another this is why it's common to
find large apartment buildings downtown
and more single-family homes farther
away from the city all of this is
because as the population density
changes in an area the cost and
availability of land also change areas
with a high density have less available
land and a higher demand for that land
causing the prices to increase so the
closer you get to the CBD the more
likely it is to see large skyscrapers
which have a small lot size but extend
vertically As you move outward from the
CBD you will start to see more
manufacturing and warehouses who need
access to more land but also need to be
located near the CBD by locating outside
the CBD these industries are able to get
cheaper land and lower rents compared to
if they're located inside the CBD but
since they still remain relatively close
to the central business district they
remain connected to the businesses and
people downtown lastly as we move even
farther away from the CBD we start to
see more residential zones which take
advantage of Cheaper land and prices and
the larger lot size so we can see that
the bid rent Theory helps us understand
that not only the location of different
Industries but also different land use
patterns as well if you need more help
with understanding how the bid rent
Theory impacts agricultural land use
patterns the spatial layout of cities
and the density gradient of a city check
out my ultimate review packet for
exclusive videos and practice problems
to help you in your study all right now
that we've reviewed the bid rent Theory
the time has come to move into the
different urban geography models
starting with the Burgess concentric
model which was based on the city of
Chicago in the 1920s in the center we
have the CBD which traditionally
consists of different businesses and
public and private Services the CBD is
surrounded by older homes with the
newest development being located
farthest away from the central business
district lower income residents are
typically found in the zone of
transition along with different
Industries as well this is unique to
cities in the United States in fact
other countries around the world it's
actually common to have more wealthier
residents live near the central business
district as we move outward we move into
the working class homes which are
traditionally all older homes that are
occupied by people who are working in
the central business district or zone of
transition next is the better residence
Zone which has newer homes that are more
dispersed here people are more likely to
live in a single family home and have a
front and backyard lastly there's the
commuter Zone which consists of people
who live outside the city's limits and
commute into the city for work hence why
it's called the commuter Zone today we
can see that parts of this model are
becoming outdated due to globalization
changes in the production of different
goods and services and due to urban
renewal policies and gentrification all
of which are changing not only where
people are living and working but also
changing the price of land spatial
patterns in the city and the land use of
different neighborhoods near a central
business district the next model is the
Hoyt sector model which still uses a CBD
as the center point of the mob however
we can see there's a bigger Focus here
on Transportation here a city develops
in sectors or wedges with economic
activities being centered around certain
sections of the model this is often
based off different economic factors or
environmental factors for example
different Industries and businesses will
locate near the transportation routes
such as highways or railroads this
allows customers to quickly access the
businesses and also allows for the
different Industries to quickly ship
goods in and out of the area today we
can see this model has become dated as
well due to changes in our
transportation system the CBD just no
longer has the same importance as it
once did as more people move to Edge
cities boom verbs and other Suburban
settlements all of which has shifted the
location of different businesses and
industries as more businesses move to be
closer to their customers and take
advantage of Cheaper land prices plus
thanks to advancements in personal
vehicles the interstate system and other
Transportation methods goods and people
can get between different places quicker
and more efficiently changing not only
where people live but work as well the
next model is the Harrison almond
multiple nuclei model which was created
around 1945. this model tries to explain
Lane how cities have changed due to
advancements in technology and
transportation unlike the last two
models this model has multiple CBDs the
multiple nuclei model shows a more
complex spatial layout with different
activities and services gravitating to
specific nodes each node attracts
specific people businesses and services
and repels other groups and
organizations for example we can see
that the part of a city that has more
industrial jobs will often see more
people in those jobs live around that
area but that same area will often see
less people who work in corporate jobs
living near it as they will be more
likely to gravitate towards a different
node that is closer to their work and
lifestyle the next model we have is the
galactic model also known as the
peripheral model which has a quick side
note is just an awesome name for a model
the galactic model definitely makes me
think of Star Wars now this model was
developed in the 1960s and looks at a
post-industrial city here the economy is
no longer focused around Manufacturing
in fact it has shifted to be more
service-based the galactic model also
accounts for advancements in technology
and transportation and accounts for the
fact that people now live farther
outside of the city's boundaries and can
travel into the city thanks to robust
infrastructure systems that have been
created for example we can see that
unlike our previous models this model
does acknowledge Edge cities which are
located on the outside of the city
limits near or on a Beltway or Highway
remember Beltway is allow for people to
quickly move around the city and
surrounding areas if you do need more
help and information on edge cities
beltways and other settlements go back
and re-watch my unit 6 topic 2 video now
while it isn't perfect we can actually
see that the city of Atlanta resembles
the galactic city model pretty well when
looking at the CBD of Atlanta we can see
a high population density with a
clustering of different Office Buildings
skyscrapers and other services such as
unique restaurants or government
buildings outside the CBD is different
residential areas such as multi-family
homes single-family homes and a other
Suburban residential areas Atlanta also
has industrial zones which are on the
outskirts of the CBD and stretch to the
city limits here you will find different
manufacturing and distribution
facilities which are connected by
highways and other infrastructure to get
Goods in and out of the city lastly we
can see that the city has a Beltway that
goes around the entire city similar to
the galactic mob in fact the city of
Atlanta has an extensive network of
roadways and highways that allow for
people to remain connected not only to
the CBD but to the other surrounding
Edge cities and boom verbs that are
located on the Beltway outside of the
central business district so we can see
that the city of Atlanta shares a
variety of different characteristics
