تاريخ الفلسفة | ملخّص شامل لأهم الفلاسفة والمذاهب الفلسفية على مرّ التاريخ | للمبتدئين

Summary

هذا النص يشجع المستخدمين على الاستماع إلى حلقة الـ podcast التي تناقش تاريخ الفلسفة والأفكار الفلسفية الهامة من أصلها اليوناني حتى العصر المعاصر. يتضمن النص مقدمة عن مفاهيم مثل الطبيعة والموضوعات الفلسفية الأساسية، ويشجع على التعلم والفهم لمواضيع الفلسفة. كما يتضمن النص تسليط الضوء على التطورات الفلسفية الهامة من سقراط إلى العصر الرومانية، وحتى العصر الحديث و.CONTEMPORARY.

Takeaways

• 📚 الفلسفية تبدأ في اليونان وتطورت على مدى الآلاف من السنين.
• 🌿 الفلاسفوف الطبيعيون يبحثون عن أسباب طبيعية للjawhar الطبيعي.
• 💭 Thales يعتقد أن الماء هو المادة الأساسية للكائنات.
• 🌐 Anaximander يرى أن المادة الأساسية هي الشيء اللا يحدد له صفة معينة.
• 🌬️ Anaximenes يرى أن الهواء هو المادة الأساسية للعالم.
• 🔄 Heracles يؤمن بأن الطبيعة متغيرة وأنه لا يوجد شيء دائم.
• 🔴 Socrates يعارض فلسفة السوفس ويستخدم منطق سقراطي للنقاش.
• 🏛️ بلاطو يؤمن بوجود عالم الأفكار الأعلى من عالم الطبيعة والحس.
• 🔬 أرسطو يأسس علم المنطق وي批評 فلسفة بلاطو.
• 🌱 المفلسفون اليونانيون يهتمون بالسعادة والشخص وكيفية الوصول إليها.
• 🕰️ تطورت الفلسفة الحديثة في عصر الرنسانس مع تغير في الطريقة العقلية.
• 🌐 الفلسفة المعاصرة بدأت في القرن التاسع عشر وتواصلت حتى يومنا هذا.

Q & A

ماذا تعني كلمة فلسفة؟

فلسفة هي كلمة تعني حب الحكمة، وتنبع من الكلمة اليونانية philosophia. تشير إلى الاهتمام بالبحث عن المعرفة والفهم العميق للعالم والحياة.

متى بدأت فلسفة الطبيعة؟

بدأت فلسفة الطبيعة في القرن السادس قبل الميلاد، في أرض اليونان، عندما ظهرت أول نظرة انتقادية للأساطير من قبل الفلاسفة Xenophanes.

ماذا كان مشاريع Thales؟

كان Thales ال第一位自然哲学家，他认为存在着一种存在于自然界各种形态中的基本物质，即水。

ماذا كان مشاريع Anaximenes؟

Anaximenes يعتقد أن المادة الأساسية هي الهواء، بدلاً من الماء أو المادة الغير محددة التي يعتقدها البعض.

ماذا كان مشاريع Heracles؟

Heracles يعتقد أن كل شيء يتغير وأنه لا يوجد شيء دائم، وأنه يجب أن نثق ب五官نا.

ماذا كان مشاريع Democritus؟

Democritus يطور نظرية الذرة، يعتقد أن الذرة هي الجزء الدقيق من الذي يتألف كل الأشكال والجسم، وأنه لا يمكن تقسيمها إلى أجزاء أصغر.

ماذا كانت فلسفة سقراط؟

سقراط كان يركز على الشخص أكثر من الطبيعة، وyon used يستخدم منطق الحوار المعروفة باسم السخرية لمساعدته في التعرف على الحقيقة والتفكير بشكل أوضح.

ماذا كانت فلسفة بلاتون؟

بلاتون يؤمن بوجود عالم أفكار أو أفكار المثالية، وي區分 بين العالم المثالي والعالم المادي. كان يركز على العدالة والقيم الأخلاقية في مجتمعه المثالي.