with the galactic model changing gears
now and moving outside of North America
and the United States we have our next
model which is the Latin American city
model this model resembles aspects of
the concentric zone model and the sector
model now in looking at this model we
can see the impact of European
colonization during the colonial era man
many cities were centered around a
Central Plaza or Square which was often
surrounded by different government
buildings and religious buildings this
was because many of the Conquistadors
believed that God should be in the focus
of all Society you can see the influence
that Europeans had on cities around
Latin America when looking at the
spatial layout of different cities here
we can see the plaza and church at the
center of the city we can also see a
grid pattern start to emerge as time
went on notice how the spatial layout
remains fairly consistent even as we
look at different cities in different
countries even today we can see the
impact of colonization on cities around
Latin America for example when looking
at the capital of Argentina do you
notice the plaza if we look at the city
today we can still see the spatial
layout of a Plaza in the city with
religious buildings located not far away
in fact some of the churches near the
plaza date all the way back to 1686 and
are some of the oldest churches in
Buenos Aires so we can see that
historical events such as European
colonization had a profound found impact
on the creation of cities across Latin
America now when looking at the model we
can see that the central business
district is still located at the center
of the model however there is a spine
extending outwards from the CBD the
spine consists of wealthier residents
and high-end commercial activity often
connecting to a commercial sector also
shown here as a mall right outside of
the CBD we can see the zone of maturity
which consists of older homes and
buildings and some neighborhoods which
may have experienced gentrification in
the peripheral or outer areas of the
city we can see both middle and
low-income houses area does not have the
same access to Services as a CBD and the
spine lastly we have the disamenity Zone
which consists of residents who are
living in extreme poverty in some cases
these parts of the city will lack basic
infrastructure like water power or
sewage access we can also see informal
settlements also known as squatter
settlements or favelas forming on the
outside of the model unfortunately these
zones have been growing due to increased
urbanization rates and a lack of
available housing resources and capital
all right now moving from Latin America
to Africa we can observe the sub-Saharan
African City model once again we can see
the impact of European colonization with
European colonizers bringing a grid
pattern to the urban layout this model
has three distinct CBDs the first is the
colonial CBD which traditionally is the
historic core of the city located in the
CBD is mixed-use buildings Colonial
architecture multi-story buildings and
Narrow Street patterns that resemble
more of a grid path second is a
traditional CBD which often consists of
different vendors and low-rise buildings
with a mix of formal and informal
economic activity notice as well the
grid pattern that we saw in the colonial
CBD no longer exists lastly we have the
informal CBD or Market Zone which
consists of informal markets and
manufacturers now around the CBD we can
see different ethnic neighborhoods and
some mixed neighborhoods which show us
that these cities have a history of
segregation many of the ethnic
neighborhoods often have squatter areas
and less access to wealth and services
compared to the ethnic and mixed
neighborhood these areas are divided by
Major roads that stretch across the city
with infrastructure near the city being
the most robust spatial arrangement of
major roads and local streets as well as
the presence of distinct ethnic
neighborhoods are legacies of the
colonial era and the continued influence
of apartheid similar to The Latin
American city model we can see Shanty
towns and squatter settlements located
on the outskirts of the city these
informal settlements continue to expand
as countries continue to experience a
rise in their population should have
been located in stage two or three of
the demographic transition model and we
continue to see higher rates of
urbanization also because there's
economic opportunities in these urban
areas and people are searching for a
better life now last but not least is
the Southeast Asian model and just like
Latin American city model and the
sub-Saharan African City model we can
see a mix of the concentric zone model
and in the sector mod right away we can
notice that this model does not have a
traditional CBD instead the city is
based around a port this is due to a
variety of different factors one of them
being the geography of the region we can
see that many of these cities are
located on Islands or Peninsula the
second Factor being that the fact that
many of these cities developed as
trading posts during the colonial era
with many Western countries coming to
trade with these different cities and
the third one being that these areas
have experienced rapid urbanization as
they've expanded over time as more
manufacturing and industries developed
it was in their best interest to have
the center of the city's Commerce
located at the Port which allowed for
goods to quickly come in and out of the
city we can also see the influence of
colonial powers and foreign States when
looking at this model with the alien
commercial Zone which stems from the
port and extends inward into the city
these zones were often created to
stimulate and promote trade and
investment from Western countries today
we can seize that these areas are
sometimes referenced also as special
economic zone the concept we'll talk
more about in our unit 7 video
traditionally we can also see government
zones located next to the port and the
special economics Zone which allowed the
government to be a key player in the
city's Commerce cultural and social
activity plus it also allows the
government to keep tabs on what is
happening in the ports and those special
economic zones where foreign Commerce is
occurring and foreign influence could be
happening another unique aspect of this
model is that many of the residential
areas are not separated by socioeconomic
class in fact we can see Suburban areas
located right next to squad or
settlement now not all of the
residential areas are mixed we can see
some parts of the city based around
income however we do see that newer
Suburban areas are becoming more mixed
lastly we have agricultural production
and newer industrial production
happening on the outside of the city all
right now hopefully your head isn't
spinning we just talked about a bunch of
different city models and cities around
the world and now comes the time to
practice what we've learned answer the
questions on the screen and check your
answers in the comment section down
below and if you found value in this
video consider subscribing and
supporting the channel also if you do
need more help with anything AP Human
Geography related check out my ultimate
review packet for a bunch of exclusive
resources to help you not only get an A
in your class but a five on the national
exam as always I'm Mr sin thank you so
much for watching and I will see you
next time online
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