ماذا كانت فلسفة أرسطو؟

أرسطو هو الفيلسوف والعالم العلوم، وك ال第一位生物学家 في أوروبا. كان يعارض معلمه بلاتون ويعتبر知识的来源是他的感觉 وعقله.

ماذا كانت فلسفة العصر الروماني؟

الفلسفة العصر الروماني تركز على القضايا الدينية، وكان فيها الكثير من الفلاسفون هما الكهنة، وكانوا يهتمون بفهم الحقائق المسيحية من خلال العقل.

ماذا كانت فلسفة العصر الحديث؟

الفلسفة العصر الحديث تتغير بشكل كبير في الطريقة التفكير، حيث تركز على المعرفة وفهم الوجود. ت區分彩果期 في الفلسفة العقلية (الراشونية) والفلسفة التجربة (التجريبية).

Outlines

00:00

📚 البدء في تاريخ الفلسفة

هذا القسم يتحدث عن البدء في تاريخ الفلسفة، начинا من ظهورها في اليونان و直到 العصر الحالي. يتضمن مقدمة قصيرة وسريعة عن أبرز الفلاسفوف وأفكارهم الأساسية. يتم التركيز على مخطط التاريخية والعقلية المطلوبة للفهم. يشير إلى أن الفلسفة بدأت في اليونان من قبل الفلاسفون الطبيعيون، و目標هم كان العثور على أسباب طبيعية لظاهرة الطبيعة.

05:02

🌿 الفلسفة الطبيعية والطابع الفلسفي

يدور هذا القسم حول الفلسفة الطبيعية وتطوراتها، بدءًا من الفلسفون الطبيعيون وأفكارهم حول المادة الأساسية التي تشكل كل ما في الطبيعة. يتم التركيز على أفكار Thales، Anaximander، وAnaximenes حول المادة الأساسية. كما يتحدث عن الفلسفون Bendis وHeracles وأفكارهم عن التغير والحس. ويتم التركيز على التطورات التالية من فلسفة الطبيعة من خلال نظريات العناصر الأربعة ونظرية الذرة لديمокريت.

10:02

🎓 فلسفة الSophists وفلسفة العصر اليوناني

يتناول هذا القسم فلسفة الSophists والفلسفة اليونانية، مع التركيز على سقراط وأسلوبه الحواري المشهور. يتم التركيز على نقاش سقراط مع الSophists وأفكاره حول الأخلاق والمعرفة والفعل الصحيح. كما يتحدث عن تصوير سقراط وتأثيره على الفلسفة اليونانية.

15:07

🌐 التطورات الفلسفية في العصر اليوناني

يتضمن هذا القسم تسليط الضوء على التطورات الفلسفية خلال العصر اليوناني، مع التركيز على أبرز المدارس الفلسفية التي ظهرت مثل السينيسي والاستوائي والادبية والفلسفة الجديدة. يتم التركيز على أفكار و理論ات هذه المدارس وتأثيرها على الثقافة والفلسفة.

20:11

📖 الانتقال من الفلسفة القديمة إلى الحديثة

يتناول هذا القسم الانتقال من الفلسفة القديمة إلى الحديثة، مع التركيز على التطورات الفلسفية التي حدثت خلال الألفة والنصفة الماضية. يتم التركيز على التطورات الأساسية في الفلسفة الحديثة، مثل التحليل المنطقي والفلسفة الطبيعية والمعتقدات الدينية والفلسفة الحديثة.

25:14

🌟 الفلسفة المعاصرة والتحديات الجديدة

يتناول هذا القسم الفلسفة المعاصرة وتحدياتها، مع التركيز على التطورات الحديثة في الفلسفة والتحديات التي تواجهها. يتم التركيز على التطورات الأساسية في الفلسفة المعاصرة، مثل الفلسفة ال现象学的 والفلسفة ال存在主义 和 الفلسفة العدم. ويتم التركيز على التركيز على التحديات التي تواجه الفلسفة في العالم المعاصر.

Keywords

💡فلسفة

علم الفلسفة يبحث عن الحقائق الأساسية وأسباب الوجود والمعرفة. في السكريبت، تدور القصة حول تاريخ الفلسفة والأفكار الفلسفية الهامة من أقدم الأوقات حتى العصر المعاصر.

💡فلاسفة الطبيعة

فلاسفة الطبيعة هي تحديات الفلاسفة الأولى التي تسعى لفهم الطبيعة والظاهرة الطبيعية والعوامل الطبيعية التي تفسر الأشياء والأحداث المحيطة بها. في السكريبت، يشير إلى الفلاسفة الطبيعية إلى التركيز على فهم الطبيعة المحيطة بالعالم.

💡سقراط

سقراط هو فلاسف يوناني مشهور يشكل نقطة تحول في التاريخ الفلسفي اليوناني. كان يستخدم أسلوب الحوار المعروفة باسم "سقراطي" لتحقيق الحقيقة والمعرفة. في السكريبت، يشير إلى سقراط التركيز على الأخلاق والعلاقات الإنسانية.

💡بلاتو

بلاتو هو فلاسف يوناني آخر ي庫م سقراط في تاريخ الفلسفة اليونانية. يشير إلى بلاتو إلى تصنيف العالم إلى عالم الأفكار أو الأفكار المثالية وعالم الطبيعة المادية.

💡أرسطوطاليس

أرسطوطاليس هو فلاسف يوناني مشهور被认为是最后一个古希腊哲学家. هو الشخص الذي يشير إلى الطبيعة الطبيعية والعالم المادي ويقول أن لا يوجد أفكار مقدمة مسبقًا. وفي السكريبت، يشير إلى أرسطوتلأس التركيز على الطبيعة والعلم والمنطق.

💡فلسفة العصر الوسطى

فلسفة العصر الوسطى هي فترة تمتد من القرن الخامس إلى القرن الـ15 في التقويم الميلادي، وتتضمن التركيز على القضايا الدينية والفلسفية. يشير السكريبت إلى العصر الوسطى كمرحلة تركز فيها الفلاسفة على العلاقات بين الإيمان والعقل وفهم الحقائق المسيحية من خلال العقل.

💡رنان الحديثة

رنان الحديثة هي فترة تتضمن التركيز على المعرفة والفهم والتفكير الفلسفي في القرنين الـ19 و20. تتضمن العصر هذه التركيز على التحليل المنطقي والفلسفة ال现象学的跟批判 العقل.

💡رومن الرومانسية

رومن الرومانسية هي فترة في التاريخ الفلسفي تشير إلى التركيز على المشاعر والتصور والتجربة. تتضمن رومان الرومانسية التركيز على العشق والطبيعة والعالم الداخلي للإنسان.

💡فلسفة الوجود

فلسفة الوجود هي قسم من الفلسفة يهتم بفهم الوجود والطبيعة والعالم. تتضمن التحليلات الفلسفية لل存在的问题 والعلاقات بين الأشياء والعالم.

💡فلسفة الlogic

فلسفة الlogic هي القسم الفلسفي الذي يتعلق بقواعد المنطق والتفكير المنطقي. تتضمن التحليلات المنطقية التحليل التحليلي للتفكير والقواعد والقواعد الأساسية للمعرفة.

💡فلسفة ال唯物主义

فلسفة ال唯物主义 هي 学派 يؤمن بأن المادة هي الأساس الأول للعالم و所有的 الوجود. يشير إلى ال唯物主义 التركيز على الطبيعة والعالم المادي والعوامل الطبيعية.

Highlights

The history of philosophy begins with the story of its origins in Greece and its development up to the present day, focusing on the most influential philosophers and ideas.

Philosophy emerged as a critical view of mythological interpretations, aiming to find natural causes for natural phenomena.

Xenophanes was the first philosopher to challenge myths, marking the start of philosophy in Greece.

Natural philosophers, such as Thales, Anaximander, and Anaximenes, sought to understand the world through natural causes rather than mythology.

The concept of primary matter, which constitutes everything in nature, was a central idea among early philosophers, though their views on its nature varied.

Philosophers like Heracles and Barmen attempted to understand the constant changes in nature, emphasizing the senses as a source of knowledge.

The theory of the four elements (earth, air, water, and fire) was developed as an advanced attempt to explain natural changes.

Democritus introduced the concept of the atom, positing it as the indivisible building block of all shapes and bodies.

Socrates marked a pivotal point in Greek philosophy, with his focus on ethics and the idea that knowledge leads to correct action.

Plato, a student of Socrates, developed the concept of the world of ideas or ideals versus the world of reality or sense, and the idea of a virtuous city.

Aristotle, known as the last of the Greek philosophers, founded the science of logic and made significant contributions to various sciences, emphasizing the use of both reason and senses.

Stoicism, one of the prominent philosophical schools, advocated for a peaceful life reconciled with fate and saw humans as part of a larger, rational universe.

Epicureanism, founded by Epicurus, focused on achieving happiness through the absence of fear and the ease of achieving goodness and enduring suffering.

The Neoplatonist school, led by Plotinus, believed in the unity of existence and the divine flow that connects all things.

The Middle Ages focused on reconciling faith and reason, with philosophers like Al-Kindī, Ibn Bāja, and Ibn Rushd contributing to this discourse.

The Renaissance marked a shift in philosophy, with a focus on understanding existence through the lens of the mind and senses, leading to the development of rationalism and empiricism.

René Descartes, a key figure in rationalism, proposed that the mind is the source of all knowledge, with the famous assertion 'I think, therefore I am'.

Empiricists like John Locke, David Hume, and George Berkeley emphasized the role of sensory experience in acquiring knowledge and questioned the existence of innate ideas.

Immanuel Kant synthesized rationalism and empiricism, arguing that while sensory experience is fundamental, the mind also plays a crucial role in shaping our understanding of the world.

The Romantic era reacted against the rationalism of Kant's philosophy, emphasizing emotion, imagination, and the 'world soul' as a unifying concept.

Contemporary philosophy, starting from the late 19th century, includes diverse thinkers like Hegel, Kierkegaard, Marx, Freud, Schopenhauer, Nietzsche, and Sartre, exploring various aspects of human existence and society.

Transcripts

[Music]

Greetings, my dears, and welcome to the episode on the history of philosophy, the story of philosophy from its first

appearance in Greece and Greece until the present time, in a brief and quick overview of

the most famous and important philosophers in history and the most important

philosophical ideas and doctrines. We will discuss, etc., the broad outlines of each philosopher’s project separately. In addition to

the chronological sequence of their existence in order, Jutta says, “Whoever does not know how to learn the lessons of

the last thousand years remains in the dark.” This episode is for beginners and for those interested. It is

the first step to learning the lessons of the last 3,000 years. The general plan, the historical and intellectual map,

is the desired goal that we

will reap. [Music]

We begin philosophy. As a term, it comes from the Greek word philosophia, meaning love of wisdom. Before

this term and before the appearance of the first philosophers, the mythical perception of the world was fluid. Myth

is the attempt of the ancients to explain natural and human phenomena,

the growth of trees, rainfall, thunder, lightning, winds, and other

natural phenomena. Man was unable to provide a convincing explanation for them, therefore. They resorted to myths, of course. This is

what we call these days as mythological interpretations of ancient times. These mythological interpretations

were passed on from generation to generation until the sixth century BC, specifically in

the lands of Greece, when the first critical view of myth appeared, and it was at the hands of the philosopher

Xenophanes

that philosophy saw the light in the lands of Greece. Greece around 600 BC, and the reason

for this was that the early philosophers used their minds and completely rejected the idea of ​​myths

because, in their view, they did not provide a true explanation for the natural phenomena around them. Therefore, the goal of the

early Greek philosophers was to find natural causes for natural phenomena, and from here came

their name as natural philosophers because they They focused their attention on understanding the nature around

them. The project of the natural philosophers, dear ones. When we define the broad lines of any philosopher’s thought, when

we determine what philosophical line this philosopher practiced, in other words, identifying the philosophical issues

that concerned him and which were the center of his interest, then we thus give a general idea of ​​this

philosopher’s project, defining this. The project is important for the purpose of simplification, clarification, and ease of understanding, and this is what

I will do with all the philosophers in succession. The first philosophers are the natural philosophers who

were interested in nature. The project of the natural philosophers is to find natural causes for natural phenomena,

away from myth. Thales, who was the first philosopher, believed

that there is an underlying primary substance that exists in every form. Of the forms of nature, he said that this substance is

water. The second philosopher is Anaximander, who also said that there is a primary substance underlying

every form that is created in nature, but Anaximander saw that this substance is not water, but rather a substance that is difficult

to define, an infinite substance. The third philosopher is Anaximenes, who said that The primary matter

is air. The three early philosophers shared

the necessity of the existence of a primary matter that constitutes everything in nature, with the type and nature of this matter differing

among each other. Then came the philosopher Bendis, who said

that nothing changes in nature. Everything that exists has existed from eternity. What does not exist does not exist.

The senses can be deceived. As for the philosopher Heracles, he is the complete opposite. He

said that everything happens. Nothing is eternal. We must trust our senses. He said his famous phrase:

We cannot go down to the same river twice. That is, when I bathe for the second time,

the river has changed and I... Also, these two attempts were an attempt by Barmen and Heikal with the aim of understanding

natural changes. They noticed that there are many natural changes. Nature is

constantly changing, so they tried to provide explanations for these changes. Then came the philosopher Envid and Cleese,

who developed the theory of the four elements: earth, air, water, and fire, in a more advanced attempt

to understand the cause of these changes. Then came the philosopher Ankh

Zagoras, who said that nature is composed of small particles that cannot be seen with the eye. He called these

particles seeds or grains, and he said that in every small part there is a part of

the whole. Then came the last and most important natural philosopher, the philosopher Democritus, who developed

a theory . The atom. He said that the atom is the very precise part from which all shapes

and bodies are composed, and this part cannot be divided into smaller parts. This, in a very brief summary, is

the broad outlines of the most important theories and philosophical ideas that concern natural philosophers. I note,

my dear ones, once again that this episode is only to draw the complete outline. For the history of philosophy, as for

the explanations and expansions, they will be provided later in separate episodes. For example, the next episode, which follows it,

will be specific to

my philosophers, for their way of thinking, how they thought, and on what they relied until they arrived at this

intellectual conclusion that we mentioned in this episode. This episode is the first in a

series of episodes in which we will discuss the history of philosophy and I. Here in this episode I am laying out the map, nothing

more. After the natural philosophers came the famous and great philosopher Socrates, who formed a

pivotal point in the history of Greek philosophy to the point that ancient Greek philosophy was divided

into two parts or two stages. The first stage was the pre-Socratic stage, which was represented by philosophers.

[Music]

[Music]

Monna, the people of Athens, in exchange for money. Sophists, as an expression, means an educated man and a disbeliever. The general ideas of

the thought of the Sophists are that man is the center of everything. Man is the measure of everything. Man is the

one who determines what is right and wrong. Everything is attributed to these general ideas and the summary of the class Istai. Here

we see that The Sophists did not care about nature as the natural philosophers did, but rather they focused their attention on

man, and this thought orientation toward man and concern for man is the first of its kind in

the history of mankind. Therefore, the bad class is given credit for this intellectual orientation that is concerned with man

and not nature. Socrates did not like the philosophy

of the Sophists and stood up to them using... His famous style of dialogue, which was later known as the style of

Socratic ridicule or sarcasm, which through this style makes the other interlocutor distinguish between

right and wrong, by telling the other and with his tongue what is right. Socrates says that the correct view of

things leads to correct action. In the thought of Alfstein, there are no standards for good and evil,

so goodness According to the Fusta, evil is relative, while Socrates set absolute standards. Socrates used to say

that he hears the voice of his gods, and he also says that all he knows is that he does not know. Socrates was ultimately sentenced

to death because he corrupted the minds of young people and people and drank poison, so that Socrates would be a martyr for

his ideas, which he defended until the end, and these are The picture is called The Death of Socrates.

Socrates died without writing a single letter, and all we got from him is through his student, the philosopher

Plato, who did not like this ending that befell his teacher. He had this shock through which he

saw that things were not ideal, but rather what could have happened had happened. We are in

a more ideal reality. Therefore, he developed his own vision of what is known as the

virtuous city and divided the world into two worlds, the world of ideas or ideals and the world of reality, matter,

or sense. This idea I will leave vague here, but I will explain it in detail in a separate episode,

especially when its role in this series comes. In short, Plato’s project is attention.

With the relationship between what is eternal and immortal on the one hand and what is eternal and impermanent on the

other hand, after Plato came his student Aristotle, who is the last of the Greek philosophers. Aristotle

is a philosopher and a man of science. He is the first biologist in all of Europe. He criticized his teacher Plato,

so Plato used only his reason, but Aristotle used His mind and senses

together. Aristotle says that there are no innate ideas. He founded the science of logic, which revolutionized

human thought. Aristotle laid the foundation stone for most sciences. The talk about Aristotle is very long. We have

times in the special episode on Aristotle that will be very interesting. Aristotle is a giant philosopher. We will delve into

the details of his philosophy later. Of course he died. Aristotle, around the fourth century BC, was the last of

the Greek philosophers. Greek philosophy, or the stage of Greek philosophy, extended for

ages and decades from its beginning in the sixth century BC until approximately the fifth century

AD, meaning approximately a thousand years or more than 1000 years. During this long period,

many philosophical schools appeared. The most prominent of them are Cynicism, Stoicism, Abu Qureya,

and Al-Aflat , the new intention of Cynicism, the most famous of which is Diogenes. Cynicism says that happiness is neither in

material well-being nor in power, and that a person should only care about his health. As for Stoicism,

the first is the philosopher Zeno, and Stoicism is one of the first philosophical schools of thought to raise the slogan

of man, thus establishing the humanistic philosophy. It is the philosophy of a peaceful life that is reconciled with fate.

The famous emperor Marcus Aurelius was an

Epicurean scholar founded by the philosopher Epicurus, who summarized his philosophy with four ideas, which are as follows: One: There is nothing to fear from

the gods. Two: Death is not worth worrying about. Three: It is easy to achieve goodness. Four: It is easy

to endure the terrifying and escape. The new intention, at the head of which was the founder, Plotinus, who identified

with God, because, according to his expression, he was a plug of fire, because everything is part of the divine flow.

Plotinus witnessed the experience of mysticism and wrote about it, and unlike Plato, he said that the whole world is one.

Plato was a dualist in thought, dividing the world into two parts, the world of ideas. And the world of reality, while

Plotinus sees that the whole world is one and believes in the unity of existence. Of course, it must be noted that

Cynicism, Stoicism, and Abu Cyrene focused their attention on happiness and man and how

man can attain this happiness. Of course, here I mentioned the philosophical project of these schools.

Their project is how man can attain this happiness. The modern thousand nationalities

had their own vision of the world, nature, God, existence, and man, and until now we have

reached historically approximately the fifth century AD. In other words, before the fifth century

AD, there was Greek philosophy in all its stages, in addition to the philosophical doctrines

of Stoicism, the Kalb, Abu Goreia, and the New Era. As for the second stage in the history of

philosophy, it is the theological philosophy or religious philosophy, which extended from the fifth century

AD until the 15th century AD. Most of the philosophers of this stage were clerics, and these

ten centuries from the fifth century AD until the 15th century AD are called the Middle Ages because they

are in the middle of the Antiquity and the Renaissance. Which began in Europe around the 15th century AD

Ten centuries are the Middle Ages, in which it was later said that it was the long night that descended

upon Europe and lasted for a thousand years. The philosophy of the Middle Ages focused on religious issues as a matter of

nature. Philosophy was also concerned with Al-Kindī taking note of everything that the firsts said and then completing what

the firsts had not completed. Ibn Bāja had his moral philosophy and the philosophy of Ibn Bāja. Rushd was translated into many languages

​​and had a great influence on European philosophy later on. The philosopher Ibn Khaldun

is the founder of sociology. As for the Christian side, she was concerned with clarifying whether there was

a conflict between the Bible and reason. Is it possible to establish a reconciliation between faith and knowledge? Is it

possible to comprehend Christian truths through reason? Did belief in the Christian manifestation

almost cover these issues that were the subject of discussion among European philosophers in the Middle Ages? With

the beginning of the European Renaissance in the 15th century AD, the third stage of philosophy began,

which is the stage of

modern philosophy.

The stage of modern philosophy lasted from the 15th century AD until the end of the

ninth century. Live my birthday, but before continuing with modern philosophy, please support me by subscribing

to the channel, pressing the like button, and sharing the episode with your friends who are interested in the fields of literature,

thought, philosophy, and the world of reading in general. What remains of the episode is the most beautiful and enjoyable,

at least for me, as we have so far reached the era of the European Renaissance in The beginning

of the 15th century AD. In this era, the features of philosophy changed dramatically. There was

a noticeable shift and change in the way of thinking. Instead of thinking about what existence is, I had to

ask: How do I understand existence? How do I know existence? There is a change in the way of thinking. A change in

the starting point on which I will build. My philosophy. Therefore, instead of indulging in

the ontological, metaphysical, and existential issues that existed in the Middle Ages

and ancient times, I have to understand how I know existence. How do I understand existence? Do I understand it

with my mind or with my senses? For there were two major philosophical schools,

the first being rationalism and the second being rational empiricism, which is headed by it.

The famous French philosopher René Descartes, who founded the rationalist doctrine, said that the mind is the source of

all knowledge. All rationalists say that the mind is the source of all knowledge, and that a person is born with

innate ideas and mental laws that come with him. There is Descartes’s famous sentence, “I think, therefore I

exist.” As for the second contradictory school, it is the concept of touch. Empiricism, which emerged at the hands of

three English philosophers: John Locke, David Hume, and Berkeley

[music]. They are all experimental philosophers who say that knowledge

does not come from the mind, but rather comes only from sensory experience through the senses, and that there are no innate ideas.

Locke raised the problem of the reliability of our senses and asked about the origin of human ideas and perceptions.

Locke was interested in equality between the sexes, and his ideas later influenced the famous philosopher John

Stuart Mill, who in turn defended equality between the sexes. John Stuart Mill is famous for his book

On Liberty, in which he said that individual liberty is sacred, and his name is always associated with

the utilitarian philosophy. David Hume, an English experimental philosopher, wanted to return To

direct sensory experience, which is that man is represented in two types: sensations

and thoughts. Sensations are the direct perception and are the origin and basis. As for thoughts, they are the memory

related to these sensations. As for Berkeley, he is an experimental philosopher who denies the existence of

material worlds outside consciousness and believes that all perceptions here come from

God. As for the famous philosopher Baruch Spinoza, who became Descartes, was just like him a rationalist.

Descartes and Spinoza were rationalists and not empiricists like Berkeley, Locke, and Spinoza. Spinoza said that

Christianity and Judaism are based on rigid beliefs and rituals emptied of their meaning. Spinoza was a solutionist who

placed God parallel to nature. He saw that God is in everything that exists, and everything that exists in God

said that we must be liberated from our feelings and emotions in order to find peace and happiness.

Spinoza talked about him at a later time. During the Renaissance, there was

the philosopher Francis Bacon, who is considered the father of the scientific method. It was also at this stage

that many scientists appeared, such as Isaac Newton. At this stage, the sciences began to be treated

independently of being part of philosophical research. Voltaire and Ganga Crusoe appeared, who were concerned with

political and social issues. Then came the famous and great philosopher

Immanuel Kant, who with his philosophy constituted the end of a great and very rich phase in the history of philosophy,

which is the modern philosophy of Immanuel Kant, the solution to the conflict that existed between... The rationalists

and the empiricists, where he said that both schools are right and wrong, and that the rationalists exaggerated

the role of the mind, just as the empiricists exaggerated their sensory experiences. The truth, in Kant’s view, lies

in the fact that the experience of the senses is the basis of all knowledge, but the mind, and with the mind alone, we have the necessary conditions

to analyze how we perceive the world until it ends. That was an era after which the

Romantic era would come. The Romantic era came as a reaction to the authority of Kant’s ideas and his current philosophy, which was

based on reason and the necessity of romantic ethics. It dissolved everything in thought into

The soul in literature, in art, in romantic music. It has imagination, it has feeling, it has

experience and nostalgia. In the Romantic era, the term “world soul” appeared, which agreed with Spinoza that

all of the world and all of nature is one soul and entity. Romantics generally see that literature,

arts, applied sciences, and philosophy are all parts of a whole. They were very interested in stories

and anecdotes, and they used to say that the artist can pass through his art something essential that

even philosophers cannot express. The most famous philosophers of the Romantic era is

the philosopher Frederick Schenning, who said that nature is the visible spirit and the spirit is the

visible nature. He said that the spirit of the world is the source of existence, and here it is. We finish the third stage, the stage of

modern philosophy, after which we begin the last stage of contemporary philosophy, which began in

the late nineteenth century and continues to this day. We begin with the first

contemporary philosopher, who is Georg Hegel, the righteous son of romanticism. Despite his criticism of it, Hegel presented

a clear criticism of the philosophy of romanticism, Schelink, and gave the spirit of The world has a different meaning, so he began to say the thought of

the world or the mind of the world because this human being is the one who possesses thought. All knowledge, in Hegel’s opinion, is

human knowledge, and he does not see the existence of a truth above the human mind. Hegel wanted to bring philosophers down

to earth and said that the foundations of human knowledge are not

based on eternal standards because There are no eternal truths, because the history of the mind is like the

course of a river that cannot be constant. Hegel's philosophy is a very complex philosophy, so that

the project of philosophy cannot be summed up simply. I will suffice with what I mentioned here, and when we come to the special episode,

there will be more room to delve into his idea further. After Hegel, the philosopher came. Siren Kierkegaard

, who criticized Hegel's philosophy and strongly defended the individual concept, condemning it harshly.

In his opinion, they are like water and fire, which forces us

to choose either this or that, meaning either religion or

reason. There is also the philosopher Karl Marx, who was a philosopher, economist, sociologist, and historian

called the philosopher of historical materialism. He played a major role in terms of the application of my political work

to philosophy, and from his philosophy socialism and communism emerged, which affected the whole world after

that. There is the neurologist who delved deeply into the same depths of humanity, Sigmund Freud, and his theory of

the unconscious. The discussion goes on about Freud. Perhaps we will discuss the theory of the unconscious in a later episode.

There is Schopenhauer and Friedrich Nietzsche and his philosophy. What is nihilism, which says that there is no

meaning to anything at all. There is no value in existence. Everything is destined for nothingness. Therefore, there is no value or meaning

to human life. There is the existentialist philosophy that was

influenced by Kier Kjaert and the founder of this philosophy is the famous philosopher John Beau Sartre, who said

that existentialism is a human philosophy. Existence precedes everything. Existence precedes

essence. We are condemned to improvisation. We alone have to decide how to live our lives. We must be

responsible for our choices and other existential ideas that we will come to later.

There is the absurd philosophy that appeared in the books and novels of the thinker Albert Camus, who says that

life is all absurdity and no one. It is concerned neither with man nor with man’s goals, and here

we have finished summarizing the history of philosophy exactly as stated in the novel by a Sufi scholar, which is the

only source of information for this episode. However, it should be noted that this history is certainly and without a doubt not

complete, as there is much that this novel did not address, for example there is Several

contemporary philosophical topics, such as

European philosophy, more than what was intended to be discussed more broadly globally. I hope that those who stayed with me until

the end of this episode will not be stingy in supporting the channel so that I can continue and persevere.

I dedicate this episode to my brothers and cousins ​​who support me and encourage me to

continue and move forward in this. The project is a Shabib project, which I hope will grow with you and with you,

my dear followers who are with me until this moment. Thank you for your kind follow-up and wait

for the next. Peace be upon

you.